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'''''Campomanesia adamantium''''',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Campomanesia adamantium (Cambessedes) Berg |url=https://www.gbif.org/species/3180949 |access-date=2020-12-18 |website=www.gbif.org |publisher=[[GBIF]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Taxonomy browser (Campomanesia adamantium) |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=2083119 |access-date=2020-12-18 |website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |publisher=[[National Center for Biotechnology Information]]}}</ref> commonly known as gabiroba, guavira, or guabiroba do campo, is a short shrub-like plant that grows no taller than 1.5 meters on average<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Alves|first1=C. C. F.|last2=Oliveira|first2=J. D.|last3=Estevam|first3=E. B. B.|last4=Xavier|first4=M. N.|last5=Nicolella|first5=H. D.|last6=Furtado|first6=R. A.|last7=Tavares|first7=D. C.|last8=Miranda|first8=M. L. D.|date=June 2020|title=Antiproliferative activity of essential oils from three plants of the Brazilian Cerrado: Campomanesia adamantium (Myrtaceae), Protium ovatum (Burseraceae) and Cardiopetalum calophyllum (Annonaceae)|url=http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1519-69842020000200290&tlng=en|journal=Brazilian Journal of Biology|volume=80|issue=2|pages=290–294|doi=10.1590/1519-6984.192643|pmid=31017239|issn=1678-4375|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|date=2015-09-01|title=Water and energy fluxes from a woodland savanna (cerrado) in southeast Brazil|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214581815000440|journal=Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies|language=en|volume=4|pages=22–40|doi=10.1016/j.ejrh.2015.04.010|issn=2214-5818|last1=Cabral|first1=Osvaldo M.R.|last2=Da Rocha|first2=Humberto R.|last3=Gash|first3=John H.|last4=Freitas|first4=Helber C.|last5=Ligo|first5=Marcos A.V.|doi-access=free}}</ref> It is natively found in the central part of South America, in [[Paraguay]] and [[Brazil]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|date=2015-01-01|title=Campomanesia adamantium (Myrtaceae) fruits protect HEPG2 cells against carbon tetrachloride-induced toxicity|url= |journal=Toxicology Reports|language=en|volume=2|pages=184–193|doi=10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.11.018|issn=2214-7500|pmc=5598383|pmid=28962350|last1=De Oliveira Fernandes|first1=Thaís|last2=De Ávila|first2=Renato Ivan|last3=De Moura|first3=Soraia Santana|last4=De Almeida Ribeiro|first4=Gerlon|last5=Naves|first5=Maria Margareth Veloso|last6=Valadares|first6=Marize Campos}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> The plant produces small yellow-green edible fruits<ref name=":0" />
'''''Campomanesia adamantium''''',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Campomanesia adamantium (Cambessedes) Berg |url=https://www.gbif.org/species/3180949 |access-date=2020-12-18 |website=www.gbif.org |publisher=[[GBIF]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Taxonomy browser (Campomanesia adamantium) |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=2083119 |access-date=2020-12-18 |website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |publisher=[[National Center for Biotechnology Information]]}}</ref> commonly known as gabiroba, guavira, or guabiroba do campo, is a short shrub-like plant that grows no taller than 1.5 meters on average<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Alves|first1=C. C. F.|last2=Oliveira|first2=J. D.|last3=Estevam|first3=E. B. B.|last4=Xavier|first4=M. N.|last5=Nicolella|first5=H. D.|last6=Furtado|first6=R. A.|last7=Tavares|first7=D. C.|last8=Miranda|first8=M. L. D.|date=June 2020|title=Antiproliferative activity of essential oils from three plants of the Brazilian Cerrado: Campomanesia adamantium (Myrtaceae), Protium ovatum (Burseraceae) and Cardiopetalum calophyllum (Annonaceae)|journal=Brazilian Journal of Biology|volume=80|issue=2|pages=290–294|doi=10.1590/1519-6984.192643|pmid=31017239|issn=1678-4375|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|date=2015-09-01|title=Water and energy fluxes from a woodland savanna (cerrado) in southeast Brazil|journal=Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies|language=en|volume=4|pages=22–40|doi=10.1016/j.ejrh.2015.04.010|issn=2214-5818|last1=Cabral|first1=Osvaldo M.R.|last2=Da Rocha|first2=Humberto R.|last3=Gash|first3=John H.|last4=Freitas|first4=Helber C.|last5=Ligo|first5=Marcos A.V.|doi-access=free}}</ref> It is natively found in the central part of South America, in [[Paraguay]] and [[Brazil]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|date=2015-01-01|title=Campomanesia adamantium (Myrtaceae) fruits protect HEPG2 cells against carbon tetrachloride-induced toxicity|url= |journal=Toxicology Reports|language=en|volume=2|pages=184–193|doi=10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.11.018|issn=2214-7500|pmc=5598383|pmid=28962350|last1=De Oliveira Fernandes|first1=Thaís|last2=De Ávila|first2=Renato Ivan|last3=De Moura|first3=Soraia Santana|last4=De Almeida Ribeiro|first4=Gerlon|last5=Naves|first5=Maria Margareth Veloso|last6=Valadares|first6=Marize Campos}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> The plant produces small yellow-green edible fruits<ref name=":0" />


== Description ==
== Description ==
''Campomanesia adamantium'' [[Habit (biology)|growth habit]] is a small [[shrub]]. It can grow at height of about 1.3 ft (0.4 m) to 5.9 ft (1.8 m) tall.<ref name=":3">{{Citation|last1=de Lima|first1=Nayara Vieira|title=Investigation of Campomanesia Components: A Fruit of Brazilian Cerrado|date=2017-03-08|url=http://www.intechopen.com/books/active-ingredients-from-aromatic-and-medicinal-plants/investigation-of-campomanesia-components-a-fruit-of-brazilian-cerrado|work=Active Ingredients from Aromatic and Medicinal Plants|editor-last=El-Shemy|editor-first=Hany A.|publisher=InTech|language=en|doi=10.5772/66220|isbn=978-953-51-2975-2|access-date=2020-12-12|last2=Arakaki|first2=Daniela Granja|last3=Tschinkel|first3=Paula F. Saldanha|last4=da Silva|first4=Anderson Fernandes|last5=Guimarães|first5=Rita de Cássia Avellaneda|last6=Hiane|first6=Priscila Aiko|last7=do Nascimento|first7=Valter Aragão|doi-access=free}}</ref> The leaves are opposite and falsely opposite, meaning that the leaves are not perfectly aligned across from each other.<ref>{{Cite web|title=HV REFLORA -|url=http://reflora.jbrj.gov.br/reflora/herbarioVirtual/ConsultaPublicoHVUC/ConsultaPublicoHVUC.do?idTestemunho=5542801|access-date=2020-12-12|website=reflora.jbrj.gov.br}}</ref> The leaf type is simple with primary brochidodromous venation. ''C. adamantium'' is [[deciduous]] and the flowers are created when a new set of leaves are forming.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Lescano|first1=Caroline H.|last2=Freitas de Lima|first2=Fernando|last3=Mendes-Silvério|first3=Camila B.|last4=Justo|first4=Alberto F. O.|last5=da Silva Baldivia|first5=Débora|last6=Vieira|first6=Cristiano P.|last7=Sanjinez-Argandoña|first7=Eliana J.|last8=Cardoso|first8=Claudia A. L.|last9=Mónica|first9=Fabíola Z.|last10=Pires de Oliveira|first10=Ivan|date=2018|title=Effect of Polyphenols From Campomanesia adamantium on Platelet Aggregation and Inhibition of Cyclooxygenases: Molecular Docking and in Vitro Analysis|url=https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2018.00617/full|journal=Frontiers in Pharmacology|language=English|volume=9|page=617|doi=10.3389/fphar.2018.00617|issn=1663-9812|pmc=6005896|pmid=29946259}}</ref> It has [[Inflorescence|solitary flowers]] that grows on the branches. The nonfragrant flowers are whitish cream in color. The flowers contain 5 petals with radial symmetry. It is [[Hermaphrodite|hermaphroditic]] containing many stamens and 7- 9 carpels with an inferior ovary.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Martos|first1=Luana|last2=Galan|first2=Adrielle Tayrine Oliveira Froemming|last3=Souza|first3=Luiz Antonio de|last4=Mourão|first4=Káthia Socorro Mathias|date=2017-03-13|title=The flower anatomy of five species of Myrteae and its contribution to the taxonomy of Myrtaceae|url=http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0102-33062017000100042&lng=en&tlng=en|journal=Acta Botanica Brasilica|volume=31|issue=1|pages=42–50|doi=10.1590/0102-33062016abb0401|issn=1677-941X|doi-access=free}}</ref> The fruit size can be between 2 to 2.5 cm in diameter.<ref name=":3" /> The color of the fruit can vary from green to yellow and contains a juicy pulp with a strong citric taste <ref name=":2" />
''Campomanesia adamantium'' [[Habit (biology)|growth habit]] is a small [[shrub]]. It can grow at height of about 1.3 ft (0.4 m) to 5.9 ft (1.8 m) tall.<ref name=":3">{{Citation|last1=de Lima|first1=Nayara Vieira|title=Investigation of Campomanesia Components: A Fruit of Brazilian Cerrado|date=2017-03-08|url=http://www.intechopen.com/books/active-ingredients-from-aromatic-and-medicinal-plants/investigation-of-campomanesia-components-a-fruit-of-brazilian-cerrado|work=Active Ingredients from Aromatic and Medicinal Plants|editor-last=El-Shemy|editor-first=Hany A.|publisher=InTech|language=en|doi=10.5772/66220|isbn=978-953-51-2975-2|access-date=2020-12-12|last2=Arakaki|first2=Daniela Granja|last3=Tschinkel|first3=Paula F. Saldanha|last4=da Silva|first4=Anderson Fernandes|last5=Guimarães|first5=Rita de Cássia Avellaneda|last6=Hiane|first6=Priscila Aiko|last7=do Nascimento|first7=Valter Aragão|doi-access=free}}</ref> The leaves are opposite and falsely opposite, meaning that the leaves are not perfectly aligned across from each other.<ref>{{Cite web|title=HV REFLORA -|url=http://reflora.jbrj.gov.br/reflora/herbarioVirtual/ConsultaPublicoHVUC/ConsultaPublicoHVUC.do?idTestemunho=5542801|access-date=2020-12-12|website=reflora.jbrj.gov.br}}</ref> The leaf type is simple with primary brochidodromous venation. ''C. adamantium'' is [[deciduous]] and the flowers are created when a new set of leaves are forming.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Lescano|first1=Caroline H.|last2=Freitas de Lima|first2=Fernando|last3=Mendes-Silvério|first3=Camila B.|last4=Justo|first4=Alberto F. O.|last5=da Silva Baldivia|first5=Débora|last6=Vieira|first6=Cristiano P.|last7=Sanjinez-Argandoña|first7=Eliana J.|last8=Cardoso|first8=Claudia A. L.|last9=Mónica|first9=Fabíola Z.|last10=Pires de Oliveira|first10=Ivan|date=2018|title=Effect of Polyphenols From Campomanesia adamantium on Platelet Aggregation and Inhibition of Cyclooxygenases: Molecular Docking and in Vitro Analysis|journal=Frontiers in Pharmacology|language=English|volume=9|page=617|doi=10.3389/fphar.2018.00617|issn=1663-9812|pmc=6005896|pmid=29946259|doi-access=free}}</ref> It has [[Inflorescence|solitary flowers]] that grows on the branches. The nonfragrant flowers are whitish cream in color. The flowers contain 5 petals with radial symmetry. It is [[Hermaphrodite|hermaphroditic]] containing many stamens and 7- 9 carpels with an inferior ovary.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Martos|first1=Luana|last2=Galan|first2=Adrielle Tayrine Oliveira Froemming|last3=Souza|first3=Luiz Antonio de|last4=Mourão|first4=Káthia Socorro Mathias|date=2017-03-13|title=The flower anatomy of five species of Myrteae and its contribution to the taxonomy of Myrtaceae|journal=Acta Botanica Brasilica|volume=31|issue=1|pages=42–50|doi=10.1590/0102-33062016abb0401|issn=1677-941X|doi-access=free}}</ref> The fruit size can be between 2 to 2.5 cm in diameter.<ref name=":3" /> The color of the fruit can vary from green to yellow and contains a juicy pulp with a strong citric taste <ref name=":2" />


== Ecology ==
== Ecology ==
''Campomanesia adamantium'' is a tropical shrub that grows in the [[Cerrado]] savannas of Brazil as well as parts of Paraguay.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Amorim|first1=P. K.|last2=Batalha|first2=M. A.|date=May 2006|title=Soil characteristics of a hyperseasonal cerrado compared to a seasonal cerrado and a floodplain grassland: implications for plant community structure|url=http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1519-69842006000400010&lng=en&tlng=en|journal=Brazilian Journal of Biology|volume=66|issue=2b|pages=661–670|doi=10.1590/S1519-69842006000400010|pmid=16906298|issn=1519-6984|doi-access=free}}</ref> The soil found where this plant grows is acidic, poor in nutrients and drains water well.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|date=2018-05-01|title=Phytochemistry and antimicrobial activity of Campomanesia adamantium|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0102695X17305859|journal=Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia|language=en|volume=28|issue=3|pages=303–311|doi=10.1016/j.bjp.2018.02.008|issn=0102-695X|last1=Sá|first1=Stone|last2=Chaul|first2=Luíza T.|last3=Alves|first3=Virgínia F.|last4=Fiuza|first4=Tatiana S.|last5=Tresvenzol|first5=Leonice M.F.|last6=Vaz|first6=Boniek G.|last7=Ferri|first7=Pedro H.|last8=Borges|first8=Leonardo L.|last9=Paula|first9=José R.|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Crispim|first1=Bruno do Amaral|last2=Déo|first2=Thamiris Gatti|last3=Fernandes|first3=Juliana dos Santos|last4=Vasconcelos|first4=Adrielle Ayumi|last5=Vieira|first5=Maria do Carmo|last6=Carnevali|first6=Thiago de Oliveira|last7=Bajay|first7=Miklos Maximiliano|last8=Zucchi|first8=Maria Imaculada|last9=Barufatti|first9=Alexeia|date=September 2019|title=Development and characterization of microsatellite markers in Campomanesia adamantium , a native plant of the Cerrado ecoregions of South America|url= |journal=Applications in Plant Sciences|language=en|volume=7|issue=9|pages=e11287|doi=10.1002/aps3.11287|issn=2168-0450|pmc=6764490|pmid=31572628}}</ref> Periodic flooding of the Cerrado does not seem to pose a threat to this plant as it is able to withstand flooding.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nucci|first1=Mateus|last2=Alves-Junior|first2=Valter Vieira|date=2017-07-30|title=Behavior and diversity of floral visitors to Campomanesia adamantium (Myrtaceae)|url=http://revistacolombianaentomologia.univalle.edu.co/index.php/SOCOLEN/%20article%20/view%20/6657|journal=Revista Colombiana de Entomología|volume=43|issue=1|pages=106|doi=10.25100/socolen.v43i1.6657|issn=0120-0488}}</ref> The Cerrado has an average temperature of 26-20 degrees Celsius and an average rainfall of 2000-1200 mm, with the majority of rainfall in the summer.<ref name=":1" /> The flower produces pollen and nectar and is pollinated in the morning by many species of insects but seems to be predominantly pollinated by bees, specifically the non-native ''[[Western honey bee|Apis mellifera]]''.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Landrum|first=Leslie R.|date=1986|title=Campomanesia, Pimenta, Blepharocalyx, Legrandia, Acca, Myrrhinium, and Luma (Myrtaceae)|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4393795|journal=Flora Neotropica|volume=45|pages=1–178|jstor=4393795|issn=0071-5794}}</ref> ''Apis mellifera'' has completely dominated and prevented other native bee species from pollinating this plant.<ref name=":1" /> This may be a result of cutting forest area down to make space for agricultural production, or the use of pesticides on nearby cropland <ref name=":1" />
''Campomanesia adamantium'' is a tropical shrub that grows in the [[Cerrado]] savannas of Brazil as well as parts of Paraguay.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Amorim|first1=P. K.|last2=Batalha|first2=M. A.|date=May 2006|title=Soil characteristics of a hyperseasonal cerrado compared to a seasonal cerrado and a floodplain grassland: implications for plant community structure|journal=Brazilian Journal of Biology|volume=66|issue=2b|pages=661–670|doi=10.1590/S1519-69842006000400010|pmid=16906298|issn=1519-6984|doi-access=free}}</ref> The soil found where this plant grows is acidic, poor in nutrients and drains water well.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|date=2018-05-01|title=Phytochemistry and antimicrobial activity of Campomanesia adamantium|journal=Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia|language=en|volume=28|issue=3|pages=303–311|doi=10.1016/j.bjp.2018.02.008|issn=0102-695X|last1=Sá|first1=Stone|last2=Chaul|first2=Luíza T.|last3=Alves|first3=Virgínia F.|last4=Fiuza|first4=Tatiana S.|last5=Tresvenzol|first5=Leonice M.F.|last6=Vaz|first6=Boniek G.|last7=Ferri|first7=Pedro H.|last8=Borges|first8=Leonardo L.|last9=Paula|first9=José R.|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Crispim|first1=Bruno do Amaral|last2=Déo|first2=Thamiris Gatti|last3=Fernandes|first3=Juliana dos Santos|last4=Vasconcelos|first4=Adrielle Ayumi|last5=Vieira|first5=Maria do Carmo|last6=Carnevali|first6=Thiago de Oliveira|last7=Bajay|first7=Miklos Maximiliano|last8=Zucchi|first8=Maria Imaculada|last9=Barufatti|first9=Alexeia|date=September 2019|title=Development and characterization of microsatellite markers in Campomanesia adamantium , a native plant of the Cerrado ecoregions of South America|url= |journal=Applications in Plant Sciences|language=en|volume=7|issue=9|pages=e11287|doi=10.1002/aps3.11287|issn=2168-0450|pmc=6764490|pmid=31572628}}</ref> Periodic flooding of the Cerrado does not seem to pose a threat to this plant as it is able to withstand flooding.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nucci|first1=Mateus|last2=Alves-Junior|first2=Valter Vieira|date=2017-07-30|title=Behavior and diversity of floral visitors to Campomanesia adamantium (Myrtaceae)|url=http://revistacolombianaentomologia.univalle.edu.co/index.php/SOCOLEN/%20article%20/view%20/6657|journal=Revista Colombiana de Entomología|volume=43|issue=1|pages=106|doi=10.25100/socolen.v43i1.6657|issn=0120-0488}}</ref> The Cerrado has an average temperature of 26-20 degrees Celsius and an average rainfall of 2000-1200 mm, with the majority of rainfall in the summer.<ref name=":1" /> The flower produces pollen and nectar and is pollinated in the morning by many species of insects but seems to be predominantly pollinated by bees, specifically the non-native ''[[Western honey bee|Apis mellifera]]''.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Landrum|first=Leslie R.|date=1986|title=Campomanesia, Pimenta, Blepharocalyx, Legrandia, Acca, Myrrhinium, and Luma (Myrtaceae)|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4393795|journal=Flora Neotropica|volume=45|pages=1–178|jstor=4393795|issn=0071-5794}}</ref> ''Apis mellifera'' has completely dominated and prevented other native bee species from pollinating this plant.<ref name=":1" /> This may be a result of cutting forest area down to make space for agricultural production, or the use of pesticides on nearby cropland <ref name=":1" />


== Cultivation and uses ==
== Cultivation and uses ==
The fruit is eaten by locals for its high vitamin C nutrition and its juicy sweet taste.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last1=Leão-Araújo|first1=Érica Fernandes|last2=Souza|first2=Eli Regina Barboza de|last3=Naves|first3=Ronaldo Veloso|last4=Peixoto|first4=Nei|date=2019|title=Phenology of Campomanesia adamantium (Cambess.) O. Berg in Brazilian Cerrado|url=http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-29452019000200203&tlng=en|journal=Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura|volume=41|issue=2|pages=e–121|doi=10.1590/0100-29452019121|issn=1806-9967|doi-access=free}}</ref> It can also be used make treats such as ice cream, jellies, and candy.<ref name=":6" /> Locals believe that the plant helps with [[inflammation]], [[diarrhea]], [[Urinary tract infection|urinary tract infections]], and [[Gastrointestinal disease|gastrointestinal disorders]].<ref name=":4" /> The plant is effective in treating diseases because it is rich in zinc, calcium, aluminum, and potassium. Its high concentration of zinc is helpful for fighting zinc deficient illnesses like diarrhea and malnutrition.<ref name=":3" /> It is also rich in aluminum which is contained in many antiulcer drugs. In addition, the extracts from the leaves and fruits reveal to have antioxidant properties that prevent the spread of bacteria and fungi.<ref name=":5" />
The fruit is eaten by locals for its high vitamin C nutrition and its juicy sweet taste.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last1=Leão-Araújo|first1=Érica Fernandes|last2=Souza|first2=Eli Regina Barboza de|last3=Naves|first3=Ronaldo Veloso|last4=Peixoto|first4=Nei|date=2019|title=Phenology of Campomanesia adamantium (Cambess.) O. Berg in Brazilian Cerrado|journal=Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura|volume=41|issue=2|pages=e–121|doi=10.1590/0100-29452019121|issn=1806-9967|doi-access=free}}</ref> It can also be used make treats such as ice cream, jellies, and candy.<ref name=":6" /> Locals believe that the plant helps with [[inflammation]], [[diarrhea]], [[Urinary tract infection|urinary tract infections]], and [[Gastrointestinal disease|gastrointestinal disorders]].<ref name=":4" /> The plant is effective in treating diseases because it is rich in zinc, calcium, aluminum, and potassium. Its high concentration of zinc is helpful for fighting zinc deficient illnesses like diarrhea and malnutrition.<ref name=":3" /> It is also rich in aluminum which is contained in many antiulcer drugs. In addition, the extracts from the leaves and fruits reveal to have antioxidant properties that prevent the spread of bacteria and fungi.<ref name=":5" />


== Reference ==
== Reference ==

Revision as of 00:46, 21 June 2021

Campomanesia adamantium
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Myrtales
Family: Myrtaceae
Genus: Campomanesia
Species:
C. adamantium
Binomial name
Campomanesia adamantium
(Cambess.) O.Berg

Campomanesia adamantium,[1][2] commonly known as gabiroba, guavira, or guabiroba do campo, is a short shrub-like plant that grows no taller than 1.5 meters on average[3][4] It is natively found in the central part of South America, in Paraguay and Brazil.[5][3] The plant produces small yellow-green edible fruits[3]

Description

Campomanesia adamantium growth habit is a small shrub. It can grow at height of about 1.3 ft (0.4 m) to 5.9 ft (1.8 m) tall.[6] The leaves are opposite and falsely opposite, meaning that the leaves are not perfectly aligned across from each other.[7] The leaf type is simple with primary brochidodromous venation. C. adamantium is deciduous and the flowers are created when a new set of leaves are forming.[8] It has solitary flowers that grows on the branches. The nonfragrant flowers are whitish cream in color. The flowers contain 5 petals with radial symmetry. It is hermaphroditic containing many stamens and 7- 9 carpels with an inferior ovary.[9] The fruit size can be between 2 to 2.5 cm in diameter.[6] The color of the fruit can vary from green to yellow and contains a juicy pulp with a strong citric taste [5]

Ecology

Campomanesia adamantium is a tropical shrub that grows in the Cerrado savannas of Brazil as well as parts of Paraguay.[10] The soil found where this plant grows is acidic, poor in nutrients and drains water well.[11][12] Periodic flooding of the Cerrado does not seem to pose a threat to this plant as it is able to withstand flooding.[13] The Cerrado has an average temperature of 26-20 degrees Celsius and an average rainfall of 2000-1200 mm, with the majority of rainfall in the summer.[4] The flower produces pollen and nectar and is pollinated in the morning by many species of insects but seems to be predominantly pollinated by bees, specifically the non-native Apis mellifera.[4][14] Apis mellifera has completely dominated and prevented other native bee species from pollinating this plant.[4] This may be a result of cutting forest area down to make space for agricultural production, or the use of pesticides on nearby cropland [4]

Cultivation and uses

The fruit is eaten by locals for its high vitamin C nutrition and its juicy sweet taste.[15] It can also be used make treats such as ice cream, jellies, and candy.[15] Locals believe that the plant helps with inflammation, diarrhea, urinary tract infections, and gastrointestinal disorders.[8] The plant is effective in treating diseases because it is rich in zinc, calcium, aluminum, and potassium. Its high concentration of zinc is helpful for fighting zinc deficient illnesses like diarrhea and malnutrition.[6] It is also rich in aluminum which is contained in many antiulcer drugs. In addition, the extracts from the leaves and fruits reveal to have antioxidant properties that prevent the spread of bacteria and fungi.[11]

Reference

  1. ^ "Campomanesia adamantium (Cambessedes) Berg". www.gbif.org. GBIF. Retrieved 2020-12-18.
  2. ^ "Taxonomy browser (Campomanesia adamantium)". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved 2020-12-18.
  3. ^ a b c Alves, C. C. F.; Oliveira, J. D.; Estevam, E. B. B.; Xavier, M. N.; Nicolella, H. D.; Furtado, R. A.; Tavares, D. C.; Miranda, M. L. D. (June 2020). "Antiproliferative activity of essential oils from three plants of the Brazilian Cerrado: Campomanesia adamantium (Myrtaceae), Protium ovatum (Burseraceae) and Cardiopetalum calophyllum (Annonaceae)". Brazilian Journal of Biology. 80 (2): 290–294. doi:10.1590/1519-6984.192643. ISSN 1678-4375. PMID 31017239.
  4. ^ a b c d e Cabral, Osvaldo M.R.; Da Rocha, Humberto R.; Gash, John H.; Freitas, Helber C.; Ligo, Marcos A.V. (2015-09-01). "Water and energy fluxes from a woodland savanna (cerrado) in southeast Brazil". Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies. 4: 22–40. doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2015.04.010. ISSN 2214-5818.
  5. ^ a b De Oliveira Fernandes, Thaís; De Ávila, Renato Ivan; De Moura, Soraia Santana; De Almeida Ribeiro, Gerlon; Naves, Maria Margareth Veloso; Valadares, Marize Campos (2015-01-01). "Campomanesia adamantium (Myrtaceae) fruits protect HEPG2 cells against carbon tetrachloride-induced toxicity". Toxicology Reports. 2: 184–193. doi:10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.11.018. ISSN 2214-7500. PMC 5598383. PMID 28962350.
  6. ^ a b c de Lima, Nayara Vieira; Arakaki, Daniela Granja; Tschinkel, Paula F. Saldanha; da Silva, Anderson Fernandes; Guimarães, Rita de Cássia Avellaneda; Hiane, Priscila Aiko; do Nascimento, Valter Aragão (2017-03-08), El-Shemy, Hany A. (ed.), "Investigation of Campomanesia Components: A Fruit of Brazilian Cerrado", Active Ingredients from Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, InTech, doi:10.5772/66220, ISBN 978-953-51-2975-2, retrieved 2020-12-12
  7. ^ "HV REFLORA -". reflora.jbrj.gov.br. Retrieved 2020-12-12.
  8. ^ a b Lescano, Caroline H.; Freitas de Lima, Fernando; Mendes-Silvério, Camila B.; Justo, Alberto F. O.; da Silva Baldivia, Débora; Vieira, Cristiano P.; Sanjinez-Argandoña, Eliana J.; Cardoso, Claudia A. L.; Mónica, Fabíola Z.; Pires de Oliveira, Ivan (2018). "Effect of Polyphenols From Campomanesia adamantium on Platelet Aggregation and Inhibition of Cyclooxygenases: Molecular Docking and in Vitro Analysis". Frontiers in Pharmacology. 9: 617. doi:10.3389/fphar.2018.00617. ISSN 1663-9812. PMC 6005896. PMID 29946259.
  9. ^ Martos, Luana; Galan, Adrielle Tayrine Oliveira Froemming; Souza, Luiz Antonio de; Mourão, Káthia Socorro Mathias (2017-03-13). "The flower anatomy of five species of Myrteae and its contribution to the taxonomy of Myrtaceae". Acta Botanica Brasilica. 31 (1): 42–50. doi:10.1590/0102-33062016abb0401. ISSN 1677-941X.
  10. ^ Amorim, P. K.; Batalha, M. A. (May 2006). "Soil characteristics of a hyperseasonal cerrado compared to a seasonal cerrado and a floodplain grassland: implications for plant community structure". Brazilian Journal of Biology. 66 (2b): 661–670. doi:10.1590/S1519-69842006000400010. ISSN 1519-6984. PMID 16906298.
  11. ^ a b Sá, Stone; Chaul, Luíza T.; Alves, Virgínia F.; Fiuza, Tatiana S.; Tresvenzol, Leonice M.F.; Vaz, Boniek G.; Ferri, Pedro H.; Borges, Leonardo L.; Paula, José R. (2018-05-01). "Phytochemistry and antimicrobial activity of Campomanesia adamantium". Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia. 28 (3): 303–311. doi:10.1016/j.bjp.2018.02.008. ISSN 0102-695X.
  12. ^ Crispim, Bruno do Amaral; Déo, Thamiris Gatti; Fernandes, Juliana dos Santos; Vasconcelos, Adrielle Ayumi; Vieira, Maria do Carmo; Carnevali, Thiago de Oliveira; Bajay, Miklos Maximiliano; Zucchi, Maria Imaculada; Barufatti, Alexeia (September 2019). "Development and characterization of microsatellite markers in Campomanesia adamantium , a native plant of the Cerrado ecoregions of South America". Applications in Plant Sciences. 7 (9): e11287. doi:10.1002/aps3.11287. ISSN 2168-0450. PMC 6764490. PMID 31572628.
  13. ^ Nucci, Mateus; Alves-Junior, Valter Vieira (2017-07-30). "Behavior and diversity of floral visitors to Campomanesia adamantium (Myrtaceae)". Revista Colombiana de Entomología. 43 (1): 106. doi:10.25100/socolen.v43i1.6657. ISSN 0120-0488.
  14. ^ Landrum, Leslie R. (1986). "Campomanesia, Pimenta, Blepharocalyx, Legrandia, Acca, Myrrhinium, and Luma (Myrtaceae)". Flora Neotropica. 45: 1–178. ISSN 0071-5794. JSTOR 4393795.
  15. ^ a b Leão-Araújo, Érica Fernandes; Souza, Eli Regina Barboza de; Naves, Ronaldo Veloso; Peixoto, Nei (2019). "Phenology of Campomanesia adamantium (Cambess.) O. Berg in Brazilian Cerrado". Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura. 41 (2): e–121. doi:10.1590/0100-29452019121. ISSN 1806-9967.
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