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+#REDIRECT [[Han nationalism]]
-{{Merge to|Han nationalism|date=November 2020|discuss=Talk:Han Chinese nationalism#Suggested article merger}}
+{{R from merge}}
-'''Han Chinese nationalism''' is a form of [[ethnic nationalism]] that centres around [[Han Chinese]] people, the dominant ethnic group in [[China]], [[Taiwan]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Singapore]] and [[Macau]], and a [[Minority group|minority]] ethnic group in numerous countries around the world. Han Chinese nationalism, as a political ideology, is used to glorify the ethnic Han Chinese people and its uniqueness throughout history. Han Chinese nationalism is related to but distinct from [[Chinese nationalism]].
-==History==
-{{see also|History of China|Ethnic groups in Chinese history}}
-Unlike Chinese nationalism, the Han Chinese nationalism has a historic root of being strongly stressed on the ethnic Han Chinese people, the dominant ethnic group in China that originates from [[Huaxia]]. Han Chinese nationalism had been often used as a rallying force stemming the historical pride of Han Chinese people and the way it developed to become one of the world's earliest civilizations.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://journals.openedition.org/chinaperspectives/2793|title=The Many Facets of Chinese Nationalism|first=Jean-Pierre|last=Cabestan|date=June 1, 2005|journal=China Perspectives|volume=2005|issue=59|via=journals.openedition.org|doi=10.4000/chinaperspectives.2793|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Zheng|first=Dahua|title=Modern Chinese nationalism and the awakening of self-consciousness of the Chinese Nation|journal=International Journal of Anthropology and Ethnology|year=2019|volume=3|issue=1|doi=10.1186/s41257-019-0026-6|s2cid=209509370|issn=2366-1003|doi-access=free}}</ref>
-Since the Han dynasty, ideas of Han Chinese superiority had been frequently used in its attempt to expand the territory. This is best exemplified by the invasions of Korea, Vietnam, conquest of Central Asia, Tibet, Xinjiang and Mongolia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Selections from the Han Narrative Histories|url=https://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/hantxt1.html|access-date=2020-09-08|website=depts.washington.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Q. Edward|date=1999|title=History, Space, and Ethnicity: The Chinese Worldview|journal=Journal of World History|volume=10|issue=2|pages=285–305|doi=10.1353/jwh.1999.0029|s2cid=144507019|issn=1527-8050}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Han Imperialism, Chinese Literary Style, and the Economic Imagination|author=Chin, Tamara T.|year=2014|volume=94|publisher=Harvard University Asia Center|doi=10.2307/j.ctt1dnn9vg|jstor=j.ctt1dnn9vg|isbn=9781684170784}}</ref> This was later inherited by later dynasties of China, notably the [[Tang dynasty]] and the [[Ming dynasty]]; the Tang dynasty had exerted control beyond the border of old Huaxia, while the Ming dynasty managed to become the major naval power and one of the great empires in medieval history. Han Chinese ideas of superiority were complex, with contrasting Confucian narratives of Han superiority and ones of diversity in the army and the Empire.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Skaff|first=Jonathan Karam|title=Sui-Tang China and Its Turko-Mongol Neighbors|date=2012-08-06|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-973413-9|pages=75|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199734139.001.0001}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://faroutliers.wordpress.com/2009/06/04/effects-of-tang-imperialism-on-its-eastern-neighbors/|title=Effects of Tang Imperialism on Its Eastern Neighbors|date=June 4, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-asia/imperial-china/ming-dynasty/a/an-introduction-to-the-ming-dynasty-13681644|title=An introduction to the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) (article)|website=Khan Academy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Hong|first=Wontack|title=A Tripolar Approach to East Asian History|url=http://www.hongwontack.pe.kr/homepage4/data/48231.pdf}}</ref>
-Outside territorial ambitions, rallying against non-Han forces who took over China needed Han Chinese nationalist sentiment. The Han nationalist movement had an instrumental role in overthrowing the Mongol-led [[Yuan dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://oer2go.org/mods/en-boundless/www.boundless.com/world-history/textbooks/boundless-world-history-i-ancient-civilizations-enlightenment-textbook/chinese-dynasties-997/the-yuan-dynasty-1010/decline-of-the-yuan-dynasty-1013-17615/index.html|title=Decline of the Yuan Dynasty|website=oer2go.org}}</ref> Han Chinese nationalism was also an integral part on the rebellion against the Manchu-led [[Qing dynasty]] and became increasingly institutionalized following the [[Century of humiliation|Century of Humiliation]], which was often led by Han Chinese nationalists who considered the Qing dynasty corrupt and immoral and were hostile to [[Western imperialism]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hiltebeitel, Alf. Miller, Barbara D., 1948-|title=Hair : its power and meaning in Asian cultures|date=1998|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=0-585-05672-2|pages=129|oclc=1156899651}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theworldofchinese.com/2019/09/rebels-with-a-cause/|title=Top Rebels in Ancient China|date=September 18, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Anti-Qing Sentiment|first1=Frederic P.|last1=Miller|first2=Agnes F.|last2=Vandome|first3=John|last3=McBrewster|id={{ASIN|6130642490|country=es}}}}</ref> The [[Boxer Rebellion]] in late 19th century had been seen as another specific part of Han Chinese nationalism juxtaposed against Western imperialism in China, where Han Chinese nationalists were against Western and modern ideas and sought to revive old Chinese traditions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Boxer Rebellion: The West and the Rebels|url=https://www.open.edu/openlearn/history-the-arts/history/world-history/the-boxer-rebellion-the-west-and-the-rebels|access-date=2020-09-08|website=OpenLearn|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Field|first=Lydia|title=The Chinese Dream: Cultivating Expansionist Chinese Nationalism in the South China Sea and the Role of Weibo|url=https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/downloads/mk61rn27p|page=58-59}}</ref>
-Following the fall of the Qing dynasty, [[Sun Yat-sen]] had attempted to build a more multi-racial nationalism and had notable successes, such as the rise of [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Nationalist China]] and the [[Five Colored Flag|five-colored flag]]. Despite this, Han Chinese nationalism is predominate in China today, as leaders since 1911 began to stress about the Han nationalist sentiment and the ongoing Han domination in China, as witnessed in both [[World War II]] and current People's Republic's domestic and foreign relations.<ref name=chinesenationalism>{{Cite journal|title=Chinese Nationalism: The State of the Nation|author=Harris, Peter|year=1997|journal=The China Journal|issue=38|pages=121–137|doi=10.2307/2950337|jstor=2950337|s2cid=146969772}}</ref>
-==Relations with Chinese nationalism==
-{{see also|Chinese nationalism}}
-Although Han Chinese nationalism and Chinese nationalism are different in terms of ideology, with the latter often focusing a more multi-racial nationalism, however due to historical and current control of China by the ethnic Han Chinese the two have been connected and frequently used together. The concept was first debated in early 20th century; one of those debating it was [[Zhang Taiyan]], who strongly opposed to the idea of a proposed multi-racial nationalism of [[Yang Du]] and [[Liang Qichao]] and stressed the Han ethnic bloodline as evidence for the greatness of China and rejected any notion for a multiethnic China, being skeptical of non-Han ethnic groups like [[Manchus]], [[Mongols]], [[Tibetans]] and Turkic Muslims.<ref name=springer1>{{Cite journal|title=Modern Chinese nationalism and the awakening of self-consciousness of the Chinese Nation|first=Dahua|last=Zheng|date=December 30, 2019|journal=International Journal of Anthropology and Ethnology|volume=3|issue=1|pages=11|doi=10.1186/s41257-019-0026-6|s2cid=209509370|doi-access=free}}</ref> Zhang Taiyan strongly criticized non-Han ethnic groups, notably Manchus, accused the Manchus and other non-Han peoples as oppressors and believed they were impossible to be assimilated, if not say, understanding Han Chinese culture and customs.<ref name=springer1 /> There were, however, significant proponents of a multi-racial form of Chinese nationalism as well, and Tibet and Xinjiang remained independent during the rule of the Republic of China.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tang, Wenfang He, Gaochao|title=Separate but loyal : ethnicity and nationalism in China|date=2010-08-30|publisher=Honolulu, HI: East-West Center|pages=17–18|oclc=678575064}}</ref><ref name=":0" />
-The multifaceted image of Han Chinese nationalism further developed in the buildup of modern Chinese statehood. Han nationalists had developed a hostile view of ethnic [[Uyghurs]] and [[Tibetans]], viewing them as dangers for Chinese state due to their cultural differences and lack of any sympathy to ethnic Han Chinese — resulting with several conflicts in 1930s and 1940s.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Genocide as Nation Building: China's Historically Evolving Policy in East Turkistan|url=https://www.jpolrisk.com/genocide-as-nation-building-chinas-historically-evolving-policy-in-east-turkistan/|journal=Journal of Political Risk|volume=7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/65145|title=The East Turkestan Independence Movement, 1930s to 1940s|first1=Ke|last1=Wang|first2=Carissa|last2=Fletcher|date=September 8, 2019|publisher=The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press|isbn=9789882377844|via=Project MUSE}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep06540|title=History and Polemics|author=Sperling, Elliot|year=2004|publisher=East-West Center|via=JSTOR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Dai|first=Tinglan|title=The Great Han: The Development, Evolution, and Influence of Chinese Ethnic Nationalism on Modern Chinese Society and Government|url=http://bir.brandeis.edu/bitstream/handle/10192/32312/DaiThesis2016.pdf}}</ref> Han Chinese nationalism also played a part in World War II, when the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] occurred, where the Han Chinese people frequently suffered, and fought, against the Japanese. Han Chinese also desired to reclaim territories where Han Chinese saw it as ancestral homeland in the aftermath of World War II; this has been inherited by the People's Republic of China and largely downplayed the idea of a singular, unified multiracial Chinese nationalism promoted by Beijing itself.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://studies.aljazeera.net/en/reports/2014/03/201432094114596827.html|title=Han Nationalism in China|website=Al Jazeera Center for Studies}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Development of nationalism in China|first=Shameer|last=Modongal|editor-first=Zhouxiang|editor-last=Lu|date=December 31, 2016|journal=Cogent Social Sciences|volume=2|issue=1|pages=1235749|doi=10.1080/23311886.2016.1235749|s2cid=54202582|doi-access=free}}</ref>
-==In racial relations==
-{{see also|Ethnic issues in China}}
-Although modern Chinese government has largely attempted to promote the idea of a multiracial nationalism instead of a singular ethnic nationalism, scholars and analysts have pointed about the lack of an agreed-upon definition of Chinese nationalism may have impacted on China's political decision with regard to other non-Han people and non-Chinese nations.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Townsend|first=James|title=Chinese Nationalism|url=http://faculty.washington.edu/stevehar/Townsend.pdf|journal=The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs}}</ref><ref name=chinesenationalism /><ref name="greathannationalism">{{Cite book|last=Carrico, Kevin, author.|title=The great Han : race, nationalism, and tradition in China today|date=29 August 2017|isbn=978-0-520-29549-0|oclc=1125804033}}</ref><ref name=springer2>{{Cite book|chapter=Racial Sinicisation: Han Power and Racial and Ethnic Domination in China|first=Ian|last=Law|title=Red Racisms|editor-first=Ian|editor-last=Law|date=September 8, 2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|pages=97–131|doi=10.1057/9781137030849_4|isbn=978-1-349-33608-1}}</ref>
-===Tibetans===
-{{see also|Serfdom in Tibet controversy}}
-Since conquering [[Tibet]] in 1950, Han Chinese nationalists, with support from the PRC government, have been distributing historical documents which portray Tibetan culture as barbaric in order to justify Chinese control of the territory of Tibet; as such, many members of Chinese society have a negative view of Tibet. Han Chinese continue to maintain the view that [[Serfdom in Tibet controversy|Tibet was historically a feudal society]] which practiced serfdom/slavery and that this only changed due to Chinese influence in the region in order to liberate the Tibetans from its own backwardness and China's duty is to bring civilisation to Tibetans.<ref name="theresagly">{{Cite journal|last1=Hofer|first1=Theresia|last2=Sagli|first2=Gry|date=2017-04-21|title='Civilising' Deaf people in Tibet and Inner Mongolia: governing linguistic, ethnic and bodily difference in China|journal=Disability & Society|volume=32|issue=4|pages=443–466|doi=10.1080/09687599.2017.1302319|issn=0968-7599|pmc=5425626|pmid=28553018}}</ref><ref>https://studentsforafreetibet.org/wp-content/themes/sfthq/resources/China%27s%20Favorite%20Propaganda.pdf</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Barnett|first=Robert|title=Authenticating Tibet: Answers to China's 100 Questions|year=2008|isbn=978-0-520-24464-1|pages=84}}</ref>  Han nationalists openly endorse [[Princess Wencheng]], an ancient Chinese princess who purportedly married king [[Songsten Gampo]] of Tibet and introduced [[Buddhism]] to Tibet.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Denyer|first=Simon|title=Analysis {{!}} A romantic opera in Tibet just happens to bolster China's historical position there|language=en-US|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/10/11/in-tibet-history-bows-down-before-propaganda-in-the-tale-of-a-royal-romance/|access-date=2020-09-09|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> Further, Han Chinese extremists believe that Tibetans [and Mongols, Uyghurs] are actually part of the wider Han Chinese family with different genetics.<ref name=theresagly /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Friedman: Chinese Believe Tibetans, Other Ethnic Groups Should be Incorporated into One China|url=https://www.cfr.org/interview/friedman-chinese-believe-tibetans-other-ethnic-groups-should-be-incorporated-one-china|access-date=2020-09-09|website=Council on Foreign Relations|language=en}}</ref>
-===Uyghurs===
-{{see also|Migration to Xinjiang|Xinjiang conflict}}
-Since being conquered in 1949, [[Uyghurs]] from [[Xinjiang]] has had issues with the Chinese government. Han migration dating back to the [[Qing Dynasty]] led to the increasing [[sinicization]] of the region which the policy further extended to racial relations.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Hanification of Xinjiang, China: The Economic Effects of the Great Leap West|first1=Amy H.|last1=Liu|first2=Kevin|last2=Peters|date=September 8, 2017|journal=Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism|volume=17|issue=2|pages=265–280|doi=10.1111/sena.12233|doi-access=free}}</ref> Han and [[Hui people]] often live closer to Uighurs and many developed a negative stereotype of them.<ref name="Ildikó Bellér-Hann 2008 75">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cF4lMj8skvoC&q=celebrates+heroic+deeds+beg+victories+chinese+tungans&pg=PA74|title=Community matters in Xinjiang, 1880-1949: towards a historical anthropology of the Uyghur|author=Ildikó Bellér-Hann|year=2008|publisher=BRILL|page=75|isbn=978-90-04-16675-2|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref>
-===Mongols===
-[[Inner Mongolia]] has been largely pacified since the 20th century, thanks to massive Han migration and [[Interethnic marriage|intermarriage]]; Mongols have been perceived to be better integrated into the society than that of Uyghurs and Tibetans.<ref name="nytimes1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/31/world/asia/china-protest-mongolian-language-schools.html|title=Curbs on Mongolian Language Teaching Prompt Large Protests in China|first=Amy|last=Qin|newspaper=The New York Times|date=August 31, 2020}}</ref> However, this is also where the [[Inner Mongolia incident]] happened, leading to deaths of 16,000 to 27,000 Mongols.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tighe|first=Justin|date=May 2008|title=The Purge of the Inner Mongolian People's Party in the Chinese Cultural Revolution, 1967–69: A Function of Language, Power and Violence. ByKerry Brown. Folkstone, Kent, U.K.: Global Oriental, 2006.|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-asian-studies/article/purge-of-the-inner-mongolian-peoples-party-in-the-chinese-cultural-revolution-196769-a-function-of-language-power-and-violence-bykerry-brown-folkstone-kent-uk-global-oriental-2006-162-pp5000-cloth/85C1397EDD257BD01D5C1DA6D5322405|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|language=en|volume=67|issue=2|pages=707–708|doi=10.1017/S0021911808000910|s2cid=161598031|issn=1752-0401}}</ref> Further policies deemed to be anti-Mongol by the Han Chinese government had led to [[2011 Inner Mongolia unrest]] and was followed by another wave of unrest in 2015 against the exploitation and misuse of Mongol lands, as well as perceived bias in favor of ethnic Han Chinese.<ref name="Wu">{{Cite news|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/MF08Ad01.html|title=Green motives in Inner Mongolian unrest|first=Zhong|last=Wu|publisher=[[Asia Times]]|date=2011-06-08|access-date=2011-06-11| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110712162713/http://atimes.com/atimes/China/MF08Ad01.html| archive-date= 12 July 2011 | url-status= unfit}}</ref>
-==Han-Centrism==
-Han nationalists believe that the current influence from the West has downgraded the development of China's own cultural customs, and as such, become instrumental on leading the increasing traditionalist movement, which started in 2001. Participants come together both online and in person in cities across China to revitalize their utopian vision of the authentic “Great Han” and corresponding “real China” through pseudotraditional ethnic dress, reinvented Confucian ritual, and anti-foreign sentiment.<ref name=greathannationalism /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/global-currents/hanfu-fantasy-not-nationalism-drives-interest-in-traditional-chinese-clothing|title=Fantasy, Not Nationalism, Drives Chinese Clothing Revival|date=January 23, 2019|website=The Business of Fashion}}</ref> This is often followed with the idea of Han people being the center of mankind and reignited the idea of cultural and racial chauvinism. This phenomenon has been called Han-Centrism by Thayer and Friend.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Rise of Han-Centrism and What It Means for International Politics|first1=John M.|last1=Friend|first2=Bradley A.|last2=Thayer|date=September 8, 2017|journal=Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism|volume=17|issue=1|pages=91–114|doi=10.1111/sena.12223}}</ref>
-==See also==
-*[[Racism in China]]
-*[[Han chauvinism]]
-*[[Chinese nationalism]]
-*[[Chinese imperialism]]
-*[[Sinocentrism]]
-==References==
-{{reflist}}
-==External links==
-{{External links|date=February 2021}}
-*[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2753/CLG0009-4609140455?journalCode=mclg20 The Relationship between the Han Nationality and the Minority Nationalities]
-*[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/sena.12223 The Rise of Han‐Centrism and What It Means for International Politics]
-*[https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt1rzx5xp The Great Han: Race, Nationalism, and Tradition in China Today]
-*[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/46735343_Separate_but_loyal_ethnicity_and_nationalism_in_China Separate but loyal : ethnicity and nationalism in China]
-*[https://repository.usfca.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1817&context=capstone From Proletariat to Past Glory: Nationalism's Evolution in Modern China]
-*[https://thehill.com/opinion/international/424442-the-dark-side-of-powerful-china-its-repression-can-benefit-us The dark side of powerful China — its repression — can benefit US]
-*[https://chinachannel.org/2019/06/24/ethno-nationalism/ Homeland Calling]
-*[https://www.hrichina.org/en/content/4573 Nationalist Myth-making: The Construction of the Chinese Race]
-{{Chinese nationalism}}
-{{Ethnic nationalism}}
-[[Category:Politics of China]]
-[[Category:Chinese nationalism|Han]]
-[[Category:Han Chinese]]