Biometal (biology): Difference between revisions
→Naturally occurring biometals: Added Calcium and expanded on its uses and presence in the body. |
→Naturally occurring biometals: Added Magnesium and expanded on its uses and presence in the body. Tags: Visual edit Disambiguation links added |
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==== Calcium ==== |
==== Calcium ==== |
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[[Calcium]] is the most abundant metal in the eukaryotes and by extension humans. The body is made up of approximate 1.5% calcium and this abundance is reflected in its lack of redox toxicity and its participation in the structure stability of membranes and other biomolecules.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Foulquier |first=François |last2=Legrand |first2=Dominique |date=2020-10-01 |title=Biometals and glycosylation in humans: Congenital disorders of glycosylation shed lights into the crucial role of Golgi manganese homeostasis |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304416520301860 |journal=Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects |language=en |volume=1864 |issue=10 |pages=129674 |doi=10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129674 |issn=0304-4165}}</ref> Calcium plays a part in [[fertilization]] of an egg, controls several developmental process and may regulate cellular processes like [[metabolism]] or learning. Calcium also plays a part in [[bone]] structure as the rigidity of vertebrae bone matrices are akin to the nature of the [[calcium hydroxyapatite]].<ref name=":1" /> Calcium usually binds with other proteins and molecules in order to perform other functions in the body. The calcium bound proteins like usually play an important role in [[cell-cell adhesion]], [[Hydrolytic|hydrolytic processes]] (such as hydrolytic enzymes like [[glycosidases]] and [[sulfatases]]) and [[protein folding]] and sorting.<ref name=":1" /> These processes play into the larger part of [[Cell (biology)#Anatomy|cell structure]] and metabolism. |
[[Calcium]] is the most abundant metal in the eukaryotes and by extension humans. The body is made up of approximate 1.5% calcium and this abundance is reflected in its lack of redox toxicity and its participation in the structure stability of membranes and other biomolecules.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Foulquier |first=François |last2=Legrand |first2=Dominique |date=2020-10-01 |title=Biometals and glycosylation in humans: Congenital disorders of glycosylation shed lights into the crucial role of Golgi manganese homeostasis |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304416520301860 |journal=Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects |language=en |volume=1864 |issue=10 |pages=129674 |doi=10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129674 |issn=0304-4165}}</ref> Calcium plays a part in [[fertilization]] of an egg, controls several developmental process and may regulate cellular processes like [[metabolism]] or learning. Calcium also plays a part in [[bone]] structure as the rigidity of vertebrae bone matrices are akin to the nature of the [[calcium hydroxyapatite]].<ref name=":1" /> Calcium usually binds with other proteins and molecules in order to perform other functions in the body. The calcium bound proteins like usually play an important role in [[cell-cell adhesion]], [[Hydrolytic|hydrolytic processes]] (such as hydrolytic enzymes like [[glycosidases]] and [[sulfatases]]) and [[protein folding]] and sorting.<ref name=":1" /> These processes play into the larger part of [[Cell (biology)#Anatomy|cell structure]] and metabolism. |
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==== Magnesium ==== |
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[[Magnesium]] is the most abundant free cation in plant [[cytosol]], is the central atom in [[chlorophyll]] and offers itself as a bridging ion for the [[Particle aggregation|aggregation]] of [[ribosomes]] in plants.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Shaul |first=Orit |date=2002-09-01 |title=Magnesium transport and function in plants: the tip of the iceberg |url=https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016091118585 |journal=Biometals |language=en |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=307–321 |doi=10.1023/A:1016091118585 |issn=1572-8773}}</ref> Even small changes in the concentration of magnesium in plant cytosol or [[chloroplasts]] can drastically affect the key enzymes present in the chloroplasts. It is most commonly used as a [[co-factor]] in [[Eukaryote|eukaryotes]] and functions as an important functional key in enzymes like [[RNA Polymerase]] and [[ATPase]].<ref name=":2" /> In phosphorylating enzymes like ATPase or [[kinases]] and [[phosphates]], magnesium acts as a stabilizing ion in [[polyphosphate]] compounds due its [[Lewis acidity]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Foulquier |first=François |last2=Legrand |first2=Dominique |date=2020-10-01 |title=Biometals and glycosylation in humans: Congenital disorders of glycosylation shed lights into the crucial role of Golgi manganese homeostasis |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304416520301860 |journal=Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects |language=en |volume=1864 |issue=10 |pages=129674 |doi=10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129674 |issn=0304-4165}}</ref> Magnesium has also been noted as a possible secondary messenger for neural transmissions.<ref name=":12" /> Magnesium acts as an [[allosteric inhibitor]] for the enzyme [[vacuolar]] [[pyrophosphatase]] (V-PP<sub>i</sub>ase). [[In vitro]], the concentration of free magnesium acts as a strict regulator and stabilizer for the enzyme activity of V-PP<sub>i</sub>ase.<ref name=":2" /> |
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==Biometals in medicine== |
==Biometals in medicine== |
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Revision as of 22:14, 4 April 2022
Biometals are metals normally present, in small but important and measurable amounts, in biology, biochemistry, and medicine. The metals copper, zinc, iron, and manganese are examples of metals that are essential for the normal functioning of most plants and the bodies of most animals, such as the human body. A few (calcium, potassium, sodium) are present in relatively larger amounts, whereas most others are trace metals, present in smaller but important amounts (the image shows the percentages for humans). Approximately 2/3 of the existing periodic table is composed of metals with varying properties,[1] accounting for the diverse ways in which metals (usually in ionic form) have been utilized in nature and medicine.
History of Biometals in Science
At first, the study of biometals was referred to as bioinorganic chemistry. Each branch of bioinorganic chemistry studied separate, particular sub-fields of the subject. However, this lead to an isolated view of each particular aspect in a biological system. This view was revised into a holistic approach of biometals in metallomics.[2]
Metal ions in biology were studied in various specializations. In nutrition, it was to define the essentials for life; in toxicology, to define how the adverse effects of certain metal ions in biological systems and in pharmacology for their therapeutic effects.[2] In each field, at first, they were studied and separated on a basis of concentration. In low amounts, metal ions in a biological system could perform at their optimal functionality whereas in higher concentrations, metal ions can prove fatal to biological systems. However, the concentration gradients were proved to be arbitrary as low concentrations of non-essential metals (like lithium or helium) in essential metals (like sodium or potassium) can cause an adverse effect in biological systems and vice versa.[2]
Investigations into biometals and their effects date back to the 19th century and even further back to the 18th century with the identification of iron in blood.[2] Zinc was identified to be essential in fungal growth of yeast as shown by Jules Raulin in 1869 yet no proof for the need of zinc in human cells was shown until the late 1930's where its presence was demonstrated in carbonic anhydrase and the 1960's where it was identified as a necessary element for humans.[2] Since then, zinc in human biology has advanced to the point that it is as important as iron. Modern advancements in analytical technology have made it clear the importance of biometals in signalling pathways and the initial thoughts on the chemical basis of life.[2]
Naturally occurring biometals
Metal ions are essential to the function of many proteins present in living organisms, such as metalloproteins and enzymes that require metal ions as cofactors.[3] Processes including oxygen transport and DNA replication are carried out using enzymes such as DNA polymerase, which in humans requires magnesium and zinc to function properly.[4] Other biomolecules also contain metal ions in their structure, such as iodine in human thyroid hormones.[5]
Each biometal in your body acts and functions specifically for their respective purpose in your body. The uses of some of them are listed below:
Calcium
Calcium is the most abundant metal in the eukaryotes and by extension humans. The body is made up of approximate 1.5% calcium and this abundance is reflected in its lack of redox toxicity and its participation in the structure stability of membranes and other biomolecules.[6] Calcium plays a part in fertilization of an egg, controls several developmental process and may regulate cellular processes like metabolism or learning. Calcium also plays a part in bone structure as the rigidity of vertebrae bone matrices are akin to the nature of the calcium hydroxyapatite.[6] Calcium usually binds with other proteins and molecules in order to perform other functions in the body. The calcium bound proteins like usually play an important role in cell-cell adhesion, hydrolytic processes (such as hydrolytic enzymes like glycosidases and sulfatases) and protein folding and sorting.[6] These processes play into the larger part of cell structure and metabolism.
Magnesium
Magnesium is the most abundant free cation in plant cytosol, is the central atom in chlorophyll and offers itself as a bridging ion for the aggregation of ribosomes in plants.[7] Even small changes in the concentration of magnesium in plant cytosol or chloroplasts can drastically affect the key enzymes present in the chloroplasts. It is most commonly used as a co-factor in eukaryotes and functions as an important functional key in enzymes like RNA Polymerase and ATPase.[7] In phosphorylating enzymes like ATPase or kinases and phosphates, magnesium acts as a stabilizing ion in polyphosphate compounds due its Lewis acidity.[8] Magnesium has also been noted as a possible secondary messenger for neural transmissions.[8] Magnesium acts as an allosteric inhibitor for the enzyme vacuolar pyrophosphatase (V-PPiase). In vitro, the concentration of free magnesium acts as a strict regulator and stabilizer for the enzyme activity of V-PPiase.[7]
Biometals in medicine
Metal ions and metallic compounds are often used in medical treatments and diagnoses.[9] Compounds containing metal ions can be used as medicine, such as lithium compounds and auranofin.[10][11] Metal compounds and ions can also produce harmful effects on the body due to the toxicity of several types of metals.[9] For example, arsenic works as a potent poison due to its effects as an enzyme inhibitor, disrupting ATP production.[12]
References
- ^ http://rna.cshl.edu/content/free/chapters/12_rna_world_2nd.pdf [bare URL PDF]
- ^ a b c d e f Maret, Wolfgang (2018), Arruda, Marco Aurélio Zezzi (ed.), "Metallomics: The Science of Biometals and Biometalloids", Metallomics: The Science of Biometals, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1–20, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-90143-5_1, ISBN 978-3-319-90143-5, retrieved 2022-02-11
- ^ Banci, Lucia, ed. (2013). Metallomics and the Cell. Series editors Sigel, Astrid; Sigel, Helmut; Sigel, Roland K.O. Springer. ISBN 978-94-007-5560-4. electronic-book ISBN 978-94-007-5561-1 ISSN 1559-0836 electronic-ISSN 1868-0402
- ^ Aggett, PJ (1985). "Physiology and metabolism of essential trace elements: an outline". Clin Endocrinol Metab. 14 (3): 513–43. doi:10.1016/S0300-595X(85)80005-0. PMID 3905079.
- ^ Cavalieri, RR (1997). "Iodine metabolism and thyroid physiology: current concepts". Thyroid. 7 (2): 177–81. doi:10.1089/thy.1997.7.177. PMID 9133680.
- ^ a b c Foulquier, François; Legrand, Dominique (2020-10-01). "Biometals and glycosylation in humans: Congenital disorders of glycosylation shed lights into the crucial role of Golgi manganese homeostasis". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects. 1864 (10): 129674. doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129674. ISSN 0304-4165.
- ^ a b c Shaul, Orit (2002-09-01). "Magnesium transport and function in plants: the tip of the iceberg". Biometals. 15 (3): 307–321. doi:10.1023/A:1016091118585. ISSN 1572-8773.
- ^ a b Foulquier, François; Legrand, Dominique (2020-10-01). "Biometals and glycosylation in humans: Congenital disorders of glycosylation shed lights into the crucial role of Golgi manganese homeostasis". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects. 1864 (10): 129674. doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129674. ISSN 0304-4165.
- ^ https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a681039.html U.S. National Library of Medicine, Lithium. Drug information provided by AHFS Consumer Medication Information, 2014.
- ^ Kean, W. F.; Hart, L.; Buchanan, W. W. (1997). "Auranofin". British Journal of Rheumatology. 36 (5): 560–572. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/36.5.560. PMID 9189058.
- ^ Singh, AP; Goel, RK; Kaur, T (2011). "Mechanisms pertaining to arsenic toxicity". Toxicology International. 18 (2): 87–93. doi:10.4103/0971-6580.84258. PMC 3183630. PMID 21976811.
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