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#REDIRECT [[Added sugar]] |
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{{More citations needed|date=March 2016}} |
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'''Free sugars''' are defined by the [[World Health Organization]] and the UN [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] in multiple reports as "all [[monosaccharides]] and [[disaccharides]] added to foods by the manufacturer, cook, or consumer, plus [[sugar]]s naturally present in [[honey]], [[syrup]]s, and [[fruit juice]]s".<ref name=whodiet>{{cite web|title=Joint WHO/FAO Expert Consultation, 2003, "WHO Technical Report Series 916 Diet, Nutrition, and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases", Geneva|year=2003|url=https://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/publications/trs916/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040707232555/http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/publications/trs916/en/|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 7, 2004}}</ref><ref>Diet, nutrition and the prevention of dental diseases, Public Health Nutrition: 7(1A), 201–226</ref> |
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The term is used to distinguish between the sugars that are naturally present in fully unrefined carbohydrates such as [[brown rice]], [[wholewheat]] [[pasta]], [[fruit]], etc. and those sugars (or carbohydrates) that have been, to some extent, [[refined sugar|refined]] (normally by humans but sometimes by animals, such as the sugars in honey). They are referred to as "sugars" since they cover multiple chemical forms, including [[sucrose]], [[glucose]], [[fructose]], [[dextrose]], etc. |
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==Guidelines== |
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===European Food Safety Authority=== |
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In February 2022, scientists of the [[European Food Safety Authority]] concluded that sugar consumption is a known cause of [[dental caries]], and that evidence also links―to varying degrees of certainty―consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages, juices and nectars with various chronic metabolic diseases including [[obesity]], [[non-alcoholic fatty liver disease]], and [[type 2 diabetes]]. Prof. Turck said: "We underlined there are uncertainties about chronic disease risk for people whose consumption of added and free sugars is below 10% of their total energy intake".<ref>{{cite news |title=Added and free sugars should be as low as possible {{!}} EFSA |url=https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/news/added-and-free-sugars-should-be-low-possible |work=www.efsa.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref> |
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There is evidence for a positive and [[causal relationship]] between the intake of [[fruit juice]]s and risk of some chronic [[metabolic disease]]s.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Turck |first1=Dominique |last2=Bohn |first2=Torsten |last3=Castenmiller |first3=Jacqueline |last4=de Henauw |first4=Stefaan |last5=Hirsch‐Ernst |first5=Karen Ildico |last6=Knutsen |first6=Helle Katrine |last7=Maciuk |first7=Alexander |last8=Mangelsdorf |first8=Inge |last9=McArdle |first9=Harry J |last10=Naska |first10=Androniki |last11=Peláez |first11=Carmen |last12=Pentieva |first12=Kristina |last13=Siani |first13=Alfonso |last14=Thies |first14=Frank |last15=Tsabouri |first15=Sophia |last16=Adan |first16=Roger |last17=Emmett |first17=Pauline |last18=Galli |first18=Carlo |last19=Kersting |first19=Mathilde |last20=Moynihan |first20=Paula |last21=Tappy |first21=Luc |last22=Ciccolallo |first22=Laura |last23=de Sesmaisons‐Lecarré |first23=Agnès |last24=Fabiani |first24=Lucia |last25=Horvath |first25=Zsuzsanna |last26=Martino |first26=Laura |last27=Muñoz Guajardo |first27=Irene |last28=Valtueña Martínez |first28=Silvia |last29=Vinceti |first29=Marco |title=Tolerable upper intake level for dietary sugars |url=https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7074 |website=EFSA Journal |doi=10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7074 |date=February 2022}}</ref> |
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===World Health Organization=== |
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In 2015, the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) published a new guideline on sugars intake for adults and children, as a result of an extensive review of the available scientific evidence by a multidisciplinary group of experts. The guideline recommends that both adults and children reduce the intake of free sugars to less than 10% of total energy intake. A reduction to below 5% of total energy intake brings additional health benefits, especially with regards to dental caries. <ref>See [https://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/guidelines/sugars_intake/en/ ''Guideline: Sugars intake for adults and children. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015'' ] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150817100425/http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/guidelines/sugars_intake/en/ |date=2015-08-17 }}</ref> |
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== Usage == |
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{{see also|Sugar marketing#Influence on health information and guidelines}} |
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The principal definition of free sugars was to split the term "[[carbohydrate]]" into elements that relate more directly to the impact on health rather than a chemical definition, and followed on from meta-studies relating to [[chronic disease]], [[obesity]], and dental decay. It also led to the WHO and FAO to publish a revised [[Food pyramid (nutrition)|food pyramid]] that splits up the classic food groups into more health-directed groups, which appears, as yet, to have had little impact on the food pyramids in use around the world.{{Citation needed|date=March 2016}} |
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The inclusion of such a definition caused issues for the WHO with sugar companies, who attempted to get the US government to remove funding from the WHO for suggesting that consumption of free sugars within the food pyramid should only amount to a maximum of 10% of the total energy intake, and that there should be no minimum (i.e. there is no requirement for any free sugars in the human diet)<ref>"Sugar industry threatens to scupper WHO", [[Sarah Boseley]], health editor, ''[[The Guardian]], Monday 21 April 2003</ref><ref>"Sugar Industry Takes on the World Health Organization", John Ydstie and [[Marion Nestle]] (Chair of the Nutrition and Food Studies Department at New York University, Author of Food Politics: How the Food Industry Influences Nutrition and Health (University of California Press, 2002)), NPR, April 24, 2003</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Political context of the World Health Organization: sugar industry threatens to scupper the WHO|author=Boseley S.|journal=Int J Health Serv|year=2003|volume=33|issue=4|pages=831–3|pmid=14758862|doi=10.2190/u0mw-wm82-n5bh-e20c}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Sugar industry sour on WHO report|author=Barbara Sibbald|journal=CMAJ|date=2003-06-10|volume=168|issue=12|page=1585|pmc=156706|pmid=12796354}}</ref> on the basis that the report did not take into account the evidence supplied by the [[sugar industry]]. The report in question specifically includes references to the evidence, but was unable to use it for a health basis, as the studies did not offer effective evidence of an impact on health, and referred to such studies as "limited".<ref name=whodiet/> |
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===Sweetened beverage=== |
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[[Sweetened beverage]] contains a [[syrup]] [[mixture]] of the [[monosaccharide]]s [[glucose]], and [[fructose]], that is formed by [[hydrolytic]] [[saccharification]] of the [[disaccharide]] [[sucrose]]. |
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The bioavailability of liquid carbohydrates are higher than in solid sugars. |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist|2}} |
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{{Sugar}} |
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[[Category:Sugar]] |
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[[Category:Nutrition]] |
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[[Category:Sugar industry]] |
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Latest revision as of 07:20, 31 March 2022
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