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| status = LC
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 18 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Hammerson, G.A. |date=2007 |title=''Rhineura floridana'' |volume=2007 |page=e.T64219A12754148 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2007.RLTS.T64219A12754148.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
| status_ref = <ref name="IUCN 2007">{{cite iucn |author=Hammerson, G.A. |date=2007 |title=''Rhineura floridana'' |volume=2007 |page=e.T64219A12754148 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2007.RLTS.T64219A12754148.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
| display_parents = 3
| display_parents = 3
| genus = Rhineura
| genus = Rhineura
| parent_authority =
| species = floridana
| species = floridana
| authority = ([[Spencer Fullerton Baird|Baird]], 1858)
| authority = ([[Spencer Fullerton Baird|Baird]], 1858)
| synonyms = *''Lepidosternon floridanum'' <br/>{{small|Baird, 1858}}
| synonyms = *''Lepidosternon floridanum'' <br/>{{small|Baird, 1858}}
*''Rhineura floridana'' <br/>{{small|— [[Samuel Garman|Garman]], 1883}}
*''Rhineura floridana'' <br/>{{small|— [[Samuel Garman|Garman]], 1883}}
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=RDB/>
⚫
| synonyms_ref = <ref>{{EMBL species|genus=Rhineura|species=floridana}} www.reptile-database.org. Accessed 09 January 2020.</ref>
}}
}}


'''''Rhineura floridana''''', known [[Common name|commonly]] as the '''North American worm lizard''',<ref name="ITIS-F">{{ITIS |id=564535 |taxon=Rhineuridae |accessdate=19 August 2007}}</ref> '''Florida worm lizard''',<ref name="ITIS">{{ITIS |id=209635 |taxon=''Rhineura floridana'' |accessdate=19 August 2007}}</ref> '''graveyard snake''',<ref>[[:fr:Coleman Jett Goin|Goin CJ]], [[Olive Lynda Bown Goin|Goin OB]], [[:de:George Robert Zug|Zug GR]] (1978). ''Introduction to Herpetology, Third Edition''. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman and Company. xi + 378 pp. {{ISBN|0-7167-0020-4}}. (''Rhineura floridana'', p. 277, Figure 15-2).</ref> or '''thunderworm''', is a [[species]] of [[Amphisbaenia|amphisbaeninan]] in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Rhineuridae]]. The species is the only member of the [[monotypic]] [[genus]] ''Rhineura'',<ref name="ITIS-G">{{ITIS |id=209634 |taxon=''Rhineura'' |accessdate=19 August 2007}}</ref> and is found primarily in [[Florida]] but has been recorded in [[Lanier County, Georgia]].<ref name="IUCN-31"/> There are no subspecies that are recognized as being valid.<ref name="ITIS"/>
'''''Rhineura floridana''''', known [[Common name|commonly]] as the '''Florida worm lizard''',<ref name="ITIS">{{ITIS |id=209635 |taxon=''Rhineura floridana'' |accessdate=17 February 2022}}</ref> '''graveyard snake''',<ref>[[:fr:Coleman Jett Goin|Goin CJ]], [[Olive Lynda Bown Goin|Goin OB]], [[:de:George Robert Zug|Zug GR]] (1978). ''Introduction to Herpetology, Third Edition''. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman and Company. xi + 378 pp. {{ISBN|0-7167-0020-4}}. (''Rhineura floridana'', p. 277, Figure 15-2).</ref> or '''thunderworm''', is a [[species]] of [[Amphisbaenia|amphisbaeninan]] in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Rhineuridae]]. The species is the only extant member of the [[genus]] ''Rhineura'',<ref name="RDB genus"/><ref name="ITIS-G">{{ITIS |id=209634 |taxon=''Rhineura'' |accessdate=17 February 2022}}</ref> and is found primarily in [[Florida]] but has been recorded in [[Lanier County, Georgia]].<ref name="IUCN 2007"/> There are no subspecies that are recognized as being valid.<ref name=RDB/><ref name="ITIS"/>


==Description==
==Description==
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==Habitat==
==Habitat==
The preferred natural [[habitat]]s of ''R. floridana'' are [[forest]] and [[shrubland]].<ref name="iucn status 18 November 2021" />
The preferred natural [[habitat]]s of ''R. floridana'' are [[forest]] and [[shrubland]].<ref name="IUCN 2007" />


==Behavior==
==Behavior==
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==Reproduction==
==Reproduction==
Reproduction in ''R. floridana'' is by laying eggs ([[oviparity]]).
Reproduction in ''R. floridana'' is by laying eggs ([[oviparity]]).<ref name=RDB/>


==Conservation status==
==Conservation status==
This species, ''Rhineura floridana'', is classified as Least Concern on the [[World Conservation Union|IUCN]] [[IUCN Red List|Red List of Threatened Species]] (v3.1, 2001).<ref name="iucn status 18 November 2021" /> Species are listed as such due to their wide distribution, presumed large population, or because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category. The population trend is stable.<ref name="IUCN-31">{{Redlist CC2001|date=6 September|year=2008}}</ref>
''Rhineura floridana'' is classified as Least Concern on the [[World Conservation Union|IUCN]] [[IUCN Red List|Red List of Threatened Species]].<ref name="IUCN 2007" /> Species are listed as such due to their wide distribution, presumed large population, or because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category. The population trend is stable.<ref name="IUCN 2007"/>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="RDB genus">{{NRDB genus |genus=Rhineura |access-date=17 February 2022}}</ref>

⚫
<ref name=RDB>{{NRDB species |genus=Rhineura |species=floridana |access-date=17 February 2022}}</ref>
}}


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
*[[Spencer Fullerton Baird|Baird SF]] (1858). "Description of New Genera and Species of North American Lizards in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution". ''Proceedings of theAcademy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia'' '''10''': 253–256. (''Lepidosternon floridanum'', new species, p.&nbsp;255).
*[[Spencer Fullerton Baird|Baird SF]] (1858). "Description of New Genera and Species of North American Lizards in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution". ''Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia'' '''10''': 253–256. (''Lepidosternon floridanum'', new species, p.&nbsp;255).
*[[Roger Conant (herpetologist)|Conant R]] (1975). ''A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Second Edition''. (illustrated by Isabelle Hunt Conant). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. xviii + 429 pp. + Plates 1-48. {{ISBN|0-395-19979-4}} (hardcover), {{ISBN|0-395-19977-8}} (paperback). (''Rhineura floridana'', p.&nbsp;135 + Plate 13 + map 98).
*[[Roger Conant (herpetologist)|Conant R]] (1975). ''A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Second Edition''. (illustrated by Isabelle Hunt Conant). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. xviii + 429 pp. + Plates 1-48. {{ISBN|0-395-19979-4}} (hardcover), {{ISBN|0-395-19977-8}} (paperback). (''Rhineura floridana'', p.&nbsp;135 + Plate 13 + map 98).
*[[Robert Powell (herpetologist)|Powell R]], Conant R, [[Joseph T. Collins|Collins JT]] (2016). ''Peterson Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Fourth Edition''. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. xiv + 494 pp., 47 Plates, 207 Figures. {{ISBN|978-0-544-12997-9}}. (''Rhineura floridana'' p.&nbsp;323, Figure 156 + Plate 30).
*[[Robert Powell (herpetologist)|Powell R]], Conant R, [[Joseph T. Collins|Collins JT]] (2016). ''Peterson Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Fourth Edition''. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. xiv + 494 pp., 47 Plates, 207 Figures. {{ISBN|978-0-544-12997-9}}. (''Rhineura floridana'' p.&nbsp;323, Figure 156 + Plate 30).
*[[Hobart Muir Smith|Smith HM]], [[Edmund D. Brodie, Jr.|Brodie ED Jr]] (1982). ''Reptiles of North America: A Guide to Field Identification''. New York: Golden Press. 240 pp. {{ISBN|0-307-13666-3}} (paperback), {{ISBN|0-307-47009-1}} (hardcover). (''Rhineura floridana'', pp.&nbsp;132–133).
*[[Hobart Muir Smith|Smith HM]], [[Edmund D. Brodie, Jr.|Brodie ED Jr]] (1982). ''Reptiles of North America: A Guide to Field Identification''. New York: Golden Press. 240 pp. {{ISBN|0-307-13666-3}} (paperback), {{ISBN|0-307-47009-1}} (hardcover). (''Rhineura floridana'', pp.&nbsp;132–133).
*[[Leonhard Stejneger|Stejneger L]], [[Thomas Barbour|Barbour T]] (1917). ''A Check List of North American Amphibians and Reptiles''. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 125 pp. (''Rhineura floridana'', p.&nbsp;72).
*[[Leonhard Stejneger|Stejneger L]], [[Thomas Barbour|Barbour T]] (1917). ''A Check List of North American Amphibians and Reptiles''. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 125 pp. (''Rhineura floridana'', p.&nbsp;72).
*Westphal, Natascha; Mahlow, Kristin; Head, Jason James; Müller, Johannes (2019). "Pectoral myology of limb-reduced worm lizards (Squamata, Amphisbaenia) suggest decoupling of the musculoskeletal system during the evolution of body elongation". ''BMC Evolutionary Biology'' '''19''' (16).
*{{cite journal |last1=Westphal |first1=Natascha |last2=Mahlow |first2=Kristin |last3=Head |first3=Jason James |last4=Müller |first4=Johannes |title=Pectoral myology of limb-reduced worm lizards (Squamata, Amphisbaenia) suggests decoupling of the musculoskeletal system during the evolution of body elongation |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |date=2019 |volume=19 |issue=1 |page=16 |doi=10.1186/s12862-018-1303-1}}
*[[Herbert S. Zim|Zim HS]], Smith HM (1956). ''Reptiles and Amphibians: A Guide to Familiar American Species: A Golden Nature Guide''. (illustrated by [[James Gordon Irving]]). New York: Simon and Schuster. 160 pp. (''Rhineura floridana'', pp.&nbsp;68, 155).
*[[Herbert S. Zim|Zim HS]], Smith HM (1956). ''Reptiles and Amphibians: A Guide to Familiar American Species: A Golden Nature Guide''. (illustrated by [[James Gordon Irving]]). New York: Simon and Schuster. 160 pp. (''Rhineura floridana'', pp.&nbsp;68, 155).


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[[Category:Amphisbaenians]]
[[Category:Amphisbaenians]]
[[Category:Reptiles of the United States]]
[[Category:Reptiles of the United States]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of Florida]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of the Southeastern United States]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Edward Drinker Cope]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Spencer Fullerton Baird]]
[[Category:Monotypic reptile genera]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 1858]]

Revision as of 15:07, 17 February 2022

Rhineura floridana
Rhineura floridana
A. Side and dorsal views of tail.
B. Horizontal section of head, showing Harderian gland and eye.
C. Horizontal section through right eye.
D. Horizontal section of left eye, showing pigmentation and lens.
E. Distal part of eye, showing layers of retina.
F. Proximal part of another eye, showing cyst.
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Clade: Amphisbaenia
Family: Rhineuridae
Genus: Rhineura
Species:
R. floridana
Binomial name
Rhineura floridana
(Baird, 1858)
Synonyms[2]
  • Lepidosternon floridanum
    Baird, 1858
  • Rhineura floridana
    — Garman, 1883

Rhineura floridana, known commonly as the Florida worm lizard,[3] graveyard snake,[4] or thunderworm, is a species of amphisbaeninan in the family Rhineuridae. The species is the only extant member of the genus Rhineura,[5][6] and is found primarily in Florida but has been recorded in Lanier County, Georgia.[1] There are no subspecies that are recognized as being valid.[2][3]

Description

R. floridana varies in total length (including tail) from 18–30 cm (7–12 in). The head has a shovel-like snout that projects forward past the lower jaws, which is used for burrowing. The eyes are highly reduced and not visible externally. The limbs are absent and, as in other Amphisbaenia, the body is covered by scales arranged in rings giving the animal a worm-like appearance.

Habitat

The preferred natural habitats of R. floridana are forest and shrubland.[1]

Behavior

R. floridana is a burrower, preferring a soil, sand, or leaf mold substrate, and spending most of its time underground where it is safe from predators. It surfaces only when heavy rain or plowing forces it to evacuate its burrow. Because of the former, it is sometimes called thunderworm. When disturbed, it retreats into its burrow tail-first.

Diet

The diet of R. floridana includes insects and earthworms, but it is an opportunistic feeder and will eat almost any invertebrate small enough to catch.

Reproduction

Reproduction in R. floridana is by laying eggs (oviparity).[2]

Conservation status

Rhineura floridana is classified as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[1] Species are listed as such due to their wide distribution, presumed large population, or because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category. The population trend is stable.[1]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Hammerson, G.A. (2007). "Rhineura floridana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2007: e.T64219A12754148. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2007.RLTS.T64219A12754148.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b c Rhineura floridana at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 17 February 2022.
  3. ^ a b "Rhineura floridana". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 17 February 2022.
  4. ^ Goin CJ, Goin OB, Zug GR (1978). Introduction to Herpetology, Third Edition. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman and Company. xi + 378 pp. ISBN 0-7167-0020-4. (Rhineura floridana, p. 277, Figure 15-2).
  5. ^ Rhineura at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 17 February 2022.
  6. ^ "Rhineura". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 17 February 2022.

Further reading

  • Baird SF (1858). "Description of New Genera and Species of North American Lizards in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution". Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 10: 253–256. (Lepidosternon floridanum, new species, p. 255).
  • Conant R (1975). A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Second Edition. (illustrated by Isabelle Hunt Conant). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. xviii + 429 pp. + Plates 1-48. ISBN 0-395-19979-4 (hardcover), ISBN 0-395-19977-8 (paperback). (Rhineura floridana, p. 135 + Plate 13 + map 98).
  • Powell R, Conant R, Collins JT (2016). Peterson Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Fourth Edition. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. xiv + 494 pp., 47 Plates, 207 Figures. ISBN 978-0-544-12997-9. (Rhineura floridana p. 323, Figure 156 + Plate 30).
  • Smith HM, Brodie ED Jr (1982). Reptiles of North America: A Guide to Field Identification. New York: Golden Press. 240 pp. ISBN 0-307-13666-3 (paperback), ISBN 0-307-47009-1 (hardcover). (Rhineura floridana, pp. 132–133).
  • Stejneger L, Barbour T (1917). A Check List of North American Amphibians and Reptiles. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 125 pp. (Rhineura floridana, p. 72).
  • Westphal, Natascha; Mahlow, Kristin; Head, Jason James; Müller, Johannes (2019). "Pectoral myology of limb-reduced worm lizards (Squamata, Amphisbaenia) suggests decoupling of the musculoskeletal system during the evolution of body elongation". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 19 (1): 16. doi:10.1186/s12862-018-1303-1.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  • Zim HS, Smith HM (1956). Reptiles and Amphibians: A Guide to Familiar American Species: A Golden Nature Guide. (illustrated by James Gordon Irving). New York: Simon and Schuster. 160 pp. (Rhineura floridana, pp. 68, 155).
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