Ekaterina Kalinina: Difference between revisions
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==Biography== |
==Biography== |
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Ekaterina Lorberg was born into an [[Estonians|Estonian]]<ref name=rap/> peasant family on 2 July 1882 in the village of [[Esna, Paide|Esna]].<ref name=arcade>{{cite book|author=Larisa Vasilyeva|title=Kremlin Wives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cFxBIYW4AMMC&pg=PA221|year=1994|publisher=Arcade Publishing|isbn=978-1-55970-260-7|page=116}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Soviet Elite from Lenin to Gorbachev: The Central Committee and Its Members, 1917-1991|year=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|page=59|url=https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/0198297386.001.0001/acprof-9780198297383|author=Evan Mawdsley|author2=Stephen White |
Ekaterina Lorberg was born into an [[Estonians|Estonian]]<ref name=rap/> peasant family on 2 July 1882 in the village of [[Esna, Paide|Esna]].<ref name=arcade>{{cite book|author=Larisa Vasilyeva|title=Kremlin Wives |
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|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cFxBIYW4AMMC&pg=PA221|year=1994|publisher=Arcade Publishing|isbn=978-1-55970-260-7|page=116}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Soviet Elite from Lenin to Gorbachev: The Central Committee and Its Members, 1917-1991|year=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|page=59|isbn=978-0-1982-9738-3 |
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|url=https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/0198297386.001.0001/acprof-9780198297383|author=Evan Mawdsley|author2=Stephen White|doi=10.1093/0198297386.001.0001}}</ref> She was an active revolutionary and worked at a textile factory in Estonia.<ref name=jpetery/> In 1905 she met Mikhail Kalinin in St. Petersburg where she fled due to her revolutionary activities.<ref name=jpetery/> There Kalinin was working as a lathe operator.<ref name=jpetery>{{cite thesis|title=Bolshevik Wives. A Study of Soviet Elite Society|location=University of Sydney|author=James Peter Young |
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|url=http://ses.library.usyd.edu.au/bitstream/2123/2694/1/jp-young-2008-thesis.pdf|degree=PhD|year=2008|page=85}}</ref> They married in 1906 and lived in Kalinin's home in the village of Verkhnyaya Troitsa, [[Tver Oblast|Tverskaya Gubernia]], until 1910.<ref name=arcade/><ref name=tat>[http://tatianis.ucoz.ru/publ/4-1-0-54 Екатерина Калинина] Tatianis Retrieved 4 October 2013</ref> Then they settled in St. Petersburg.<ref name=arcade/> |
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Before [[Russian Revolution|the Revolution]] Kalinina worked in a bottle factory<ref name=grah>{{cite book|title=Women who work|year=1934|publisher=International Publishers|location=New York|url=https://marxists.architexturez.net/history/usa/parties/cpusa/international-pamphlets/n27-1932-Women-Who-Work-Grace-Hutchins.pdf| |
Before [[Russian Revolution|the Revolution]] Kalinina worked in a bottle factory<ref name=grah>{{cite book|title=Women who work|year=1934|publisher=International Publishers|location=New York|author=Grace Hutchins |
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|url=https://marxists.architexturez.net/history/usa/parties/cpusa/international-pamphlets/n27-1932-Women-Who-Work-Grace-Hutchins.pdf|archive-date=20 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720092429/https://marxists.architexturez.net/history/usa/parties/cpusa/international-pamphlets/n27-1932-Women-Who-Work-Grace-Hutchins.pdf}}</ref> and was a member of [[All-Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)|the Bolshevik Party]].<ref name=arcade/> The Kalinins had four children, two sons and two daughters.<ref name=grah/> According to another report the Kalinin family had three children.<ref name=arcade/><ref name=tat/> She along with the children accompanied Kalinin in his exile to [[Siberia]] in 1916.<ref name=jpetery/> |
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Following the revolution they moved to Moscow.<ref name=jpetery/> On 30 March 1919, her husband was named head of the party's executive committee and on 30 December 1922, he became head of the central executive committee.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Soviet Union|url=http://www.rulers.org/rulqr.html#russia|work=Rulers|accessdate=3 September 2013}}</ref> Initially the Kalinins lived in a Kremlin apartment which they shared with [[Leon Trotsky|the Trotskys]].<ref name=arcade/> They adopted two children and Ekaterina served as the deputy director of a weaving mill in the aftermath of the revolution.<ref name=jpetery/> In 1924, she left Moscow and her family for the [[Caucasus]] to be involved in a literacy campaign in the region, but returned to Moscow in the same year.<ref name=jpetery/> She became the manager of a big state grain farm in a remote district near [[Novosibirsk]], Siberia, in the early 1930s.<ref name=grah/> Then she served as a member of the [[Supreme Court of the Soviet Union|Supreme Court]] until 1938.<ref name=arcade/> |
Following the revolution they moved to Moscow.<ref name=jpetery/> On 30 March 1919, her husband was named head of the party's executive committee and on 30 December 1922, he became head of the central executive committee.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Soviet Union|url=http://www.rulers.org/rulqr.html#russia|work=Rulers|accessdate=3 September 2013}}</ref> Initially the Kalinins lived in a Kremlin apartment which they shared with [[Leon Trotsky|the Trotskys]].<ref name=arcade/> They adopted two children and Ekaterina served as the deputy director of a weaving mill in the aftermath of the revolution.<ref name=jpetery/> In 1924, she left Moscow and her family for the [[Caucasus]] to be involved in a literacy campaign in the region, but returned to Moscow in the same year.<ref name=jpetery/> She became the manager of a big state grain farm in a remote district near [[Novosibirsk]], Siberia, in the early 1930s.<ref name=grah/> Then she served as a member of the [[Supreme Court of the Soviet Union|Supreme Court]] until 1938.<ref name=arcade/> |
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She and her friends criticized [[Stalin]]'s policies, and informers and operative officers transmitted this information to Stalin.<ref>{{cite book|title=Stalin: An Unknown Portrait|year=2003|publisher=Central European University Press|location=Budapest|page=267|isbn= 978-9639241190|author=Miklós Kun}}</ref> Thus, on 25 October 1938 Ekaterina was arrested on charges of being a [[Trotskyist]].<ref name=vadim>{{cite book|title=The Perversion of Knowledge: The True Story of Soviet Science|year=2001|publisher=Westview Press|location=Boulder, CO|page=68|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oecPAQAAMAAJ|author=Vadim J. Bristein|isbn=978-0-8133-3907-8}}</ref> Although her husband was the chair of the [[Presidium of the Supreme Soviet]] - formally the [[head of state]] of the USSR (1938–1946), she was tortured in [[Lefortovo Prison]], and on 22 April 1939 she was sentenced to fifteen years of imprisonment in a [[labor camp]].<ref name=vadim/> She served in the camp until 14 December 1945 when a special decree of the Presidium ordered her release, which was signed by the secretary of the Presidium, not by her husband, Kalinin.<ref name=vadim/> Her release occurred shortly before Kalinin's death.<ref name=wwn>{{cite book|title=Stalin in Power: The Revolution from Above, 1928-1941|year=1997|publisher=W.W. Norton|location=New York|page=447|isbn= 978-0-3933-0869-3|author=Robert C. Tucker}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Secret lives of Kremlin wives|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/secret-lives-of-kremlin-wives-andrew-higgins-on-the-loneliness-of-women-at-the-heart-of-soviet-power-1478983.html|accessdate=3 September 2013|newspaper=The Independent|date=17 January 1993|author=Andrew Higgins}}</ref> However, she was sent into internal exile shortly after her husband's death.<ref name=wwn/> Her official rehabilitation took eight more years, and she finally received a document stating that "there was no evidence against her anti-Soviet activities."<ref name=vadim/> Ekaterina died on 22 December 1960 at the age of 78.<ref name=tat/> |
She and her friends criticized [[Stalin]]'s policies, and informers and operative officers transmitted this information to Stalin.<ref>{{cite book|title=Stalin: An Unknown Portrait|year=2003|publisher=Central European University Press |
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|location=Budapest|page=267|isbn= 978-9639241190|author=Miklós Kun}}</ref> Thus, on 25 October 1938 Ekaterina was arrested on charges of being a [[Trotskyist]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Melanie Ilič|editor=Melanie Ilic|title=Stalin’s Terror Revisited|date=2006|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=London; New York|isbn=978-1-349-52407-5|page=120 |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9780230597334#about|chapter=The Forgotten Five per cent: Women, Political Repression and the Purges}}</ref><ref name=vadim>{{cite book|title=The Perversion of Knowledge: The True Story of Soviet Science|year=2001|publisher=Westview Press|location=Boulder, CO|page=68|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oecPAQAAMAAJ|author=Vadim J. Bristein|isbn=978-0-8133-3907-8}}</ref> Although her husband was the chair of the [[Presidium of the Supreme Soviet]] - formally the [[head of state]] of the USSR (1938–1946), she was tortured in [[Lefortovo Prison]], and on 22 April 1939 she was sentenced to fifteen years of imprisonment in a [[labor camp]].<ref name=vadim/> She served in the camp until 14 December 1945 when a special decree of the Presidium ordered her release, which was signed by the secretary of the Presidium, not by her husband, Kalinin.<ref name=vadim/> Her release occurred shortly before Kalinin's death.<ref name=wwn>{{cite book|title=Stalin in Power: The Revolution from Above, 1928-1941 |
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|year=1997|publisher=W.W. Norton|location=New York|page=447|isbn= 978-0-3933-0869-3|author=Robert C. Tucker}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Secret lives of Kremlin wives|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/secret-lives-of-kremlin-wives-andrew-higgins-on-the-loneliness-of-women-at-the-heart-of-soviet-power-1478983.html|accessdate=3 September 2013|newspaper=The Independent|date=17 January 1993|author=Andrew Higgins}}</ref> However, she was sent into internal exile shortly after her husband's death.<ref name=wwn/> Her official rehabilitation took eight more years, and she finally received a document stating that "there was no evidence against her anti-Soviet activities."<ref name=vadim/> Ekaterina died on 22 December 1960 at the age of 78.<ref name=tat/> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Revision as of 17:44, 29 December 2021
Ekaterina Kalinina | |
|---|---|
| Born | Ekaterina Lorberg 2 July 1882 |
| Died | 22 December 1960 (aged 78) Moscow |
| Nationality | Estonian |
| Occupation | Civil servant |
| Known for | Wife of Mikhail Kalinin |
Ekaterina Ivanovna Kalinina (Template:Lang-ru; née Lorberg; 2 July 1882 – 22 December 1960) was an Estonian woman who was the wife of Soviet politician Mikhail Kalinin. Although she was the spouse of the Soviet head of state from 1922 to 1946, she was in a labor camp from 1938 to 1946.[1]
Biography
Ekaterina Lorberg was born into an Estonian[1] peasant family on 2 July 1882 in the village of Esna.[2][3] She was an active revolutionary and worked at a textile factory in Estonia.[4] In 1905 she met Mikhail Kalinin in St. Petersburg where she fled due to her revolutionary activities.[4] There Kalinin was working as a lathe operator.[4] They married in 1906 and lived in Kalinin's home in the village of Verkhnyaya Troitsa, Tverskaya Gubernia, until 1910.[2][5] Then they settled in St. Petersburg.[2]
Before the Revolution Kalinina worked in a bottle factory[6] and was a member of the Bolshevik Party.[2] The Kalinins had four children, two sons and two daughters.[6] According to another report the Kalinin family had three children.[2][5] She along with the children accompanied Kalinin in his exile to Siberia in 1916.[4]
Following the revolution they moved to Moscow.[4] On 30 March 1919, her husband was named head of the party's executive committee and on 30 December 1922, he became head of the central executive committee.[7] Initially the Kalinins lived in a Kremlin apartment which they shared with the Trotskys.[2] They adopted two children and Ekaterina served as the deputy director of a weaving mill in the aftermath of the revolution.[4] In 1924, she left Moscow and her family for the Caucasus to be involved in a literacy campaign in the region, but returned to Moscow in the same year.[4] She became the manager of a big state grain farm in a remote district near Novosibirsk, Siberia, in the early 1930s.[6] Then she served as a member of the Supreme Court until 1938.[2]
She and her friends criticized Stalin's policies, and informers and operative officers transmitted this information to Stalin.[8] Thus, on 25 October 1938 Ekaterina was arrested on charges of being a Trotskyist.[9][10] Although her husband was the chair of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet - formally the head of state of the USSR (1938–1946), she was tortured in Lefortovo Prison, and on 22 April 1939 she was sentenced to fifteen years of imprisonment in a labor camp.[10] She served in the camp until 14 December 1945 when a special decree of the Presidium ordered her release, which was signed by the secretary of the Presidium, not by her husband, Kalinin.[10] Her release occurred shortly before Kalinin's death.[11][12] However, she was sent into internal exile shortly after her husband's death.[11] Her official rehabilitation took eight more years, and she finally received a document stating that "there was no evidence against her anti-Soviet activities."[10] Ekaterina died on 22 December 1960 at the age of 78.[5]
References
- ^ a b Ernest A. Rappaport (1975). Anti-Judaism: A Psychohistory. Perspective Press. p. 279. ISBN 9780960338207.
- ^ a b c d e f g Larisa Vasilyeva (1994). Kremlin Wives. Arcade Publishing. p. 116. ISBN 978-1-55970-260-7.
- ^ Evan Mawdsley; Stephen White (2000). The Soviet Elite from Lenin to Gorbachev: The Central Committee and Its Members, 1917-1991. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 59. doi:10.1093/0198297386.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-1982-9738-3.
- ^ a b c d e f g James Peter Young (2008). Bolshevik Wives. A Study of Soviet Elite Society (PDF) (PhD thesis). University of Sydney. p. 85.
- ^ a b c Екатерина Калинина Tatianis Retrieved 4 October 2013
- ^ a b c Grace Hutchins (1934). Women who work (PDF). New York: International Publishers. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 July 2021.
- ^ "The Soviet Union". Rulers. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
- ^ Miklós Kun (2003). Stalin: An Unknown Portrait. Budapest: Central European University Press. p. 267. ISBN 978-9639241190.
- ^ Melanie Ilič (2006). "The Forgotten Five per cent: Women, Political Repression and the Purges". In Melanie Ilic (ed.). Stalin’s Terror Revisited. London; New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 120. ISBN 978-1-349-52407-5.
- ^ a b c d Vadim J. Bristein (2001). The Perversion of Knowledge: The True Story of Soviet Science. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-8133-3907-8.
- ^ a b Robert C. Tucker (1997). Stalin in Power: The Revolution from Above, 1928-1941. New York: W.W. Norton. p. 447. ISBN 978-0-3933-0869-3.
- ^ Andrew Higgins (17 January 1993). "Secret lives of Kremlin wives". The Independent. Retrieved 3 September 2013.