Amphiodia pulchella: Difference between revisions
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== Description == |
== Description == |
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This species has an echinoderm body plan with a central disk and five arms used for locomotion. ''A. pulchella'' is composed of a calcium carbonate skeleton and a series of vessels used to move water throughout the body. This species also has tube feet that are used for feeding rather than locomotion. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Morris |first=Michelle |last2=Fautin |first2=Daphne G. |title=Ophiuroidea |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Ophiuroidea/ |access-date=2022-04-13 |website=Animal Diversity Web |language=en}}</ref> ''Amphiodia pulchella'' are typically a gray or reddish brown color with fine scales covering the central disc. ''A.pulchella'' typically burrow their central disc beneath soft sediment. One or two arms will be within the burrow and the remaining arms are exposed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian River Lagoon Species Inventory - Amphiodia pulchella |url=https://www.irlspecies.org/taxa/index.php?taxon=Amphiodia%20pulchella#:~:text=pulchella%20is%20believed%20to%20have,Hendler%20et%20al.%201995) |access-date=2022-04-13 |website=www.irlspecies.org}}</ref> Adults reach a maximum central disk size of about 5 mm with arms that are 40-50mm. As for body composition, ''A. pulchella'' have proximally separated adoral shields with arm spines. The short medial spine is dorsoventrally flattened and covered in spines. The remaining arm spines are round and blunt.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carranza |first=Alvar |date=2007 |title=Ophiuroidea (Echinodermata) from La Coronilla-Cerro Verde (Uruguay): a new record for the Uruguayan coast |url=https://www.scielo.br/j/bn/a/t55BQDDL4jMndxBLPXnwp3r/?format=pdf&lang=en |journal=Biota Neotropica |volume=7}}</ref>At the apex of the jaw, there are two infradental papillae followed by a single row of square teeth.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marine Species Identification Portal : Family Amphiuridae |url=http://species-identification.org/species.php?species_group=echinodermata&id=35&menuentry=groepen |access-date=2022-04-13 |website=species-identification.org}}</ref> A unique feature of specimens in the Ophiuroidea class is the ability to regenerate body parts. If an arm is separated from the central disc of a brittle star, the organism can regenerate this limb. This ability is particularly useful in escaping predation. |
This species has an echinoderm body plan with a central disk and five arms used for locomotion. ''A. pulchella'' is composed of a calcium carbonate skeleton and a series of vessels used to move water throughout the body. This species also has tube feet with no suction cups that are used for feeding and sensing the surrounding environment rather than locomotion. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Morris |first=Michelle |last2=Fautin |first2=Daphne G. |title=Ophiuroidea |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Ophiuroidea/ |access-date=2022-04-13 |website=Animal Diversity Web |language=en}}</ref> Instead, they move by twisting their arms and using nearby objects to propel themselves forward<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stöhr |first=Sabine |last2=O'Hara |first2=Timothy D. |last3=Thuy |first3=Ben |date=2012-03-02 |title=Global Diversity of Brittle Stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) |url=https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0031940 |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=e31940 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0031940 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=PMC3292557 |pmid=22396744}}</ref>. ''Amphiodia pulchella'' are typically a gray or reddish brown color with fine scales covering the central disc. ''A.pulchella'' typically burrow their central disc beneath soft sediment. One or two arms will be within the burrow and the remaining arms are exposed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian River Lagoon Species Inventory - Amphiodia pulchella |url=https://www.irlspecies.org/taxa/index.php?taxon=Amphiodia%20pulchella#:~:text=pulchella%20is%20believed%20to%20have,Hendler%20et%20al.%201995) |access-date=2022-04-13 |website=www.irlspecies.org}}</ref> Adults reach a maximum central disk size of about 5 mm with arms that are 40-50mm. As for body composition, ''A. pulchella'' have proximally separated adoral shields with arm spines. The short medial spine is dorsoventrally flattened and covered in spines. The remaining arm spines are round and blunt.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carranza |first=Alvar |date=2007 |title=Ophiuroidea (Echinodermata) from La Coronilla-Cerro Verde (Uruguay): a new record for the Uruguayan coast |url=https://www.scielo.br/j/bn/a/t55BQDDL4jMndxBLPXnwp3r/?format=pdf&lang=en |journal=Biota Neotropica |volume=7}}</ref>At the apex of the jaw, there are two infradental papillae followed by a single row of square teeth.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marine Species Identification Portal : Family Amphiuridae |url=http://species-identification.org/species.php?species_group=echinodermata&id=35&menuentry=groepen |access-date=2022-04-13 |website=species-identification.org}}</ref> A unique feature of specimens in the Ophiuroidea class is the ability to regenerate body parts. If an arm is separated from the central disc of a brittle star, the organism can regenerate this limb. This ability is particularly useful in escaping predation. Ophiuroidea are also unique compared to other echinoderms because they have a smaller coelom and a nerve ring in the central disc that is connected to each arm. Furthermore, this species uses the epidermis to sense light and other factors of the surrounding environment since they do not have eyes nor a brain. <ref name=":0" /> |
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== Ecological Interactions == |
== Ecological Interactions == |
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Revision as of 16:51, 19 April 2022
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| Species: | A. pulchella
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| Amphiodia pulchella (Lyman, 1869)[1]
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Amphiodia pulchella is a species of brittle star belonging to Amphiuridae, a diverse family of the Ophiurida order.
Description
This species has an echinoderm body plan with a central disk and five arms used for locomotion. A. pulchella is composed of a calcium carbonate skeleton and a series of vessels used to move water throughout the body. This species also has tube feet with no suction cups that are used for feeding and sensing the surrounding environment rather than locomotion. [2] Instead, they move by twisting their arms and using nearby objects to propel themselves forward[3]. Amphiodia pulchella are typically a gray or reddish brown color with fine scales covering the central disc. A.pulchella typically burrow their central disc beneath soft sediment. One or two arms will be within the burrow and the remaining arms are exposed.[4] Adults reach a maximum central disk size of about 5 mm with arms that are 40-50mm. As for body composition, A. pulchella have proximally separated adoral shields with arm spines. The short medial spine is dorsoventrally flattened and covered in spines. The remaining arm spines are round and blunt.[5]At the apex of the jaw, there are two infradental papillae followed by a single row of square teeth.[6] A unique feature of specimens in the Ophiuroidea class is the ability to regenerate body parts. If an arm is separated from the central disc of a brittle star, the organism can regenerate this limb. This ability is particularly useful in escaping predation. Ophiuroidea are also unique compared to other echinoderms because they have a smaller coelom and a nerve ring in the central disc that is connected to each arm. Furthermore, this species uses the epidermis to sense light and other factors of the surrounding environment since they do not have eyes nor a brain. [2]
Ecological Interactions
Brittle stars have little interaction with humans as they are not a prominent part of marine commerce. However, they are a key part of the food chain in reef ecosystems. Brittle stars are prey to a variety of crustaceans and fish.[2]
Reproduction
Oocytes 0.65mm in diameter suggest that A.pulchella have a planktonic, feeding larval stage and do not rely on yolk reserves for development. [7]The reproductive organs of this species are small in size and located at the bursal slit. At this slit, respiration is facilitated by circulating water. At the same time, gametes can also be released for reproduction or retained as broods. [8]
Distribution
A. pulchella typically burrow into sediment at a depth range of 1-71 m and frequent reef environments. Geographically, this species can be found in the Western Central Atlantic including the coasts of Florida, Mexico,Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Tobago,Beliza, Brazil, and Argentina.[9] Amphiodia pulchella thrive under mesohaline conditions with DO ≥2.0 ml L-1.[10]
References
- ^ a b Stöhr, Sabine (2012). Stöhr S, O'Hara T (eds.). "Amphiodia pulchella (Lyman, 1869)". World Ophiuroidea database. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2012-10-16.
- ^ a b c Morris, Michelle; Fautin, Daphne G. "Ophiuroidea". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2022-04-13.
- ^ Stöhr, Sabine; O'Hara, Timothy D.; Thuy, Ben (2012-03-02). "Global Diversity of Brittle Stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea)". PLOS ONE. 7 (3): e31940. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031940. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3292557. PMID 22396744.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ "Indian River Lagoon Species Inventory - Amphiodia pulchella". www.irlspecies.org. Retrieved 2022-04-13.
- ^ Carranza, Alvar (2007). "Ophiuroidea (Echinodermata) from La Coronilla-Cerro Verde (Uruguay): a new record for the Uruguayan coast". Biota Neotropica. 7.
- ^ "Marine Species Identification Portal : Family Amphiuridae". species-identification.org. Retrieved 2022-04-13.
- ^ "Indian River Lagoon Species Inventory - Amphiodia pulchella". www.irlspecies.org. Retrieved 2022-04-13.
- ^ "Marine Species Identification Portal : Family Amphiuridae". species-identification.org. Retrieved 2022-04-13.
- ^ "Indian River Lagoon Species Inventory - Amphiodia pulchella". www.irlspecies.org. Retrieved 2022-04-13.
- ^ Kuk-Dzul, José Gabriel; Solís-Marín, Francisco Alonso; Herrera-Dorantes, María Teresa; Ardisson, Pedro-Luis; Kuk-Dzul, José Gabriel; Solís-Marín, Francisco Alonso; Herrera-Dorantes, María Teresa; Ardisson, Pedro-Luis (2022-04-13). "Brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) of coastal lagoons from the northern Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico". Revista mexicana de biodiversidad. 90. doi:10.22201/ib.20078706e.2019.90.2698. ISSN 1870-3453.
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