Devil fish: Difference between revisions
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==Description== |
==Description== |
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The devil fish is larger than its close relative the [[lesser devil ray]]. It grows to a length of disk {{convert|3.5|m|ft}}, making it one of the largest [[ray (fish)|ray]]s. It possesses a spiny tail.<ref name=fishbase>{{FishBase | genus = Mobula | species = mobular | year = 2015 | month = 4}}</ref> The devil fish is the third largest species in the genus ''Mobula'', after the [[Giant oceanic manta ray|oceanic]] and [[Reef manta ray|reef]] manta rays. It is the only mobulid species that lives in the Mediterranean Sea. The species has been observed to have a maximum recorded length of disk width of 5.2 meters (roughly 17 feet).<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal| |
The devil fish is larger than its close relative the [[lesser devil ray]]. It grows to a length of disk {{convert|3.5|m|ft}}, making it one of the largest [[ray (fish)|ray]]s. It possesses a spiny tail.<ref name=fishbase>{{FishBase | genus = Mobula | species = mobular | year = 2015 | month = 4}}</ref> The devil fish is the third largest species in the genus ''Mobula'', after the [[Giant oceanic manta ray|oceanic]] and [[Reef manta ray|reef]] manta rays. It is the only mobulid species that lives in the Mediterranean Sea. The species has been observed to have a maximum recorded length of disk width of 5.2 meters (roughly 17 feet).<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Canese|first1=S|last2=Cardinali|first2=A|last3=Romeo|first3=T|last4=Giusti|first4=M|last5=Salvati|first5=E|last6=Angiolillo|first6=M|last7=Greco|first7=S|date=2011-08-11|title=Diving behavior of the giant devil fish in the Mediterranean Sea|journal=Endangered Species Research|language=en|volume=14|issue=2|pages=171–176|doi=10.3354/esr00349|issn=1863-5407|doi-access=free}}</ref> However, those data are unreliable and are allegedly misunderstood as Giant oceanic Manta Rays that have strayed into the Mediterranean. <ref name=":9" >{{Cite journal|url=https://mbr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s41200-020-00187-0 |title= The giant devil ray Mobula mobular (Bonnaterre, 1788) is not giant, but it is the only spinetail devil ray|year= 2020|doi= 10.1186/s41200-020-00187-0|last1= Notarbartolo Di Sciara|first1= Giuseppe|last2= Stevens|first2= Guy|last3= Fernando|first3= Daniel|journal= Marine Biodiversity Records|volume= 13|s2cid= 216649824}}</ref> <ref name=":10" >{{Cite journal|url=https://www.readcube.com/articles/10.1186/s41200-020-00187-0 |title= The giant devil ray Mobula mobular (Bonnaterre, 1788) is not giant, but it is the only spinetail devil ray|year= 2020|doi= 10.1186/s41200-020-00187-0|last1= Notarbartolo Di Sciara|first1= Giuseppe|last2= Stevens|first2= Guy|last3= Fernando|first3= Daniel|journal= Marine Biodiversity Records|volume= 13|s2cid= 216649824}}</ref>It is also considered to be the only Devil fish with a tail spine. <ref name=":9" /> <ref name=":10" /> The species is also considered endangered given its decreasing population density.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Holcer|first1=D.|last2=Lazar|first2=B.|last3=Mackelworth|first3=P.|last4=Fortuna|first4=C. M.|date=2013|title=Rare or just unknown? The occurrence of the giant devil ray (Mobula mobular) in the Adriatic Sea|journal=Journal of Applied Ichthyology|language=en|volume=29|issue=1|pages=139–144|doi=10.1111/jai.12034|issn=1439-0426}}</ref> |
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==Distribution and habitat== |
==Distribution and habitat== |
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Devil fish inhabit offshore areas to the [[neritic zone]], their range as deep as several thousand meters. They are typically observed in small clusters, and may occasionally form larger groups.<ref name=iucn/> |
Devil fish inhabit offshore areas to the [[neritic zone]], their range as deep as several thousand meters. They are typically observed in small clusters, and may occasionally form larger groups.<ref name=iucn/> |
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Giant devil rays are usually seen in deep coastal waters but are occasionally seen in shallow waters. In a tagging experiment conducted by the Italian National Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), three giant devil rays were tagged and their depth was observed throughout different times of the day. The rays reached a maximum depth of 600–700 meters (1960–2300 feet) but mostly spent their time between 0 and 50 meters (0 and 165 feet); they prefer warmer waters with a temperature between 20 °C and 29 °C (68 °F and 84 °F). The giant devil rays also deep dive at random times, instances not correlated to the time of day unlike how other species deep dive at specific times of day.<ref name=":0" /> In other observations studying ray abundance and habitat, giant devil rays were observed alone and occasionally in groups with a maximum of 18 rays. The same study also emphasizes that the rays undergo a species migration across the Mediterranean Sea with the seasons, taking advantage of warm, highly productive waters.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal| |
Giant devil rays are usually seen in deep coastal waters but are occasionally seen in shallow waters. In a tagging experiment conducted by the Italian National Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), three giant devil rays were tagged and their depth was observed throughout different times of the day. The rays reached a maximum depth of 600–700 meters (1960–2300 feet) but mostly spent their time between 0 and 50 meters (0 and 165 feet); they prefer warmer waters with a temperature between 20 °C and 29 °C (68 °F and 84 °F). The giant devil rays also deep dive at random times, instances not correlated to the time of day unlike how other species deep dive at specific times of day.<ref name=":0" /> In other observations studying ray abundance and habitat, giant devil rays were observed alone and occasionally in groups with a maximum of 18 rays. The same study also emphasizes that the rays undergo a species migration across the Mediterranean Sea with the seasons, taking advantage of warm, highly productive waters.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Panigada|first1=Simone|last2=Donovan|first2=Greg|last3=Cañadas|first3=Ana|last4=Pierantonio|first4=Nino|last5=Lauriano|first5=Giancarlo|last6=Sciara|first6=Giuseppe Notarbartolo di|date=2015-11-18|title=The Devil We Don't Know: Investigating Habitat and Abundance of Endangered Giant Devil Rays in the North-Western Mediterranean Sea|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=10|issue=11|pages=e0141189|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0141189|issn=1932-6203|pmc=4651356|pmid=26580814|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1041189N|doi-access=free}}</ref> |
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==Ecology== |
==Ecology== |
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==Conservation status== |
==Conservation status== |
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The devil fish has a limited range and a low rate of reproduction. As a result, it is sensitive to environmental changes.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2" /> Its population trend is decreasing. Most of the information on the giant devil ray has been gathered through bycatch data because the species has a high bycatch mortality. Giant devil ray mortalities are mostly reported as bycatch from swordfish nets, and occasionally reported as bycatch from longlines, purse seines, trawls, trammel nets, and tuna traps.<ref name=":0" /> There are many threats against the giant devil ray such as fishing, resource harvesting (being taken as bycatch in different fisheries), industrial garbage, and solid waste.<ref name=":3" /> The main threats to this species come from pollution in the Mediterranean and bycatch capture in various fishing equipment including trawls, tuna traps, and dragnets meant for [[swordfish]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4">{{cite journal|title=Mobulid ray by-catch in longline fisheries in the south-western Atlantic Ocean|first1=F.|last1=Mas|first2=R.|last2=Forselledo|first3=A.|last3=Domingo|date=15 September 2015|journal=Marine and Freshwater Research|volume=66|issue=9|pages=767–777|doi=10.1071/MF14180}}</ref> All species of the genus ''Mobula'' have been targeted by recreational and commercial fisheries for centuries.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal| |
The devil fish has a limited range and a low rate of reproduction. As a result, it is sensitive to environmental changes.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2" /> Its population trend is decreasing. Most of the information on the giant devil ray has been gathered through bycatch data because the species has a high bycatch mortality. Giant devil ray mortalities are mostly reported as bycatch from swordfish nets, and occasionally reported as bycatch from longlines, purse seines, trawls, trammel nets, and tuna traps.<ref name=":0" /> There are many threats against the giant devil ray such as fishing, resource harvesting (being taken as bycatch in different fisheries), industrial garbage, and solid waste.<ref name=":3" /> The main threats to this species come from pollution in the Mediterranean and bycatch capture in various fishing equipment including trawls, tuna traps, and dragnets meant for [[swordfish]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4">{{cite journal|title=Mobulid ray by-catch in longline fisheries in the south-western Atlantic Ocean|first1=F.|last1=Mas|first2=R.|last2=Forselledo|first3=A.|last3=Domingo|date=15 September 2015|journal=Marine and Freshwater Research|volume=66|issue=9|pages=767–777|doi=10.1071/MF14180}}</ref> All species of the genus ''Mobula'' have been targeted by recreational and commercial fisheries for centuries.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=Croll|first1=Donald A.|last2=Dewar|first2=Heidi|last3=Dulvy|first3=Nicholas K.|last4=Fernando|first4=Daniel|last5=Francis|first5=Malcolm P.|last6=Galván‐Magaña|first6=Felipe|last7=Hall|first7=Martin|last8=Heinrichs|first8=Shawn|last9=Marshall|first9=Andrea|date=2016|title=Vulnerabilities and fisheries impacts: the uncertain future of manta and devil rays|journal=Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems|language=en|volume=26|issue=3|pages=562–575|doi=10.1002/aqc.2591|issn=1099-0755|url=https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/40729136/Croll_et_al_2016_Aquatic_Conservation_Marine_and_Freshwater_Ecosystems_1_.pdf|doi-access=free}}</ref> Fisheries in Gaza and Egypt are reported to catch giant devil rays for local consumption, and they are reported as bycatch in various places including the Indian Ocean and Atlantic Ocean.<ref name=":5" /> |
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The 2004 [[IUCN Red List]] listed the devil fish as a vulnerable species. It was reclassified as [[endangered]] in 2006 due to low population resilience coupled with continued high bycatch mortality.<ref name="iucn" /> In June 2018 the New Zealand [[Department of Conservation (New Zealand)|Department of Conservation]] classified the devil fish as "Data Deficient" with the qualifier "Secure Overseas" under the [[New Zealand Threat Classification System]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.doc.govt.nz/globalassets/documents/science-and-technical/nztcs23entire.pdf|title=Conservation status of New Zealand chondrichthyans (chimaeras, sharks and rays), 2016| |
The 2004 [[IUCN Red List]] listed the devil fish as a vulnerable species. It was reclassified as [[endangered]] in 2006 due to low population resilience coupled with continued high bycatch mortality.<ref name="iucn" /> In June 2018 the New Zealand [[Department of Conservation (New Zealand)|Department of Conservation]] classified the devil fish as "Data Deficient" with the qualifier "Secure Overseas" under the [[New Zealand Threat Classification System]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.doc.govt.nz/globalassets/documents/science-and-technical/nztcs23entire.pdf|title=Conservation status of New Zealand chondrichthyans (chimaeras, sharks and rays), 2016|last1=Duffy|first1=Clinton A. J.|last2=Francis|first2=Malcolm|last3=Dunn|first3=M. R.|last4=Finucci|first4=Brit|last5=Ford|first5=Richard|last6=Hitchmough|first6=Rod|last7=Rolfe|first7=Jeremy|publisher=Department of Conservation|year=2018|isbn=9781988514628|location=Wellington, New Zealand|pages=10|oclc=1042901090}}</ref> Off of the Adriatic Sea, the giant devil ray is legally protected in Italy and Croatia. Fishing, transportation, landing, and trade of the giant devil ray is forbidden in Albania. The giant devil ray is also protected under the Bern and Barcelona conventions.<ref name=":1" /> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Revision as of 02:47, 27 August 2021
| Devil fish | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Chondrichthyes |
| Subclass: | Elasmobranchii |
| Superorder: | Batoidea |
| Order: | Myliobatiformes |
| Family: | Mobulidae |
| Genus: | Mobula |
| Species: | M. mobular
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| Binomial name | |
| Mobula mobular (Bonnaterre, 1788)
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| Synonyms[2] | |
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The devil fish or giant devil ray (Mobula mobular) is a species of ray in the family Mobulidae. It is currently listed as endangered, mostly due to bycatch mortality in unrelated fisheries.
Description
The devil fish is larger than its close relative the lesser devil ray. It grows to a length of disk 3.5 metres (11 ft), making it one of the largest rays. It possesses a spiny tail.[3] The devil fish is the third largest species in the genus Mobula, after the oceanic and reef manta rays. It is the only mobulid species that lives in the Mediterranean Sea. The species has been observed to have a maximum recorded length of disk width of 5.2 meters (roughly 17 feet).[4] However, those data are unreliable and are allegedly misunderstood as Giant oceanic Manta Rays that have strayed into the Mediterranean. [5] [6]It is also considered to be the only Devil fish with a tail spine. [5] [6] The species is also considered endangered given its decreasing population density.[7]
Distribution and habitat
Devil fish are most common in the Mediterranean Sea and can be found elsewhere in the Eastern Atlantic Ocean, off the southwest coast of Ireland and south of Portugal, and possibly in the northwest Atlantic.[3] The species has been recorded in a number of Mediterranean countries such as Croatia, Greece, Italy, and Turkey, which shows that the species has a basin-wide distribution.[7] They predominantly prefer deep waters.[3]
Devil fish inhabit offshore areas to the neritic zone, their range as deep as several thousand meters. They are typically observed in small clusters, and may occasionally form larger groups.[1]
Giant devil rays are usually seen in deep coastal waters but are occasionally seen in shallow waters. In a tagging experiment conducted by the Italian National Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), three giant devil rays were tagged and their depth was observed throughout different times of the day. The rays reached a maximum depth of 600–700 meters (1960–2300 feet) but mostly spent their time between 0 and 50 meters (0 and 165 feet); they prefer warmer waters with a temperature between 20 °C and 29 °C (68 °F and 84 °F). The giant devil rays also deep dive at random times, instances not correlated to the time of day unlike how other species deep dive at specific times of day.[4] In other observations studying ray abundance and habitat, giant devil rays were observed alone and occasionally in groups with a maximum of 18 rays. The same study also emphasizes that the rays undergo a species migration across the Mediterranean Sea with the seasons, taking advantage of warm, highly productive waters.[8]
Ecology
The average lifespan of a giant devil ray is 20 years. It is an epipelagic species. It has a very low reproductive capacity. This means that the species gives birth to a single offspring at unknown intervals.[9] The species is ovoviviparous: the young hatch from their eggs inside the mother's body and emerge later when they are more fully grown.[1] It can be predicted that at the rate that its population is declining now, the population will decline by at least 50% in the next 60 years. This is due to a number of threats including the poor likelihood of recovering from declining populations.[9]
Devil rays feed on planktonic crustaceans and small schooling fish, which are trapped using the modified gill covers (branchial plates) responsible for its "devil-like" silhouette.[1] It mostly eats euphausiid shrimp (Meganyctiphanes norvegica) and small mesopelagic and clupeid fishes.[4]
Conservation status
The devil fish has a limited range and a low rate of reproduction. As a result, it is sensitive to environmental changes.[10][8] Its population trend is decreasing. Most of the information on the giant devil ray has been gathered through bycatch data because the species has a high bycatch mortality. Giant devil ray mortalities are mostly reported as bycatch from swordfish nets, and occasionally reported as bycatch from longlines, purse seines, trawls, trammel nets, and tuna traps.[4] There are many threats against the giant devil ray such as fishing, resource harvesting (being taken as bycatch in different fisheries), industrial garbage, and solid waste.[9] The main threats to this species come from pollution in the Mediterranean and bycatch capture in various fishing equipment including trawls, tuna traps, and dragnets meant for swordfish.[8][10] All species of the genus Mobula have been targeted by recreational and commercial fisheries for centuries.[11] Fisheries in Gaza and Egypt are reported to catch giant devil rays for local consumption, and they are reported as bycatch in various places including the Indian Ocean and Atlantic Ocean.[11]
The 2004 IUCN Red List listed the devil fish as a vulnerable species. It was reclassified as endangered in 2006 due to low population resilience coupled with continued high bycatch mortality.[1] In June 2018 the New Zealand Department of Conservation classified the devil fish as "Data Deficient" with the qualifier "Secure Overseas" under the New Zealand Threat Classification System.[12] Off of the Adriatic Sea, the giant devil ray is legally protected in Italy and Croatia. Fishing, transportation, landing, and trade of the giant devil ray is forbidden in Albania. The giant devil ray is also protected under the Bern and Barcelona conventions.[7]
References
- ^ a b c d e Marshall, A., Barreto, R., Carlson, J., Fernando, D., Fordham, S., Francis, M.P., Herman, K., Jabado, R.W., Liu, K.M., Rigby, C.L. & Romanov, E. 2020. Mobula mobular (amended version of 2019 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T110847130A176550858. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T110847130A176550858.en. Downloaded on 09 March 2021.
- ^ Froese, R. and D. Pauly (2021). "Mobula mobular (Bonnaterre, 1788)". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
- ^ a b c Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2015). "Mobula mobular" in FishBase. 4 2015 version.
- ^ a b c d Canese, S; Cardinali, A; Romeo, T; Giusti, M; Salvati, E; Angiolillo, M; Greco, S (2011-08-11). "Diving behavior of the giant devil fish in the Mediterranean Sea". Endangered Species Research. 14 (2): 171–176. doi:10.3354/esr00349. ISSN 1863-5407.
- ^ a b Notarbartolo Di Sciara, Giuseppe; Stevens, Guy; Fernando, Daniel (2020). "The giant devil ray Mobula mobular (Bonnaterre, 1788) is not giant, but it is the only spinetail devil ray". Marine Biodiversity Records. 13. doi:10.1186/s41200-020-00187-0. S2CID 216649824.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b Notarbartolo Di Sciara, Giuseppe; Stevens, Guy; Fernando, Daniel (2020). "The giant devil ray Mobula mobular (Bonnaterre, 1788) is not giant, but it is the only spinetail devil ray". Marine Biodiversity Records. 13. doi:10.1186/s41200-020-00187-0. S2CID 216649824.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b c Holcer, D.; Lazar, B.; Mackelworth, P.; Fortuna, C. M. (2013). "Rare or just unknown? The occurrence of the giant devil ray (Mobula mobular) in the Adriatic Sea". Journal of Applied Ichthyology. 29 (1): 139–144. doi:10.1111/jai.12034. ISSN 1439-0426.
- ^ a b c Panigada, Simone; Donovan, Greg; Cañadas, Ana; Pierantonio, Nino; Lauriano, Giancarlo; Sciara, Giuseppe Notarbartolo di (2015-11-18). "The Devil We Don't Know: Investigating Habitat and Abundance of Endangered Giant Devil Rays in the North-Western Mediterranean Sea". PLOS ONE. 10 (11): e0141189. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1041189N. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0141189. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4651356. PMID 26580814.
- ^ a b c "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 2019-04-09.
- ^ a b Mas, F.; Forselledo, R.; Domingo, A. (15 September 2015). "Mobulid ray by-catch in longline fisheries in the south-western Atlantic Ocean". Marine and Freshwater Research. 66 (9): 767–777. doi:10.1071/MF14180.
- ^ a b Croll, Donald A.; Dewar, Heidi; Dulvy, Nicholas K.; Fernando, Daniel; Francis, Malcolm P.; Galván‐Magaña, Felipe; Hall, Martin; Heinrichs, Shawn; Marshall, Andrea (2016). "Vulnerabilities and fisheries impacts: the uncertain future of manta and devil rays" (PDF). Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems. 26 (3): 562–575. doi:10.1002/aqc.2591. ISSN 1099-0755.
- ^ Duffy, Clinton A. J.; Francis, Malcolm; Dunn, M. R.; Finucci, Brit; Ford, Richard; Hitchmough, Rod; Rolfe, Jeremy (2018). Conservation status of New Zealand chondrichthyans (chimaeras, sharks and rays), 2016 (PDF). Wellington, New Zealand: Department of Conservation. p. 10. ISBN 9781988514628. OCLC 1042901090.
