Kurrartapu: Difference between revisions
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== Description == |
== Description == |
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Based on shared traits between the [[black butcherbird]] and [[Australian magpie]] it is possible that the Kurrartapu also shared their glossy dark feathers and had calls similar to modern [[Currawong|currawongs]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Cake|first1=Martin|last2=Black|first2=Andrew|last3=Joseph|first3=Leo|date=December 2018|title=The generic taxonomy of the Australian Magpie and Australo-Papuan butcherbirds is not all black-and-white|url=https://bioone.org/journals/bulletin-of-the-british-ornithologists-club/volume-138/issue-4/bboc.v138i4.2018.a6/The-generic-taxonomy-of-the-Australian-Magpie-and-Australo-Papuan/10.25226/bboc.v138i4.2018.a6.full|journal=Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club|volume=138|issue=4|pages=346–359|doi=10.25226/bboc.v138i4.2018.a6|s2cid=134198503|issn=0007-1595}}</ref>. Round wings, like those of the black butcherbird and [[peltops]], are typical of denser forest inhabitatants<ref name=":1" />, and the closed rainforest that covered Australia in the early miocene<ref name=":0" /> make this trait far more likely than pointy wings, which are characteristic of other open-dwelling cracticids<ref name=":1" />. |
Based on shared traits between the [[black butcherbird]] and [[Australian magpie]] it is possible that the Kurrartapu also shared their glossy dark feathers and had calls similar to modern [[Currawong|currawongs]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Cake|first1=Martin|last2=Black|first2=Andrew|last3=Joseph|first3=Leo|date=December 2018|title=The generic taxonomy of the Australian Magpie and Australo-Papuan butcherbirds is not all black-and-white|url=https://bioone.org/journals/bulletin-of-the-british-ornithologists-club/volume-138/issue-4/bboc.v138i4.2018.a6/The-generic-taxonomy-of-the-Australian-Magpie-and-Australo-Papuan/10.25226/bboc.v138i4.2018.a6.full|journal=Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club|volume=138|issue=4|pages=346–359|doi=10.25226/bboc.v138i4.2018.a6|s2cid=134198503|issn=0007-1595}}</ref>. Round wings, like those of the black butcherbird and [[peltops]], are typical of denser forest inhabitatants<ref name=":1" />, and the closed rainforest that covered Australia in the early miocene<ref name=":0" /> make this trait far more likely than pointy wings, which are characteristic of other open-dwelling cracticids<ref name=":1" />. |
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=== Bones === |
=== Bones === |
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== Taxonomy == |
== Taxonomy == |
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The genus Kurrartapu belongs to the family [[Cracticinae|Cracticidae]]. Kurrartapu are more closely related to other members of Cracticidae than those of [[artamidae]].<ref name=":0" /> Cracticids include currawongs, butcherbirds, and peltops<ref name=":0" />. Cracticids are part of the assemblage Malaconotoidea<ref name=":0" />. Other members of [[Malaconotoidea]] include: the [[Helmetshrike|helmet shrikes]], the [[Platysteira|batises]], the [[Vanga|vangas]], the [[Iora|Asian ioras]], the [[Bushshrike|African bushshrikes]], and the woodswallows<ref name=":0" />. |
The genus Kurrartapu belongs to the family [[Cracticinae|Cracticidae]]. Kurrartapu are more closely related to other members of Cracticidae than those of [[artamidae]].<ref name=":0" /> Cracticids include currawongs, butcherbirds, and peltops<ref name=":0" />. Cracticids are part of the assemblage Malaconotoidea<ref name=":0" /> within Corvoidea<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Kaplan|first=Gisela|url=https://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&lr=&id=1d6VDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=cracticid&ots=RygxRfHM8C&sig=BP30AHhTXabd9ihaO6qV-hTvWMw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=cracticid&f=false|title=Australian Magpie: Biology and Behaviour of an Unusual Songbird|date=2019-05-01|publisher=Csiro Publishing|isbn=978-1-4863-0725-8|language=en}}</ref>. Corvoidea are believed to have originated in Australasia<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fuchs|first=Jérôme|last2=Irestedt|first2=Martin|last3=Fjeldså|first3=Jon|last4=Couloux|first4=Arnaud|last5=Pasquet|first5=Eric|last6=Bowie|first6=Rauri C. K.|date=2012-07-01|title=Molecular phylogeny of African bush-shrikes and allies: Tracing the biogeographic history of an explosive radiation of corvoid birds|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790312001121|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|language=en|volume=64|issue=1|pages=93–105|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2012.03.007|issn=1055-7903}}</ref>. Other members of [[Malaconotoidea]] include: the [[Helmetshrike|helmet shrikes]], the [[Platysteira|batises]], the [[Vanga|vangas]], the [[Iora|Asian ioras]], the [[Bushshrike|African bushshrikes]], and the woodswallows<ref name=":0" />. It is imagined that the last common ancestor of artamidae, vangas, and cracticids (alive in the [[paleogene]]) may have been stout with long pointy wings, a decurved bill, and sexually monomorphic<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Manegold|first=A.|date=2008|title=Composition and phylogenetic affinities of vangas (Vangidae, Oscines, Passeriformes) based on morphological characters|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1439-0469.2008.00458.x|journal=Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research|language=en|volume=46|issue=3|pages=267–277|doi=10.1111/j.1439-0469.2008.00458.x|issn=1439-0469}}</ref>. |
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The woodswallows are sometimes grouped within the family cracticidae, though these two lineages may have diverged roughly 20-36.3 million years ago<ref name=":0" />. This grouping is supported by morphological analyses and weakly supported by limited DNA studies<ref name=":0" />, more comprehensive genetic analysis disproves this nesting<ref name=":0" />, and so the two may be [[Sister group|sister taxa]].<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Christidis|first1=L.|last2=Boles|first2=W. E.|date=2008|title=Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds|url=https://publications.australian.museum/systematics-and-taxonomy-of-australian-birds/publications.australian.museum/systematics-and-taxonomy-of-australian-birds/|access-date=2021-10-29|website=The Australian Museum|language=en}}</ref> This remains disputed however, as recent mitochondrial phylogeny instead supports a sister relationship between cracticids and African bushshrikes and allies<ref name=":0" />. |
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Within the cracticids, the morphology of the tarsometatarsus suggests the Kurrartapu is more closely related to currawongs and butcherbirds<ref name=":0" />,who diverged likely in the mid miocene<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kearns|first=Anna M.|last2=Joseph|first2=Leo|last3=Cook|first3=Lyn G.|date=2013-03-01|title=A multilocus coalescent analysis of the speciational history of the Australo-Papuan butcherbirds and their allies|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S105579031200471X|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|language=en|volume=66|issue=3|pages=941–952|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2012.11.020|issn=1055-7903}}</ref>. The currawongs appear to have evolved earlier than the butcherbirds<ref name=":3" />, which is possibly indicative as to which group shares more traits with the Kurrartapu. |
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== Distribution and Habitat == |
== Distribution and Habitat == |
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The Kurrartapu fossil was found in the early Miocene deposit of Riversleigh.<ref name=":0" /> Australia then was experiencing the effects of the global warming phase which followed the melting of the polar ice caps<ref name=":2" />. Plant and animal fossils also found in the deposit are closely related to extant rainforest (subtropical and tropical closed forest) dwelling species.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|date=2012|editor-last=Talent|editor-first=John A.|title=Earth and Life|url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-90-481-3428-1|language=en-gb|doi=10.1007/978-90-481-3428-1|isbn=978-90-481-3427-4}}</ref> The rich diversity of the early miocene Australian forests approximates that of modern lowlands in [[Borneo lowland rain forests| |
The Kurrartapu fossil was found in the early Miocene deposit of Riversleigh.<ref name=":0" /> Australia then was experiencing the effects of the global warming phase which followed the melting of the polar ice caps<ref name=":2" />. Plant and animal fossils also found in the deposit are closely related to extant rainforest (subtropical and tropical closed forest) dwelling species.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|date=2012|editor-last=Talent|editor-first=John A.|title=Earth and Life|url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-90-481-3428-1|language=en-gb|doi=10.1007/978-90-481-3428-1|isbn=978-90-481-3427-4}}</ref> The rich diversity of the early miocene Australian forests approximates that of modern lowlands in [[Borneo lowland rain forests|Borneo]]<ref name=":2" />. These forests were forever wet, and ranged between warm and cool temperatures<ref name=":2" />. At this time (the early Miocene) Australia had broken off from [[Gondwana]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=The early Miocene Epoch (23.3-16.3 million years ago)|url=https://australian.museum/learn/australia-over-time/evolving-landscape/the-early-miocene-epoch/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-29|website=The Australian Museum|language=en}}</ref> This implies the Kurrarpatu was restricted to the continent, and likely resided within the widespread rainforests aboard. Similar to the non-migratory black butcherbird<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Russell|first=Eleanor|last2=Rowley|first2=Ian|date=2020-03-04|title=Black Butcherbird (Cracticus quoyi)|url=https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/blabut1/cur/introduction|journal=Birds of the World|language=en}}</ref>, peltops<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Russell|first=Eleanor|last2=Rowley|first2=Ian|last3=Christie|first3=David|date=2020-03-04|title=Lowland Peltops (Peltops blainvillii)|url=https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/lowpel1/cur/introduction|journal=Birds of the World|language=en}}</ref>, and extant Australian magpie<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Russell|first=Eleanor|last2=Rowley|first2=Ian|last3=Christie|first3=David|date=2020-03-04|title=Australian Magpie (Gymnorhina tibicen)|url=https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/ausmag2/cur/introduction#mig|journal=Birds of the World|language=en}}</ref> one might assume the Kurrartapu was equally sedentary, although contemporary currawongs do undertake [[altitudinal migration]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Russell|first=Eleanor|last2=Rowley|first2=Ian|date=2020-03-04|title=Pied Currawong (Strepera graculina)|url=https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/piecur1/cur/introduction|journal=Birds of the World|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Russell|first=Eleanor|last2=Rowley|first2=Ian|date=2020-03-04|title=Black Currawong (Strepera fuliginosa)|url=https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/blacur2/cur/introduction#mig|journal=Birds of the World|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Russell|first=Eleanor|last2=Rowley|first2=Ian|date=2020-03-04|title=Gray Currawong (Strepera versicolor)|url=https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/grycur1/cur/introduction#mig|journal=Birds of the World|language=en}}</ref>. |
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== Behaviour == |
== Behaviour == |
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Based on a comparison between currawongs and the Australian magpie, one might infer that Kurrartapus were also territorial and possibly flocked<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=Eleanor D.|last2=Veltman|first2=Clare J.|date=2010-04-26|title=Ethogram of the Australian Magpie (Gymnorhina tibicen) in Comparison to Other Cracticidae and Corvus Species|url=https://onlinelibrary-wiley-com.proxy3.library.mcgill.ca/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1987.tb00692.x|journal=Ethology|volume=76|issue=4|pages=309–333|doi=10.1111/j.1439-0310.1987.tb00692.x|issn=0179-1613}}</ref>. |
Based on a comparison between currawongs and the Australian magpie, one might infer that Kurrartapus were also territorial and possibly flocked<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=Eleanor D.|last2=Veltman|first2=Clare J.|date=2010-04-26|title=Ethogram of the Australian Magpie (Gymnorhina tibicen) in Comparison to Other Cracticidae and Corvus Species|url=https://onlinelibrary-wiley-com.proxy3.library.mcgill.ca/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1987.tb00692.x|journal=Ethology|volume=76|issue=4|pages=309–333|doi=10.1111/j.1439-0310.1987.tb00692.x|issn=0179-1613}}</ref>. It is likely they also cached food, as do the currawongs, butcherbirds, and Australian magpies<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ronald.|first=Strahan,|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/34586664|title=Finches, bowerbirds & other passerines of Australia|date=1996|publisher=Angus & Robertson|isbn=0-207-18880-7|oclc=34586664}}</ref>. |
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=== Diet === |
=== Diet === |
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Like other cracticids, they were probably predatory omnivores, feeding mainly on invertebrates and carrion, though consuming smaller vertebrates and fruits as well<ref name=":0" />. |
Like other cracticids, they were probably predatory omnivores, feeding mainly on invertebrates and carrion, though consuming smaller vertebrates and fruits as well<ref name=":0" />. |
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=== Reproduction === |
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Similar to extant cracticids, it is likely that |
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=== Vocalizations === |
=== Vocalizations === |
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We can hypothesize based on living relatives that the Kurrartapu had a similar call to present day currawongs<ref name=":1" />. |
We can hypothesize based on closest living relatives that the Kurrartapu had a similar call to present day currawongs<ref name=":1" />. In addition to the hypothesized relatedness distance based on bone morphology<ref name=":0" />, the differing call of peltops may be even less relevant here as peltops are somewhat outliers to the cracticids, with behaviour similar to that of large flycatchers<ref>{{Cite web|title=Butcherbirds & Bell-magpies family Cracticidae|url=http://creagrus.home.montereybay.com/butcherbirds.html|access-date=2021-11-09|website=creagrus.home.montereybay.com}}</ref>. |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Revision as of 22:21, 9 November 2021
| Kurrartapu johnnguyeni Temporal range: Early Miocene
| |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Artamidae |
| Genus: | Kurrartapu Nguyen et al., 2013 |
| Species: | K. johnnguyeni
|
| Binomial name | |
| Kurrartapu johnnguyeni Nguyen et al., 2013
| |
Kurrartapu johnnguyeni is an extinct species of bird in the Australian magpie and butcherbird family. It was described from Early Miocene material (a proximal tarsometatarsus) found at Riversleigh in north-western Queensland, Australia. It is the first Tertiary record of a cracticid from Australia. The size of the fossil material indicates that it was similar in size to the living black butcherbird. The generic name is a Kalkatungu language term for the Australian magpie. The specific epithet honours John Nguyen, the father of the senior describer.[1]
Description
Based on shared traits between the black butcherbird and Australian magpie it is possible that the Kurrartapu also shared their glossy dark feathers and had calls similar to modern currawongs[2]. Round wings, like those of the black butcherbird and peltops, are typical of denser forest inhabitatants[2], and the closed rainforest that covered Australia in the early miocene[1] make this trait far more likely than pointy wings, which are characteristic of other open-dwelling cracticids[2].
Bones
Regarding bones, the discovered proximal tarsometatarsus demonstrates similar elongation to that of the black butcherbird[1]. This predates previously believed divergence between cracticids and the peltops and woodswallows[1]. It is possible it also had a deep temporal fossa, as this trait is shared by black butcherbirds and Australian magpies today[2]. The incomplete ossification found on the tarsometatarsi is an ancestral trait unique to the streptera-cracticus clade[1], for reference ossification of tendons in woodcreepers is shown to be adaptive for climbing, as ossification serves to reduce heavy wear and tear[3].
Taxonomy
The genus Kurrartapu belongs to the family Cracticidae. Kurrartapu are more closely related to other members of Cracticidae than those of artamidae.[1] Cracticids include currawongs, butcherbirds, and peltops[1]. Cracticids are part of the assemblage Malaconotoidea[1] within Corvoidea[4]. Corvoidea are believed to have originated in Australasia[5]. Other members of Malaconotoidea include: the helmet shrikes, the batises, the vangas, the Asian ioras, the African bushshrikes, and the woodswallows[1]. It is imagined that the last common ancestor of artamidae, vangas, and cracticids (alive in the paleogene) may have been stout with long pointy wings, a decurved bill, and sexually monomorphic[6].
The woodswallows are sometimes grouped within the family cracticidae, though these two lineages may have diverged roughly 20-36.3 million years ago[1]. This grouping is supported by morphological analyses and weakly supported by limited DNA studies[1], more comprehensive genetic analysis disproves this nesting[1], and so the two may be sister taxa.[7] This remains disputed however, as recent mitochondrial phylogeny instead supports a sister relationship between cracticids and African bushshrikes and allies[1].
Within the cracticids, the morphology of the tarsometatarsus suggests the Kurrartapu is more closely related to currawongs and butcherbirds[1],who diverged likely in the mid miocene[8]. The currawongs appear to have evolved earlier than the butcherbirds[4], which is possibly indicative as to which group shares more traits with the Kurrartapu.
Distribution and Habitat
The Kurrartapu fossil was found in the early Miocene deposit of Riversleigh.[1] Australia then was experiencing the effects of the global warming phase which followed the melting of the polar ice caps[9]. Plant and animal fossils also found in the deposit are closely related to extant rainforest (subtropical and tropical closed forest) dwelling species.[9] The rich diversity of the early miocene Australian forests approximates that of modern lowlands in Borneo[9]. These forests were forever wet, and ranged between warm and cool temperatures[9]. At this time (the early Miocene) Australia had broken off from Gondwana.[10] This implies the Kurrarpatu was restricted to the continent, and likely resided within the widespread rainforests aboard. Similar to the non-migratory black butcherbird[11], peltops[12], and extant Australian magpie[13] one might assume the Kurrartapu was equally sedentary, although contemporary currawongs do undertake altitudinal migration[14][15][16].
Behaviour
Based on a comparison between currawongs and the Australian magpie, one might infer that Kurrartapus were also territorial and possibly flocked[17]. It is likely they also cached food, as do the currawongs, butcherbirds, and Australian magpies[18].
Diet
Like other cracticids, they were probably predatory omnivores, feeding mainly on invertebrates and carrion, though consuming smaller vertebrates and fruits as well[1].
Vocalizations
We can hypothesize based on closest living relatives that the Kurrartapu had a similar call to present day currawongs[2]. In addition to the hypothesized relatedness distance based on bone morphology[1], the differing call of peltops may be even less relevant here as peltops are somewhat outliers to the cracticids, with behaviour similar to that of large flycatchers[19].
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Nguyen JM, Worthy TH, Boles WE, Hand SJ, Archer M (2013). "A new cracticid (Passeriformes: Cracticidae) from the Early Miocene of Australia". Emu. 113 (4): 374–382. doi:10.1071/MU13017. S2CID 85069421.
- ^ a b c d e Cake, Martin; Black, Andrew; Joseph, Leo (December 2018). "The generic taxonomy of the Australian Magpie and Australo-Papuan butcherbirds is not all black-and-white". Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. 138 (4): 346–359. doi:10.25226/bboc.v138i4.2018.a6. ISSN 0007-1595. S2CID 134198503.
- ^ RAIKOW, ROBERT J.; BLEDSOE, ANTHONY H. (2000). "Phylogeny and Evolution of the Passerine Birds". BioScience. 50 (6): 487. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2000)050[0487:paeotp]2.0.co;2. ISSN 0006-3568.
- ^ a b Kaplan, Gisela (2019-05-01). Australian Magpie: Biology and Behaviour of an Unusual Songbird. Csiro Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4863-0725-8.
- ^ Fuchs, Jérôme; Irestedt, Martin; Fjeldså, Jon; Couloux, Arnaud; Pasquet, Eric; Bowie, Rauri C. K. (2012-07-01). "Molecular phylogeny of African bush-shrikes and allies: Tracing the biogeographic history of an explosive radiation of corvoid birds". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 64 (1): 93–105. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.03.007. ISSN 1055-7903.
- ^ Manegold, A. (2008). "Composition and phylogenetic affinities of vangas (Vangidae, Oscines, Passeriformes) based on morphological characters". Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 46 (3): 267–277. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0469.2008.00458.x. ISSN 1439-0469.
- ^ Christidis, L.; Boles, W. E. (2008). "Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds". The Australian Museum. Retrieved 2021-10-29.
- ^ Kearns, Anna M.; Joseph, Leo; Cook, Lyn G. (2013-03-01). "A multilocus coalescent analysis of the speciational history of the Australo-Papuan butcherbirds and their allies". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 66 (3): 941–952. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.11.020. ISSN 1055-7903.
- ^ a b c d Talent, John A., ed. (2012). Earth and Life. doi:10.1007/978-90-481-3428-1. ISBN 978-90-481-3427-4.
- ^ "The early Miocene Epoch (23.3-16.3 million years ago)". The Australian Museum. Retrieved 2021-10-29.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Russell, Eleanor; Rowley, Ian (2020-03-04). "Black Butcherbird (Cracticus quoyi)". Birds of the World.
- ^ Russell, Eleanor; Rowley, Ian; Christie, David (2020-03-04). "Lowland Peltops (Peltops blainvillii)". Birds of the World.
- ^ Russell, Eleanor; Rowley, Ian; Christie, David (2020-03-04). "Australian Magpie (Gymnorhina tibicen)". Birds of the World.
- ^ Russell, Eleanor; Rowley, Ian (2020-03-04). "Pied Currawong (Strepera graculina)". Birds of the World.
- ^ Russell, Eleanor; Rowley, Ian (2020-03-04). "Black Currawong (Strepera fuliginosa)". Birds of the World.
- ^ Russell, Eleanor; Rowley, Ian (2020-03-04). "Gray Currawong (Strepera versicolor)". Birds of the World.
- ^ Brown, Eleanor D.; Veltman, Clare J. (2010-04-26). "Ethogram of the Australian Magpie (Gymnorhina tibicen) in Comparison to Other Cracticidae and Corvus Species". Ethology. 76 (4): 309–333. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1987.tb00692.x. ISSN 0179-1613.
- ^ Ronald., Strahan, (1996). Finches, bowerbirds & other passerines of Australia. Angus & Robertson. ISBN 0-207-18880-7. OCLC 34586664.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Butcherbirds & Bell-magpies family Cracticidae". creagrus.home.montereybay.com. Retrieved 2021-11-09.
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