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'''''Octopus sinensis''''' (commonly the '''East Asian common octopus''') is a [[Mollusca|mollusk]] belonging to the class [[Cephalopod|Cephalopoda]]. ''Octopus sinensis'' is a well-known shallow-water [[Benthic zone|benthic]] [[octopus]] species found in the coastal, temperature waters of South Korea, China, and Japan,<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=G. Gleadall|first=Ian|date=2016|title=<i>Octopus sinensis</i> d'Orbigny, 1841 (Cephalopoda: Octopodidae): Valid Species Name for the Commercially Valuable East Asian Common Octopus|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.12782/sd.21.1.031|journal=Species Diversity|volume=21|issue=1|pages=31–42|doi=10.12782/sd.21.1.031|issn=1342-1670}}</ref> closely related to the Atlantic and Mediterranean common octopus, ''[[Common octopus|Octopus vulgaris.]]''<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Amor|first=Michael D.|last2=Norman|first2=Mark D.|last3=Roura|first3=Alvaro|last4=Leite|first4=Tatiana S.|last5=Gleadall|first5=Ian G.|last6=Reid|first6=Amanda|last7=Perales‐Raya|first7=Catalina|last8=Lu|first8=Chung‐Cheng|last9=Silvey|first9=Colin J.|last10=Vidal|first10=Erica A. G.|last11=Hochberg|first11=Frederick G.|date=2016-09-20|title=Morphological assessment of the
Octopus vulgaris
species complex evaluated in light of molecular‐based phylogenetic inferences|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zsc.12207|journal=Zoologica Scripta|volume=46|issue=3|pages=275–288|doi=10.1111/zsc.12207|issn=0300-3256}}</ref> Because of the morphological similarities, ''O. sinensis'' was considered synonymous with ''Octopus vulgaris'' until 2017.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sauer|first=Warwick H. H.|last2=Gleadall|first2=Ian G.|last3=Downey-Breedt|first3=Nicola|last4=Doubleday|first4=Zöe|last5=Gillespie|first5=Graham|last6=Haimovici|first6=Manuel|last7=Ibáñez|first7=Christian M.|last8=Katugin|first8=Oleg N.|last9=Leporati|first9=Stephen|last10=Lipinski|first10=Marek R.|last11=Markaida|first11=Unai|date=2021-07-03|title=World Octopus Fisheries|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/23308249.2019.1680603|journal=Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture|volume=29|issue=3|pages=279–429|doi=10.1080/23308249.2019.1680603|issn=2330-8249}}</ref> ''Octopus sinensis'' are carnivores that prey upon on many shallow-water animals such as crustaceans and mollusks.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ambrose|first=RF|date=1986|title=Effects of octopus predation on motile invertebrates in a rocky subtidal community|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps030261|journal=Marine Ecology Progress Series|volume=30|pages=261–273|doi=10.3354/meps030261|issn=0171-8630}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ambrose|first=Richard F.|last2=Nelson|first2=Bobette V.|date=1983|title=Predation by Octopus vulgaris in the Mediterranean|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1439-0485.1983.tb00299.x|journal=Marine Ecology|language=en|volume=4|issue=3|pages=251–261|doi=10.1111/j.1439-0485.1983.tb00299.x|issn=1439-0485}}</ref>

== Characteristics ==
{{Short description|Species of octopus}}
{{Short description|Species of octopus}}

{{Multiple issues|
=== Size and Description ===
{{One source|date=February 2022}}
{{Primary sources|date=February 2022}}
}}
{{Speciesbox
{{Speciesbox
| image = 202201 East asian common octopus.svg
| taxon = Octopus sinensis
| taxon = Octopus sinensis
| authority =
| authority = d'Orbigny 1841
| synonyms =
| synonyms = O. vulgaris Cuvier, 1797
}}
}}


The East Asian common octopus is adapted to a benthic life at the bottom of the sea. ''Octopus sinensis'' has long arms with many suckers used for catching prey, a mantle without a rigid skeleton, which allows them to inhabit and hunt in small spaces and crevices in the seabed, horizontal pupils, and versatile skin with ability to change colors and camouflage themselves with the sea floor.<ref name=":2">{{Citation|last=Boletzky|first=Sigurd von|title=Cephalopod Biology|date=2014|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8648-5_1|work=Cephalopod Culture|pages=3–16|place=Dordrecht|publisher=Springer Netherlands|isbn=978-94-017-8647-8|access-date=2022-02-14|last2=Villanueva|first2=Roger}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=author.|first=Hanlon, Roger T.,|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1031978874|title=Cephalopod behaviour|isbn=978-0-511-84360-0|oclc=1031978874}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=scientifique.|first=Jereb, Patrizia. Éditeur scientifique. Roper, Clyde F. E. (1937-....). Éditeur scientifique. Norman, Mark D.. Éditeur scientifique. Finn, Julian K.. Éditeur|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1002064698|title=Cephalopods of the world : an annotated and illustrated catalogue of cephalopod species known to date.|isbn=978-92-5-107989-8|oclc=1002064698}}</ref> Compared to ''O. vulgaris'', ''O. sinensis'' have a broader mantle and relatively shorter arms with fewer suckers.<ref name=":0" />
'''''Octopus sinensis''''' (commonly the '''East Asian common octopus'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=East Asian Common Octopus (Octopus sinensis)|url=https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/752300-Octopus-sinensis|access-date=2022-02-10|website=iNaturalist|language=en}}</ref>) is a species of octopus which is only found in [[East Asia]].

== Physiology ==
The East Asian common octopus goes through a several-week planktonic phase, in which they are floating in the open sea.<ref name=":3">{{Citation|title=Biology of the planktonic stages of benthic octopuses|date=2008-06-05|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420065756-6|work=Oceanography and Marine Biology|pages=111–208|publisher=CRC Press|access-date=2022-02-14}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Villanueva|first=Roger|last2=Vidal|first2=Erica A. G.|last3=Fernández-Álvarez|first3=Fernando Á.|last4=Nabhitabhata|first4=Jaruwat|date=2016-11-09|title=Early Mode of Life and Hatchling Size in Cephalopod Molluscs: Influence on the Species Distributional Ranges|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0165334|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=11|issue=11|pages=e0165334|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0165334|issn=1932-6203}}</ref> This occurs early in their development prior to their permanent benthic habitation, similar to many benthic octopus species.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=ITAMI|first=Kouzo|last2=IZAWA|first2=Yasuo|last3=MAEDA|first3=Saburo|last4=NAKAI|first4=Kozo|date=1963|title=NOTES ON THE LABORATORY CULTURE OF THE OCTOPUS LARVAE|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2331/suisan.29.514|journal=NIPPON SUISAN GAKKAISHI|volume=29|issue=6|pages=514–520|doi=10.2331/suisan.29.514|issn=1349-998X}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Diffuse Noxious Inhibitory Controls|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-29805-2_1109|work=Encyclopedia of Pain|pages=605–605|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|access-date=2022-02-14}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Biology of the planktonic stages of benthic octopuses|date=2008-06-05|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420065756-6|work=Oceanography and Marine Biology|pages=111–208|publisher=CRC Press|access-date=2022-02-14}}</ref> During their planktonic phase, the morphology of the East Asian common octopus is similar in morphology to the juvenile and adult life forms and is termed the paralarval stage after the octopus hatches.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=E.|first=YOUNG, R.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/770420192|title='Larva', 'paralarva' and 'subadult' in cephalopod terminology|date=1988|oclc=770420192}}</ref> The paralarvae have certain characteristics that differ from the adult stage, which allow it to thrive in the planktonic phase, such as transparent musculature, circular pupils rather than horizontal ones, a proportionately larger mantle (2.1 mm in length) and shorter arms with fewer suckers (three to four on each arm), and a finely toothed beak.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> However, not much is known about the early life stages of the East Asian common octopus in their natural habitat due to their cryptic and allusive behavior.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lishchenko|first=F.|last2=Perales-Raya|first2=C.|last3=Barrett|first3=C.|last4=Oesterwind|first4=D.|last5=Power|first5=A.M.|last6=Larivain|first6=A.|last7=Laptikhovsky|first7=V.|last8=Karatza|first8=A.|last9=Badouvas|first9=N.|last10=Lishchenko|first10=A.|last11=Pierce|first11=G.J.|date=2021-04|title=A review of recent studies on the life history and ecology of European cephalopods with emphasis on species with the greatest commercial fishery and culture potential|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2020.105847|journal=Fisheries Research|volume=236|pages=105847|doi=10.1016/j.fishres.2020.105847|issn=0165-7836}}</ref><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=Dan|first=Shigeki|last2=Shibasaki|first2=Shodai|last3=Takasugi|first3=Arata|last4=Takeshima|first4=Satoshi|last5=Yamazaki|first5=Hideki|last6=Ito|first6=Atsushi|last7=Hamasaki|first7=Katsuyuki|date=2021-06|title=Changes in behavioural patterns from swimming to clinging, shelter utilization and prey preference of East Asian common octopus Octopus sinensis during the settlement process under laboratory conditions|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2021.151537|journal=Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology|volume=539|pages=151537|doi=10.1016/j.jembe.2021.151537|issn=0022-0981}}</ref> Recent studies suggest that transition from the planktonic stage to the benthic settlement is quite complex in ''O.'' sinensis and takes them a significant amount of time.<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dan|first=Shigeki|last2=Takasugi|first2=Arata|last3=Shibasaki|first3=Shodai|last4=Oka|first4=Masakazu|last5=Hamasaki|first5=Katsuyuki|date=2020-06-17|title=Ontogenic change in the vertical swimming of East Asian common octopus Octopus sinensis paralarvae under different water flow conditions|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10452-020-09777-7|journal=Aquatic Ecology|volume=54|issue=3|pages=795–812|doi=10.1007/s10452-020-09777-7|issn=1386-2588}}</ref>

== Cultural Importance ==
Not until 2017 was ''O. sinensis'' named a separate species from ''O. vulgaris'' on the basis of molecular and morphological features.<ref name=":1" /> Both species are commercially important food sources in China and it is important to delineate the two species for sustainable and fisheries management.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Li|first=Fenghui|last2=Liu|first2=Yuyan|last3=Qin|first3=Bo|last4=Bian|first4=Li|last5=Ge|first5=Jianlong|last6=Chang|first6=Qing|last7=Liu|first7=Hui|last8=Chen|first8=Siqing|date=2021-06-28|title=Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the mitochondrial genome for the East Asian common octopus, Octopus sinensis (Octopodidae: Octopoda)|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23802359.2021.1944360|journal=Mitochondrial DNA Part B|volume=6|issue=8|pages=2120–2122|doi=10.1080/23802359.2021.1944360|issn=2380-2359}}</ref> Due to its rapid rate of growth and its high commercial value, ''O. sinensis'' is of particular interest in aquacultural cultivation<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dan|first=Shigeki|last2=Iwasaki|first2=Hiraku|last3=Takasugi|first3=Arata|last4=Shibasaki|first4=Shodai|last5=Yamazaki|first5=Hideki|last6=Oka|first6=Masakazu|last7=Hamasaki|first7=Katsuyuki|date=2019-02-25|title=Effects of co-supply ratios of swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus
zoeae and Artemia
on survival and growth of East Asian common octopus Octopus sinensis
paralarvae under an upwelling culture system|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/are.14013|journal=Aquaculture Research|volume=50|issue=4|pages=1361–1370|doi=10.1111/are.14013|issn=1355-557X}}</ref>. There have been several studies since the 1960s that have attempted to rear ''O. sinensis'' and ''O. vulgaris'' aquaculturally with little success.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Iglesias|first=J.|last2=Otero|first2=J.J.|last3=Moxica|first3=C.|last4=Fuentes|first4=L.|last5=Sánchez|first5=F.J.|date=2004|title=The Completed Life Cycle of the Octopus (Octopus vulgaris, Cuvier) under Culture Conditions: Paralarval Rearing using Artemia and Zoeae, and First Data on Juvenile Growth up to 8 Months of Age|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:aqui.0000042142.88449.bc|journal=Aquaculture International|volume=12|issue=4/5|pages=481–487|doi=10.1023/b:aqui.0000042142.88449.bc|issn=0967-6120}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Okumura|first=Shigenobu|last2=Kurihara|first2=Ayako|last3=Iwamoto|first3=Akio|last4=Takeuchi|first4=Toshio|date=2005-02|title=Improved survival and growth in Octopus vulgaris paralarvae by feeding large type Artemia and Pacific sandeel, Ammodytes personatus|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2004.11.044|journal=Aquaculture|volume=244|issue=1-4|pages=147–157|doi=10.1016/j.aquaculture.2004.11.044|issn=0044-8486}}</ref><ref name=":5" />


== References ==
== References ==

Revision as of 22:17, 14 February 2022

Octopus sinensis (commonly the East Asian common octopus) is a mollusk belonging to the class Cephalopoda. Octopus sinensis is a well-known shallow-water benthic octopus species found in the coastal, temperature waters of South Korea, China, and Japan,[1] closely related to the Atlantic and Mediterranean common octopus, Octopus vulgaris.[2] Because of the morphological similarities, O. sinensis was considered synonymous with Octopus vulgaris until 2017.[2][1][3] Octopus sinensis are carnivores that prey upon on many shallow-water animals such as crustaceans and mollusks.[4][5]

Characteristics

Size and Description

Octopus sinensis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Cephalopoda
Order: Octopoda
Family: Octopodidae
Genus: Octopus
Species:
O. sinensis
Binomial name
Octopus sinensis
d'Orbigny 1841
Synonyms

O. vulgaris Cuvier, 1797

The East Asian common octopus is adapted to a benthic life at the bottom of the sea. Octopus sinensis has long arms with many suckers used for catching prey, a mantle without a rigid skeleton, which allows them to inhabit and hunt in small spaces and crevices in the seabed, horizontal pupils, and versatile skin with ability to change colors and camouflage themselves with the sea floor.[6][7][8] Compared to O. vulgaris, O. sinensis have a broader mantle and relatively shorter arms with fewer suckers.[1]

Physiology

The East Asian common octopus goes through a several-week planktonic phase, in which they are floating in the open sea.[9][10] This occurs early in their development prior to their permanent benthic habitation, similar to many benthic octopus species.[11][12][13] During their planktonic phase, the morphology of the East Asian common octopus is similar in morphology to the juvenile and adult life forms and is termed the paralarval stage after the octopus hatches.[14] The paralarvae have certain characteristics that differ from the adult stage, which allow it to thrive in the planktonic phase, such as transparent musculature, circular pupils rather than horizontal ones, a proportionately larger mantle (2.1 mm in length) and shorter arms with fewer suckers (three to four on each arm), and a finely toothed beak.[6][9][14][10][11] However, not much is known about the early life stages of the East Asian common octopus in their natural habitat due to their cryptic and allusive behavior.[15][10][16] Recent studies suggest that transition from the planktonic stage to the benthic settlement is quite complex in O. sinensis and takes them a significant amount of time.[16][17]

Cultural Importance

Not until 2017 was O. sinensis named a separate species from O. vulgaris on the basis of molecular and morphological features.[2] Both species are commercially important food sources in China and it is important to delineate the two species for sustainable and fisheries management.[1][18] Due to its rapid rate of growth and its high commercial value, O. sinensis is of particular interest in aquacultural cultivation[19]. There have been several studies since the 1960s that have attempted to rear O. sinensis and O. vulgaris aquaculturally with little success.[20][21][11]

References

  1. ^ a b c d G. Gleadall, Ian (2016). "Octopus sinensis d'Orbigny, 1841 (Cephalopoda: Octopodidae): Valid Species Name for the Commercially Valuable East Asian Common Octopus". Species Diversity. 21 (1): 31–42. doi:10.12782/sd.21.1.031. ISSN 1342-1670.
  2. ^ a b c Amor, Michael D.; Norman, Mark D.; Roura, Alvaro; Leite, Tatiana S.; Gleadall, Ian G.; Reid, Amanda; Perales‐Raya, Catalina; Lu, Chung‐Cheng; Silvey, Colin J.; Vidal, Erica A. G.; Hochberg, Frederick G. (2016-09-20). "Morphological assessment of the Octopus vulgaris species complex evaluated in light of molecular‐based phylogenetic inferences". Zoologica Scripta. 46 (3): 275–288. doi:10.1111/zsc.12207. ISSN 0300-3256. {{cite journal}}: line feed character in |title= at position 32 (help)
  3. ^ Sauer, Warwick H. H.; Gleadall, Ian G.; Downey-Breedt, Nicola; Doubleday, Zöe; Gillespie, Graham; Haimovici, Manuel; Ibáñez, Christian M.; Katugin, Oleg N.; Leporati, Stephen; Lipinski, Marek R.; Markaida, Unai (2021-07-03). "World Octopus Fisheries". Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture. 29 (3): 279–429. doi:10.1080/23308249.2019.1680603. ISSN 2330-8249.
  4. ^ Ambrose, RF (1986). "Effects of octopus predation on motile invertebrates in a rocky subtidal community". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 30: 261–273. doi:10.3354/meps030261. ISSN 0171-8630.
  5. ^ Ambrose, Richard F.; Nelson, Bobette V. (1983). "Predation by Octopus vulgaris in the Mediterranean". Marine Ecology. 4 (3): 251–261. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0485.1983.tb00299.x. ISSN 1439-0485.
  6. ^ a b Boletzky, Sigurd von; Villanueva, Roger (2014), "Cephalopod Biology", Cephalopod Culture, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 3–16, ISBN 978-94-017-8647-8, retrieved 2022-02-14
  7. ^ author., Hanlon, Roger T.,. Cephalopod behaviour. ISBN 978-0-511-84360-0. OCLC 1031978874. {{cite book}}: |last= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ scientifique., Jereb, Patrizia. Éditeur scientifique. Roper, Clyde F. E. (1937-....). Éditeur scientifique. Norman, Mark D.. Éditeur scientifique. Finn, Julian K.. Éditeur. Cephalopods of the world : an annotated and illustrated catalogue of cephalopod species known to date. ISBN 978-92-5-107989-8. OCLC 1002064698.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ a b "Biology of the planktonic stages of benthic octopuses", Oceanography and Marine Biology, CRC Press, pp. 111–208, 2008-06-05, retrieved 2022-02-14
  10. ^ a b c Villanueva, Roger; Vidal, Erica A. G.; Fernández-Álvarez, Fernando Á.; Nabhitabhata, Jaruwat (2016-11-09). "Early Mode of Life and Hatchling Size in Cephalopod Molluscs: Influence on the Species Distributional Ranges". PLOS ONE. 11 (11): e0165334. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0165334. ISSN 1932-6203.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  11. ^ a b c ITAMI, Kouzo; IZAWA, Yasuo; MAEDA, Saburo; NAKAI, Kozo (1963). "NOTES ON THE LABORATORY CULTURE OF THE OCTOPUS LARVAE". NIPPON SUISAN GAKKAISHI. 29 (6): 514–520. doi:10.2331/suisan.29.514. ISSN 1349-998X.
  12. ^ "Diffuse Noxious Inhibitory Controls", Encyclopedia of Pain, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 605–605, retrieved 2022-02-14
  13. ^ "Biology of the planktonic stages of benthic octopuses", Oceanography and Marine Biology, CRC Press, pp. 111–208, 2008-06-05, retrieved 2022-02-14
  14. ^ a b E., YOUNG, R. (1988). 'Larva', 'paralarva' and 'subadult' in cephalopod terminology. OCLC 770420192.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ Lishchenko, F.; Perales-Raya, C.; Barrett, C.; Oesterwind, D.; Power, A.M.; Larivain, A.; Laptikhovsky, V.; Karatza, A.; Badouvas, N.; Lishchenko, A.; Pierce, G.J. (2021-04). "A review of recent studies on the life history and ecology of European cephalopods with emphasis on species with the greatest commercial fishery and culture potential". Fisheries Research. 236: 105847. doi:10.1016/j.fishres.2020.105847. ISSN 0165-7836. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  16. ^ a b Dan, Shigeki; Shibasaki, Shodai; Takasugi, Arata; Takeshima, Satoshi; Yamazaki, Hideki; Ito, Atsushi; Hamasaki, Katsuyuki (2021-06). "Changes in behavioural patterns from swimming to clinging, shelter utilization and prey preference of East Asian common octopus Octopus sinensis during the settlement process under laboratory conditions". Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 539: 151537. doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2021.151537. ISSN 0022-0981. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  17. ^ Dan, Shigeki; Takasugi, Arata; Shibasaki, Shodai; Oka, Masakazu; Hamasaki, Katsuyuki (2020-06-17). "Ontogenic change in the vertical swimming of East Asian common octopus Octopus sinensis paralarvae under different water flow conditions". Aquatic Ecology. 54 (3): 795–812. doi:10.1007/s10452-020-09777-7. ISSN 1386-2588.
  18. ^ Li, Fenghui; Liu, Yuyan; Qin, Bo; Bian, Li; Ge, Jianlong; Chang, Qing; Liu, Hui; Chen, Siqing (2021-06-28). "Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the mitochondrial genome for the East Asian common octopus, Octopus sinensis (Octopodidae: Octopoda)". Mitochondrial DNA Part B. 6 (8): 2120–2122. doi:10.1080/23802359.2021.1944360. ISSN 2380-2359.
  19. ^ Dan, Shigeki; Iwasaki, Hiraku; Takasugi, Arata; Shibasaki, Shodai; Yamazaki, Hideki; Oka, Masakazu; Hamasaki, Katsuyuki (2019-02-25). "Effects of co-supply ratios of swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus zoeae and Artemia on survival and growth of East Asian common octopus Octopus sinensis paralarvae under an upwelling culture system". Aquaculture Research. 50 (4): 1361–1370. doi:10.1111/are.14013. ISSN 1355-557X. {{cite journal}}: line feed character in |title= at position 70 (help)
  20. ^ Iglesias, J.; Otero, J.J.; Moxica, C.; Fuentes, L.; Sánchez, F.J. (2004). "The Completed Life Cycle of the Octopus (Octopus vulgaris, Cuvier) under Culture Conditions: Paralarval Rearing using Artemia and Zoeae, and First Data on Juvenile Growth up to 8 Months of Age". Aquaculture International. 12 (4/5): 481–487. doi:10.1023/b:aqui.0000042142.88449.bc. ISSN 0967-6120.
  21. ^ Okumura, Shigenobu; Kurihara, Ayako; Iwamoto, Akio; Takeuchi, Toshio (2005-02). "Improved survival and growth in Octopus vulgaris paralarvae by feeding large type Artemia and Pacific sandeel, Ammodytes personatus". Aquaculture. 244 (1–4): 147–157. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2004.11.044. ISSN 0044-8486. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
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