Dioicy: Difference between revisions
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== Occurrence == |
== Occurrence == |
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68% of [[Marchantiophyta|liverwort]] species,<ref name=Villareal /> 57% to 60%<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rensing |first=Stefan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LlfBBwAAQBAJ&q=Dioicy&pg=PA109|work=Genomes and Evolution of Charophytes, Bryophytes, Lycophytes and Ferns|date=2016-03-23|title=Advances in Botanical Research |volume=78 |publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-801324-3|pages=109|language=en}}</ref> of [[moss]] species, and 40% of [[hornwort]] species are dioicous.<ref name=Villareal /> In all cases [[Sex-determination system|sex determination]] is always genetic.<ref name=Renner>{{Cite journal|last=Renner|first=Susanne S.|author-link=Susanne Renner|date=2014|title=The relative and absolute frequencies of angiosperm sexual systems: Dioecy, monoecy, gynodioecy, and an updated online database|journal=American Journal of Botany|language=en|volume=101|issue=10|pages=1588–1596|doi=10.3732/ajb.1400196|pmid=25326608|issn=1537-2197|doi-access=free}}</ref> |
68% of [[Marchantiophyta|liverwort]] species,<ref name=Villareal /> 57% to 60%<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rensing |first=Stefan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LlfBBwAAQBAJ&q=Dioicy&pg=PA109|work=Genomes and Evolution of Charophytes, Bryophytes, Lycophytes and Ferns|date=2016-03-23|title=Advances in Botanical Research |volume=78 |publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-801324-3|pages=109|language=en}}</ref> of [[moss]] species, and 40% of [[hornwort]] species are dioicous.<ref name=Villareal /> Dioicy is also prevalent in [[brown algae]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zhang|first=Jiaxun|last2=Li|first2=Yan|last3=Luo|first3=Shiju|last4=Cao|first4=Min|last5=Zhang|first5=Linan|last6=Li|first6=Xiaojie|date=2021-07-14|title=Differential gene expression patterns during gametophyte development provide insights into sex differentiation in the dioicous kelp Saccharina japonica|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-021-03117-z|journal=BMC Plant Biology|volume=21|issue=1|pages=335|doi=10.1186/s12870-021-03117-z|issn=1471-2229|pmc=PMC8278619|pmid=34261451}}</ref>{{Clarification needed|date=October 2021}} |
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In all cases [[Sex-determination system|sex determination]] is always genetic.<ref name="Renner">{{Cite journal|last=Renner|first=Susanne S.|author-link=Susanne Renner|date=2014|title=The relative and absolute frequencies of angiosperm sexual systems: Dioecy, monoecy, gynodioecy, and an updated online database|journal=American Journal of Botany|language=en|volume=101|issue=10|pages=1588–1596|doi=10.3732/ajb.1400196|pmid=25326608|issn=1537-2197|doi-access=free}}</ref> |
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== Evolution of dioicy == |
== Evolution of dioicy == |
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Revision as of 21:19, 5 October 2021
Dioicy is a sexual system where archegonia and antheridia are produced on separate gametophytes.[1] It is one of the two main sexual systems in bryophytes. One biologist [who?] stated there is a good reason for the distinction between dioecy and dioicy. Others have stated that the term dioecy is meaningless for bryophytes.[2]: 62 Nonetheless dioecy and dioicy are comparable in many respects.[3]
Dioicy promotes outcrossing.[4] Dioicy is also heavily connected to the lack of sporophyte production.[5]
Sexual dimorphism is commonly found in dioicous species.[2]: 71 However, according to Bernard Goffinet sexual dimorphism is rare in dioicious moss species.[6]
Occurrence
68% of liverwort species,[1] 57% to 60%[7] of moss species, and 40% of hornwort species are dioicous.[1] Dioicy is also prevalent in brown algae.[8][clarification needed]
In all cases sex determination is always genetic.[9]
Evolution of dioicy
The ancestral sexual system in bryophytes is unknown but it has been suggested monoicy and dioicy evolved several times.[10] It has also been suggested that dioicy is a plesiomorphic character for bryophytes.[2]: 71
Hornworts have gone through twice as many transitions from dioicy to monoicy than monoicy to dioicy.[1] Sexual specialization has been used as an explanation for the recurring evolution of dioicy in mosses.[2]: 71
In order for dioicy to evolve from monoicy it needs two mutations, a male sterility mutation and a female sterility mutation.[10]
References
- ^ a b c d Villarreal, Juan Carlos; Renner, Susanne S. (2013-11-02). "Correlates of monoicy and dioicy in hornworts, the apparent sister group to vascular plants". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 13 (1): 239. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-13-239. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 4228369. PMID 24180692.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b c d Ramawat KG, Merillon JM, Shivanna KR (2016-04-19). Reproductive Biology of Plants. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4822-0133-8.
- ^ Bisang, Irene; Ehrlén, Johan; Hedenäs, Lars (2006). "Reproductive effort and costs of reproduction do not explain female-biased sex ratios in the moss Pseudocalliergon trifarium (Amblystegiaceae)". American Journal of Botany. 93 (9): 1313–1319. doi:10.3732/ajb.93.9.1313. ISSN 1537-2197. PMID 21642196.
- ^ Windsor, Jon and Lesley Lovett-Doust Professor of Biology the University of (1988-07-07). Plant Reproductive Ecology : Patterns and Strategies: Patterns and Strategies. Oxford University Press, USA. pp. 291–292. ISBN 978-0-19-802192-6.
- ^ Windsor, Jon and Lesley Lovett-Doust Professor of Biology the University of (1988-07-07). Plant Reproductive Ecology : Patterns and Strategies: Patterns and Strategies. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 295. ISBN 978-0-19-802192-6.
- ^ Goffinet, Bernard (2008-10-30). Bryophyte Biology. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-37728-8.
- ^ Rensing, Stefan (2016-03-23). Advances in Botanical Research. Vol. 78. Academic Press. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-12-801324-3.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ Zhang, Jiaxun; Li, Yan; Luo, Shiju; Cao, Min; Zhang, Linan; Li, Xiaojie (2021-07-14). "Differential gene expression patterns during gametophyte development provide insights into sex differentiation in the dioicous kelp Saccharina japonica". BMC Plant Biology. 21 (1): 335. doi:10.1186/s12870-021-03117-z. ISSN 1471-2229. PMC 8278619. PMID 34261451.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Renner, Susanne S. (2014). "The relative and absolute frequencies of angiosperm sexual systems: Dioecy, monoecy, gynodioecy, and an updated online database". American Journal of Botany. 101 (10): 1588–1596. doi:10.3732/ajb.1400196. ISSN 1537-2197. PMID 25326608.
- ^ a b McDaniel, Stuart F.; Perroud, Pierre-François (2012). "Invited perspective: bryophytes as models for understanding the evolution of sexual systems". The Bryologist. 115 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-115.1.1. ISSN 0007-2745. JSTOR 41486736. S2CID 85943617.