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Throat singing refers to several vocal practices found in different cultures around the world.^[1]^[2]^[3] The most common feature of such vocal sounds is producing the sensation of more than one pitch at a time, i.e. the listener perceives two or more distinct musical notes when the singer is producing a single vocalization. Throat singing, therefore, consists of a wide range of singing techniques that originally belong to some particular cultures and seem to share some sounding characteristics that make them especially noticeable by other cultures and users of mainstream singing styles.^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]

The term is not precise, because any singing technique involves the sound generation in the "throat", i.e., the voice produced at the level of the larynx, which includes the vocal folds and other structures.^[6]^[9] Therefore it would be, in principle, admissible to refer to classical operatic singing or pop singing as "throat singing" for instance. However, the term throat is not adopted by the official terminology of anatomy and is not technically associated with most of the singing techniques. Furthermore, "singing with the throat" may be a demeaning expression for many individuals and communities of singers, because it may imply that the singer is using a high effort for voice production, resulting in a rather forced or non-suitable voice. Throat singing techniques may be classified under (1) an ethnomusicological approach: considering the various cultural aspects, the association to rituals, religious practices, labor songs, and other contexts; (2) a musical approach: considering their artistic use and physiological and mechanical procedures to learn, train and produce them.

Types of throat singing

The most commonly referred types of throat singing techniques, present in musicological and ethnomusicological texts, are generally associated with ancient cultures:

Tuvan throat singing, a form of singing, comprising several techniques, practiced in the Republic of Tuva, belonging to the Russian federation.^[10]^[11]^[12]^[1]
Mongolian throat singing, a form of singing, comprising several techniques, practiced in Mongolia^[13]^[14]
Buddhist chant, found in some monasteries in India (Tibetan exiled communities) and Tibet, sometimes involving vocal-ventricular phonation, i.e., combined vibrations of the (true) vocal folds and the (false) ventricular folds, achieving very low pitches.^[15]
Inuit throat singing, the kind of duet as an entertaining contest, practiced by the aboriginal Inuit cultures in Canada (formerly called Eskimos) and other territories in the Arctic Circle^[16]
Rekuhkara, formerly practiced by the Ainu ethnic group of Hokkaidō Island, Japan^[17]
Cantu a tenore, or Sardinian throat singing, found in the Italian Island of the same name.

In musically related terms throat singing refer, among others, to the following specific techniques:

Overtone singing^[18], also known as overtone chanting, or harmonic singing. This is the singing style more commonly associated with throat singing.^[19]^[20]^[21]^[22]
Undertone singing^[23] i.e., techniques that comprise subharmonics, generated by the combined vibrations of parts of the singing apparatus at a certain frequency and frequencies that correspond to integer divisions of such frequency, such as 1:2, 1:3, and 1:4 ratios.^[24]
Diplophonic voice, i.e., techniques that consist of parts of the singing apparatus vibrating at non-integer ratios, are usually regarded as associated with pathological processes - see diplophonia.^[25]
Growling voice - consists of a technique of growling, which employs structures of the vocal apparatus located above the larynx, vibrating at the same time as the vocal folds, particularly the aryepiglottic folds.^[26]
Vocal Fry^[27], a technique associated to vocal fry register.

MP3 audio examples[edit | edit source]

Kargyraa.mp3
Khoomei.mp3
Sound samples, by Leonardo Fuks, at the Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.

External links

Throat Singing in Kangirsuk, a 2019 Canadian short documentary film

References

^ ^a ^b Aksenov, A. N. (1973). "Tuvin Folk Music". Asian Music. 4 (2): 7. doi:10.2307/833827.
^ Lindestad, P. A.; Södersten, M.; Merker, B.; Granqvist, S. (2001). "Voice source characteristics in Mongolian "throat singing" studied with high-speed imaging technique, acoustic spectra, and inverse filtering". Journal of Voice: Official Journal of the Voice Foundation. 15 (1): 78–85. doi:10.1016/S0892-1997(01)00008-X. ISSN 0892-1997. PMID 12269637.
^ Kob, Malte; Henrich, Nathalie; Herzel, Hanspeter; Howard, David; Tokuda, Isao; Wolfe, Joe (2011-09-01). "Analysing and Understanding the Singing Voice: Recent Progress and Open Questions". Current Bioinformatics. 6 (3): 362–374. doi:10.2174/157489311796904709. ISSN 1574-8936.
^ Story, Brad (2019-04-11), Welch, Graham F.; Howard, David M.; Nix, John (eds.), "The Vocal Tract in Singing", The Oxford Handbook of Singing, Oxford University Press, pp. 144–166, doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199660773.013.012, ISBN 978-0-19-966077-3, retrieved 2021-10-01
^ Mergell, Patrick; Herzel, Hanspeter (1997). "Modelling biphonation — The role of the vocal tract". Speech Communication. 22 (2–3): 141–154. doi:10.1016/S0167-6393(97)00016-2.
^ ^a ^b Lindblom, B. E.; Sundberg, J. E. (1971). "Acoustical consequences of lip, tongue, jaw, and larynx movement". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 50 (4): 1166–1179. doi:10.1121/1.1912750. ISSN 0001-4966. PMID 5117649.
^ Fuks, L, B Hammarberg, J Sundberg (1998). "A self-sustained vocal-ventricular phonation mode: acoustical, aerodynamic and glottographic evidences" (PDF). KTH TMH-QPSR: 49–59.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Edmondson, Jerold A.; Esling, John H. (2006). "The valves of the throat and their functioning in tone, vocal register and stress: laryngoscopic case studies". Phonology. 23 (02): 157–191. doi:10.1017/S095267570600087X. ISSN 0952-6757.
^ Story, B. H.; Titze, I. R.; Hoffman, E. A. (1996). "Vocal tract area functions from magnetic resonance imaging". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 100 (1): 537–554. doi:10.1121/1.415960. ISSN 0001-4966. PMID 8675847.
^ Grawunder, Sven (2009). On the physiology of voice production in South-Siberian throat singing : analysis of acoustic and electrophysiological evidences. Berlin: Frank & Timme. ISBN 3-86596-995-X. OCLC 844248903.
^ Levin, Theodore (2019). Where rivers and mountains sing : sound, music, and nomadism in tuva and beyond. Valentina Süzükei. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-04502-7. OCLC 1125296084.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
^ Levin, T. C.; Edgerton, M. E. (1999). "The throat singers of Tuva". Scientific American. 281 (3): 80–87. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0999-80. ISSN 0036-8733. PMID 10467751.
^ Adachi, S.; Yamada, M. (1999). "An acoustical study of sound production in biphonic singing, Xöömij". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 105 (5): 2920–2932. doi:10.1121/1.426905. ISSN 0001-4966. PMID 10335641.
^ Lindestad, P. A.; Södersten, M.; Merker, B.; Granqvist, S. (2001). "Voice source characteristics in Mongolian "throat singing" studied with high-speed imaging technique, acoustic spectra, and inverse filtering". Journal of Voice: Official Journal of the Voice Foundation. 15 (1): 78–85. doi:10.1016/S0892-1997(01)00008-X. ISSN 0892-1997. PMID 12269637.
^ Smith, Huston; Stevens, Kenneth N.; Tomlinson, Raymond S. (1967). "On an Unusual Mode of Chanting by Certain Tibetan Lamas". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 41 (5): 1262–1264. doi:10.1121/1.1910466. ISSN 0001-4966.
^ Nattiez, Jean-Jacques (1999). "Inuit Throat-Games and Siberian Throat Singing: A Comparative, Historical, and Semiological Approach". Ethnomusicology. 43 (3): 399. doi:10.2307/852555.
^ Nattiez, Jean-Jacques (1983). "The Rekkukara of the Ainu (Japan) and the Katajjaq of the Inuit (Canada): A Comparison". The World of Music. 25 (2): 33–44. ISSN 0043-8774.
^ Kob, Malte (2004-12). "Analysis and modelling of overtone singing in the sygyt style". Applied Acoustics. 65 (12): 1249–1259. doi:10.1016/j.apacoust.2004.04.010. ISSN 0003-682X. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ Kob, Malte (2004). "Analysis and modelling of overtone singing in the sygyt style". Applied Acoustics. 65 (12): 1249–1259. doi:10.1016/j.apacoust.2004.04.010.
^ Bergevin, Christopher; Narayan, Chandan; Williams, Joy; Mhatre, Natasha; Steeves, Jennifer KE; Bernstein, Joshua GW; Story, Brad (2020-02-17). "Overtone focusing in biphonic tuvan throat singing". eLife. 9: e50476. doi:10.7554/eLife.50476. ISSN 2050-084X. PMC 7064340. PMID 32048990.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
^ Bergevin, Christopher (2020), Overtone focusing in biphonic Tuvan throat singing, Dryad, doi:10.5061/dryad.cvdncjt14, retrieved 2021-10-01
^ Bloothooft, G.; Bringmann, E.; van Cappellen, M.; van Luipen, J. B.; Thomassen, K. P. (1992). "Acoustics and perception of overtone singing". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 92 (4 Pt 1): 1827–1836. doi:10.1121/1.403839. ISSN 0001-4966. PMID 1401528.
^ Švec, Jan G.; Schutte, Harm K.; Miller, Donald G. (1996-02). "A Subharmonic Vibratory Pattern in Normal Vocal Folds". Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 39 (1): 135–143. doi:10.1044/jshr.3901.135. ISSN 1092-4388. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ "The Methods and Significance of Undertone Training in Vocal Music Teaching--《Journal of Huzhou Teachers College》2005年06期". en.cnki.com.cn. Retrieved 2021-10-01.
^ Herzel, Hanspeter; Reuter, Robert (1996). "Biphonation in voice signals". AIP Conference Proceedings. 375. Mystic, Connecticut (USA): AIP: 644–657. doi:10.1063/1.51002.
^ Sakakibara, K-I, Fuks L, Imagawa H (2004). Growl Voice in Ethnic and Pop Styles. Nara, Japan: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Musical Acoustics, ISMA 2004.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Lindsey, Geoff (2019), "Chapter 27 Vocal Fry", English After RP, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 95–96, retrieved 2021-10-01

[:0-1] Aksenov, A. N. (1973). "Tuvin Folk Music". Asian Music. 4 (2): 7. doi:10.2307/833827.

[2] Lindestad, P. A.; Södersten, M.; Merker, B.; Granqvist, S. (2001). "Voice source characteristics in Mongolian "throat singing" studied with high-speed imaging technique, acoustic spectra, and inverse filtering". Journal of Voice: Official Journal of the Voice Foundation. 15 (1): 78–85. doi:10.1016/S0892-1997(01)00008-X. ISSN 0892-1997. PMID 12269637.

[3] Kob, Malte; Henrich, Nathalie; Herzel, Hanspeter; Howard, David; Tokuda, Isao; Wolfe, Joe (2011-09-01). "Analysing and Understanding the Singing Voice: Recent Progress and Open Questions". Current Bioinformatics. 6 (3): 362–374. doi:10.2174/157489311796904709. ISSN 1574-8936.

[4] Story, Brad (2019-04-11), Welch, Graham F.; Howard, David M.; Nix, John (eds.), "The Vocal Tract in Singing", The Oxford Handbook of Singing, Oxford University Press, pp. 144–166, doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199660773.013.012, ISBN 978-0-19-966077-3, retrieved 2021-10-01

[5] Mergell, Patrick; Herzel, Hanspeter (1997). "Modelling biphonation — The role of the vocal tract". Speech Communication. 22 (2–3): 141–154. doi:10.1016/S0167-6393(97)00016-2.

[:1-6] Lindblom, B. E.; Sundberg, J. E. (1971). "Acoustical consequences of lip, tongue, jaw, and larynx movement". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 50 (4): 1166–1179. doi:10.1121/1.1912750. ISSN 0001-4966. PMID 5117649.

[7] Fuks, L, B Hammarberg, J Sundberg (1998). "A self-sustained vocal-ventricular phonation mode: acoustical, aerodynamic and glottographic evidences" (PDF). KTH TMH-QPSR: 49–59.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[8] Edmondson, Jerold A.; Esling, John H. (2006). "The valves of the throat and their functioning in tone, vocal register and stress: laryngoscopic case studies". Phonology. 23 (02): 157–191. doi:10.1017/S095267570600087X. ISSN 0952-6757.

[9] Story, B. H.; Titze, I. R.; Hoffman, E. A. (1996). "Vocal tract area functions from magnetic resonance imaging". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 100 (1): 537–554. doi:10.1121/1.415960. ISSN 0001-4966. PMID 8675847.

[10] Grawunder, Sven (2009). On the physiology of voice production in South-Siberian throat singing : analysis of acoustic and electrophysiological evidences. Berlin: Frank & Timme. ISBN 3-86596-995-X. OCLC 844248903.

[11] Levin, Theodore (2019). Where rivers and mountains sing : sound, music, and nomadism in tuva and beyond. Valentina Süzükei. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-04502-7. OCLC 1125296084.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)

[12] Levin, T. C.; Edgerton, M. E. (1999). "The throat singers of Tuva". Scientific American. 281 (3): 80–87. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0999-80. ISSN 0036-8733. PMID 10467751.

[13] Adachi, S.; Yamada, M. (1999). "An acoustical study of sound production in biphonic singing, Xöömij". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 105 (5): 2920–2932. doi:10.1121/1.426905. ISSN 0001-4966. PMID 10335641.

[14] Lindestad, P. A.; Södersten, M.; Merker, B.; Granqvist, S. (2001). "Voice source characteristics in Mongolian "throat singing" studied with high-speed imaging technique, acoustic spectra, and inverse filtering". Journal of Voice: Official Journal of the Voice Foundation. 15 (1): 78–85. doi:10.1016/S0892-1997(01)00008-X. ISSN 0892-1997. PMID 12269637.

[15] Smith, Huston; Stevens, Kenneth N.; Tomlinson, Raymond S. (1967). "On an Unusual Mode of Chanting by Certain Tibetan Lamas". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 41 (5): 1262–1264. doi:10.1121/1.1910466. ISSN 0001-4966.

[16] Nattiez, Jean-Jacques (1999). "Inuit Throat-Games and Siberian Throat Singing: A Comparative, Historical, and Semiological Approach". Ethnomusicology. 43 (3): 399. doi:10.2307/852555.

[17] Nattiez, Jean-Jacques (1983). "The Rekkukara of the Ainu (Japan) and the Katajjaq of the Inuit (Canada): A Comparison". The World of Music. 25 (2): 33–44. ISSN 0043-8774.

[18] Kob, Malte (2004-12). "Analysis and modelling of overtone singing in the sygyt style". Applied Acoustics. 65 (12): 1249–1259. doi:10.1016/j.apacoust.2004.04.010. ISSN 0003-682X. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[19] Kob, Malte (2004). "Analysis and modelling of overtone singing in the sygyt style". Applied Acoustics. 65 (12): 1249–1259. doi:10.1016/j.apacoust.2004.04.010.

[20] Bergevin, Christopher; Narayan, Chandan; Williams, Joy; Mhatre, Natasha; Steeves, Jennifer KE; Bernstein, Joshua GW; Story, Brad (2020-02-17). "Overtone focusing in biphonic tuvan throat singing". eLife. 9: e50476. doi:10.7554/eLife.50476. ISSN 2050-084X. PMC 7064340. PMID 32048990.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)

[21] Bergevin, Christopher (2020), Overtone focusing in biphonic Tuvan throat singing, Dryad, doi:10.5061/dryad.cvdncjt14, retrieved 2021-10-01

[22] Bloothooft, G.; Bringmann, E.; van Cappellen, M.; van Luipen, J. B.; Thomassen, K. P. (1992). "Acoustics and perception of overtone singing". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 92 (4 Pt 1): 1827–1836. doi:10.1121/1.403839. ISSN 0001-4966. PMID 1401528.

[23] Švec, Jan G.; Schutte, Harm K.; Miller, Donald G. (1996-02). "A Subharmonic Vibratory Pattern in Normal Vocal Folds". Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 39 (1): 135–143. doi:10.1044/jshr.3901.135. ISSN 1092-4388. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[24] "The Methods and Significance of Undertone Training in Vocal Music Teaching--《Journal of Huzhou Teachers College》2005年06期". en.cnki.com.cn. Retrieved 2021-10-01.

[25] Herzel, Hanspeter; Reuter, Robert (1996). "Biphonation in voice signals". AIP Conference Proceedings. 375. Mystic, Connecticut (USA): AIP: 644–657. doi:10.1063/1.51002.

[26] Sakakibara, K-I, Fuks L, Imagawa H (2004). Growl Voice in Ethnic and Pop Styles. Nara, Japan: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Musical Acoustics, ISMA 2004.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[27] Lindsey, Geoff (2019), "Chapter 27 Vocal Fry", English After RP, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 95–96, retrieved 2021-10-01

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{wiktionary}}
-'''Throat singing''' refers to several vocal practices found in different cultures around the world.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Aksenov|first=A. N.|date=1973|title=Tuvin Folk Music|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/833827?origin=crossref|journal=Asian Music|volume=4|issue=2|pages=7|doi=10.2307/833827}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lindestad|first=P. A.|last2=Södersten|first2=M.|last3=Merker|first3=B.|last4=Granqvist|first4=S.|date=2001|title=Voice source characteristics in Mongolian "throat singing" studied with high-speed imaging technique, acoustic spectra, and inverse filtering|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12269637|journal=Journal of Voice: Official Journal of the Voice Foundation|volume=15|issue=1|pages=78–85|doi=10.1016/S0892-1997(01)00008-X|issn=0892-1997|pmid=12269637}}</ref> The most common feature of such vocal sounds is producing the sensation of more than one pitch at a time, i.e. the listener perceives two or more distinct musical notes when the singer is producing a single vocalization. Throat singing, therefore, consists of a wide range of singing techniques that originally belong to some particular cultures and seem to share some sounding characteristics that make them especially noticeable by other cultures and users of mainstream singing styles.<ref>{{Citation|last=Story|first=Brad|title=The Vocal Tract in Singing|date=2019-04-11|url=http://oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199660773.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199660773-e-012|work=The Oxford Handbook of Singing|pages=144–166|editor-last=Welch|editor-first=Graham F.|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199660773.013.012|isbn=978-0-19-966077-3|access-date=2021-10-01|editor2-last=Howard|editor2-first=David M.|editor3-last=Nix|editor3-first=John}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mergell|first=Patrick|last2=Herzel|first2=Hanspeter|date=1997|title=Modelling biphonation — The role of the vocal tract|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0167639397000162|journal=Speech Communication|language=en|volume=22|issue=2-3|pages=141–154|doi=10.1016/S0167-6393(97)00016-2}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Lindblom|first=B. E.|last2=Sundberg|first2=J. E.|date=1971|title=Acoustical consequences of lip, tongue, jaw, and larynx movement|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5117649|journal=The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America|volume=50|issue=4|pages=1166–1179|doi=10.1121/1.1912750|issn=0001-4966|pmid=5117649}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fuks|first=L, B Hammarberg, J Sundberg|date=1998|title=A self-sustained vocal-ventricular phonation mode: acoustical, aerodynamic and glottographic evidences|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Johan-Sundberg-2/publication/285742169_A_self-sustained_vocal-ventricular_phonation_mode_Acoustical_aerodynamic_and_glottographic_evidences/links/56e91a0f08ae9bcb3e1dbed8/A-self-sustained-vocal-ventricular-phonation-mode-Acoustical-aerodynamic-and-glottographic-evidences.pdf|journal=KTH TMH-QPSR|pages=49-59}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Edmondson|first=Jerold A.|last2=Esling|first2=John H.|date=2006|title=The valves of the throat and their functioning in tone, vocal register and stress: laryngoscopic case studies|url=http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S095267570600087X|journal=Phonology|language=en|volume=23|issue=02|pages=157–191|doi=10.1017/S095267570600087X|issn=0952-6757}}</ref>
+'''Throat singing''' refers to several vocal practices found in different cultures around the world.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Aksenov|first=A. N.|date=1973|title=Tuvin Folk Music|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/833827?origin=crossref|journal=Asian Music|volume=4|issue=2|pages=7|doi=10.2307/833827}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lindestad|first=P. A.|last2=Södersten|first2=M.|last3=Merker|first3=B.|last4=Granqvist|first4=S.|date=2001|title=Voice source characteristics in Mongolian "throat singing" studied with high-speed imaging technique, acoustic spectra, and inverse filtering|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12269637|journal=Journal of Voice: Official Journal of the Voice Foundation|volume=15|issue=1|pages=78–85|doi=10.1016/S0892-1997(01)00008-X|issn=0892-1997|pmid=12269637}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kob|first=Malte|last2=Henrich|first2=Nathalie|last3=Herzel|first3=Hanspeter|last4=Howard|first4=David|last5=Tokuda|first5=Isao|last6=Wolfe|first6=Joe|date=2011-09-01|title=Analysing and Understanding the Singing Voice: Recent Progress and Open Questions|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157489311796904709|journal=Current Bioinformatics|volume=6|issue=3|pages=362–374|doi=10.2174/157489311796904709|issn=1574-8936}}</ref> The most common feature of such vocal sounds is producing the sensation of more than one pitch at a time, i.e. the listener perceives two or more distinct musical notes when the singer is producing a single vocalization. Throat singing, therefore, consists of a wide range of singing techniques that originally belong to some particular cultures and seem to share some sounding characteristics that make them especially noticeable by other cultures and users of mainstream singing styles.<ref>{{Citation|last=Story|first=Brad|title=The Vocal Tract in Singing|date=2019-04-11|url=http://oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199660773.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199660773-e-012|work=The Oxford Handbook of Singing|pages=144–166|editor-last=Welch|editor-first=Graham F.|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199660773.013.012|isbn=978-0-19-966077-3|access-date=2021-10-01|editor2-last=Howard|editor2-first=David M.|editor3-last=Nix|editor3-first=John}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mergell|first=Patrick|last2=Herzel|first2=Hanspeter|date=1997|title=Modelling biphonation — The role of the vocal tract|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0167639397000162|journal=Speech Communication|language=en|volume=22|issue=2-3|pages=141–154|doi=10.1016/S0167-6393(97)00016-2}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Lindblom|first=B. E.|last2=Sundberg|first2=J. E.|date=1971|title=Acoustical consequences of lip, tongue, jaw, and larynx movement|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5117649|journal=The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America|volume=50|issue=4|pages=1166–1179|doi=10.1121/1.1912750|issn=0001-4966|pmid=5117649}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fuks|first=L, B Hammarberg, J Sundberg|date=1998|title=A self-sustained vocal-ventricular phonation mode: acoustical, aerodynamic and glottographic evidences|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Johan-Sundberg-2/publication/285742169_A_self-sustained_vocal-ventricular_phonation_mode_Acoustical_aerodynamic_and_glottographic_evidences/links/56e91a0f08ae9bcb3e1dbed8/A-self-sustained-vocal-ventricular-phonation-mode-Acoustical-aerodynamic-and-glottographic-evidences.pdf|journal=KTH TMH-QPSR|pages=49-59}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Edmondson|first=Jerold A.|last2=Esling|first2=John H.|date=2006|title=The valves of the throat and their functioning in tone, vocal register and stress: laryngoscopic case studies|url=http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S095267570600087X|journal=Phonology|language=en|volume=23|issue=02|pages=157–191|doi=10.1017/S095267570600087X|issn=0952-6757}}</ref>
 The term is not precise, because any singing technique involves the sound generation in the "throat", i.e., the voice produced at the level of the larynx, which includes the vocal folds and other structures.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Story|first=B. H.|last2=Titze|first2=I. R.|last3=Hoffman|first3=E. A.|date=1996|title=Vocal tract area functions from magnetic resonance imaging|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8675847|journal=The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America|volume=100|issue=1|pages=537–554|doi=10.1121/1.415960|issn=0001-4966|pmid=8675847}}</ref> Therefore it would be, in principle, admissible to refer to classical operatic singing or pop singing as "throat singing" for instance. However, the term throat is not adopted by the official terminology of anatomy and is not technically associated with most of the singing techniques. Furthermore, "singing with the throat" may be a demeaning expression for many individuals and communities of singers, because it may imply that the singer is using a high effort for voice production, resulting in a rather forced or non-suitable voice. Throat singing techniques may be classified under (1) an [[Ethnomusicology|ethnomusicological]] approach: considering the various cultural aspects, the association to rituals, religious practices, labor songs, and other contexts; (2) a musical approach: considering their artistic use and physiological and mechanical procedures to learn, train and produce them.
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 In musically related terms throat singing refer, among others, to the following specific techniques:
-* [[Overtone singing]], also known as overtone chanting, or harmonic singing. This is the singing style more commonly associated with throat singing.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kob|first=Malte|date=2004|title=Analysis and modelling of overtone singing in the sygyt style|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003682X04001082|journal=Applied Acoustics|language=en|volume=65|issue=12|pages=1249–1259|doi=10.1016/j.apacoust.2004.04.010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bergevin|first=Christopher|last2=Narayan|first2=Chandan|last3=Williams|first3=Joy|last4=Mhatre|first4=Natasha|last5=Steeves|first5=Jennifer KE|last6=Bernstein|first6=Joshua GW|last7=Story|first7=Brad|date=2020-02-17|title=Overtone focusing in biphonic tuvan throat singing|url=https://elifesciences.org/articles/50476|journal=eLife|language=en|volume=9|pages=e50476|doi=10.7554/eLife.50476|issn=2050-084X|pmc=PMC7064340|pmid=32048990}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Bergevin|first=Christopher|title=Overtone focusing in biphonic Tuvan throat singing|date=2020|url=http://datadryad.org/stash/dataset/doi:10.5061/dryad.cvdncjt14|publisher=Dryad|language=en|doi=10.5061/dryad.cvdncjt14|access-date=2021-10-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bloothooft|first=G.|last2=Bringmann|first2=E.|last3=van Cappellen|first3=M.|last4=van Luipen|first4=J. B.|last5=Thomassen|first5=K. P.|date=1992|title=Acoustics and perception of overtone singing|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1401528|journal=The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America|volume=92|issue=4 Pt 1|pages=1827–1836|doi=10.1121/1.403839|issn=0001-4966|pmid=1401528}}</ref>
+* [[Overtone singing]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kob|first=Malte|date=2004-12|title=Analysis and modelling of overtone singing in the sygyt style|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2004.04.010|journal=Applied Acoustics|volume=65|issue=12|pages=1249–1259|doi=10.1016/j.apacoust.2004.04.010|issn=0003-682X}}</ref>, also known as overtone chanting, or harmonic singing. This is the singing style more commonly associated with throat singing.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kob|first=Malte|date=2004|title=Analysis and modelling of overtone singing in the sygyt style|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003682X04001082|journal=Applied Acoustics|language=en|volume=65|issue=12|pages=1249–1259|doi=10.1016/j.apacoust.2004.04.010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bergevin|first=Christopher|last2=Narayan|first2=Chandan|last3=Williams|first3=Joy|last4=Mhatre|first4=Natasha|last5=Steeves|first5=Jennifer KE|last6=Bernstein|first6=Joshua GW|last7=Story|first7=Brad|date=2020-02-17|title=Overtone focusing in biphonic tuvan throat singing|url=https://elifesciences.org/articles/50476|journal=eLife|language=en|volume=9|pages=e50476|doi=10.7554/eLife.50476|issn=2050-084X|pmc=PMC7064340|pmid=32048990}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Bergevin|first=Christopher|title=Overtone focusing in biphonic Tuvan throat singing|date=2020|url=http://datadryad.org/stash/dataset/doi:10.5061/dryad.cvdncjt14|publisher=Dryad|language=en|doi=10.5061/dryad.cvdncjt14|access-date=2021-10-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bloothooft|first=G.|last2=Bringmann|first2=E.|last3=van Cappellen|first3=M.|last4=van Luipen|first4=J. B.|last5=Thomassen|first5=K. P.|date=1992|title=Acoustics and perception of overtone singing|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1401528|journal=The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America|volume=92|issue=4 Pt 1|pages=1827–1836|doi=10.1121/1.403839|issn=0001-4966|pmid=1401528}}</ref>
-* [[Undertone singing]]  i.e., techniques that comprise the combined vibrations of parts of the singing apparatus at a certain frequency and frequencies that correspond to integer divisions of such frequency, such as 1:2, 1:3, and 1:4 ratios.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Methods and Significance of Undertone Training in Vocal Music Teaching--《Journal of Huzhou Teachers College》2005年06期|url=https://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-HZHX200506030.htm|access-date=2021-10-01|website=en.cnki.com.cn}}</ref>
+* [[Undertone singing]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Švec|first=Jan G.|last2=Schutte|first2=Harm K.|last3=Miller|first3=Donald G.|date=1996-02|title=A Subharmonic Vibratory Pattern in Normal Vocal Folds|url=http://pubs.asha.org/doi/10.1044/jshr.3901.135|journal=Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research|language=en|volume=39|issue=1|pages=135–143|doi=10.1044/jshr.3901.135|issn=1092-4388}}</ref>  i.e., techniques that comprise [[subharmonics]], generated by the combined vibrations of parts of the singing apparatus at a certain frequency and frequencies that correspond to integer divisions of such frequency, such as 1:2, 1:3, and 1:4 ratios.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Methods and Significance of Undertone Training in Vocal Music Teaching--《Journal of Huzhou Teachers College》2005年06期|url=https://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-HZHX200506030.htm|access-date=2021-10-01|website=en.cnki.com.cn}}</ref>
 * [[Diplophonic voice]], i.e., techniques that consist of parts of the singing apparatus vibrating at non-integer ratios, are usually regarded as associated with pathological processes - see [[diplophonia]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Herzel|first=Hanspeter|last2=Reuter|first2=Robert|date=1996|title=Biphonation in voice signals|url=http://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.51002|journal=AIP Conference Proceedings|language=en|location=Mystic, Connecticut (USA)|publisher=AIP|volume=375|pages=644–657|doi=10.1063/1.51002}}</ref>
 * [[Growling voice]] - consists of a technique of [[growling]], which employs structures of the vocal apparatus located above the [[larynx]], vibrating at the same time as the [[Vocal cords|vocal folds]], particularly the aryepiglottic folds.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sakakibara|first=K-I, Fuks L, Imagawa H|url=https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.477.4267&rep=rep1&type=pdf|title=Growl Voice in Ethnic and Pop Styles|publisher=Proceedings of the International Symposium on Musical Acoustics, ISMA 2004|year=2004|location=Nara, Japan}}</ref>
-* [[Vocal Fry]], a technique associated to vocal [[Vocal fry register|fry register.]]
+* [[Vocal Fry]]<ref>{{Citation|last=Lindsey|first=Geoff|title=Chapter 27 Vocal Fry|date=2019|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04357-5_28|work=English After RP|pages=95–96|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|access-date=2021-10-01}}</ref>, a technique associated to vocal [[Vocal fry register|fry register.]]
 == MP3 audio examples[edit | edit source] ==

Revision as of 23:09, 1 October 2021

Types of throat singing

MP3 audio examples[edit | edit source]

See also

External links

References