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'''Acral necrosis''' is a symptom common in [[bubonic plague]]. The striking black discoloration of skin and tissue, primarily on the extremities ("acral"), is commonly thought to have given rise to the name "[[Black Death]]," associated both with the disease and the [[pandemic]] which occurred in the 14th century. The term in fact came from the figural sense of "black", that is ghastly, lugubrious or dreadful.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Antosia|first1=Robert|last2=Cahill|first2=John D.|title=Handbook of Bioterrorism and Disaster Medicine|date=2006|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9780387328041|page=110|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vzfv8USkIl4C&q=Acral+necrosis+bubonic|accessdate=8 November 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Roy|first1=Michael J.|title=Physician's Guide to Terrorist Attack|date=2003|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9781592596638|page=92|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TxfyBwAAQBAJ&q=Acral+necrosis+bubonic|accessdate=8 November 2017|language=en}}</ref>
'''Acral necrosis''' is a symptom common in [[bubonic plague]]. The striking black discoloration of skin and tissue, primarily on the extremities ("acral"), is commonly thought to have given rise to the name "[[Black Death]]," associated both with the disease and the [[pandemic]] which occurred in the 14th century. The term in fact came from the figural sense of "black", that is ghastly, lugubrious or dreadful.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Antosia|first1=Robert|last2=Cahill|first2=John D.|title=Handbook of Bioterrorism and Disaster Medicine|date=2006|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9780387328041|page=110|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vzfv8USkIl4C&q=Acral+necrosis+bubonic|accessdate=8 November 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Roy|first1=Michael J.|title=Physician's Guide to Terrorist Attack|date=2003|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9781592596638|page=92|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TxfyBwAAQBAJ&q=Acral+necrosis+bubonic|accessdate=8 November 2017|language=en}}</ref>

Acral necrosis may be a symptom of other diseases, including COVID-19<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schjødt |first=Mette Soelberg |last2=Bech |first2=Rikke |last3=Braae Olesen |first3=Anne |date=September 2021 |title=Acral Necrosis in a COVID-19-Infected Man Treated with Botulinum Toxin Type A |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35111009 |journal=Case Reports in Dermatology |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=568–573 |doi=10.1159/000520589 |issn=1662-6567 |pmc=8787540 |pmid=35111009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Farajzadeh |first=Saeedeh |last2=Khalili |first2=Maryam |last3=Dehghani |first3=Shakiba |last4=Babaie |first4=Sharareh |last5=Fattah |first5=Mahdi |last6=Abtahi-Naeini |first6=Bahareh |date=November 2021 |title=Top 10 acral skin manifestations associated with COVID-19: A scoping review |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34628708 |journal=Dermatologic Therapy |volume=34 |issue=6 |pages=e15157 |doi=10.1111/dth.15157 |issn=1529-8019 |pmc=8646918 |pmid=34628708}}</ref>. It also has been observed as an adverse event related to a medical treatment. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khaddour |first=Karam |last2=Singh |first2=Veerpal |last3=Shayuk |first3=Maryna |date=2019-05-14 |title=Acral vascular necrosis associated with immune-check point inhibitors: case report with literature review |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31088420 |journal=BMC cancer |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=449 |doi=10.1186/s12885-019-5661-x |issn=1471-2407 |pmc=6518656 |pmid=31088420}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reiser |first=M. |last2=Bruns |first2=C. |last3=Hartmann |first3=P. |last4=Salzberger |first4=B. |last5=Diehl |first5=V. |last6=Fätkenheuer |first6=G. |date=January 1998 |title=Raynaud's phenomenon and acral necrosis after chemotherapy for AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9512187 |journal=European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases: Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=58–60 |doi=10.1007/BF01584368 |issn=0934-9723 |pmid=9512187}}</ref>


Clotting and bleeding beneath the skin cause an area of haemorrhage, the presence of red blood cells lying outside of capillaries, into the skin and subcutaneous tissue. In isolation, this is called an [[ecchymosis]] or bruise and may be the result of injury or illness. However, acral necrosis occurs when blood supply is disrupted for prolonged periods, blackening and damaging the affected area and surrounding tissue. With appropriate medical treatment, areas with acral necrosis may be successfully restored to function and lead a normal life. Untreated cases can lead to death.{{citation needed|date=September 2012}}
Clotting and bleeding beneath the skin cause an area of haemorrhage, the presence of red blood cells lying outside of capillaries, into the skin and subcutaneous tissue. In isolation, this is called an [[ecchymosis]] or bruise and may be the result of injury or illness. However, acral necrosis occurs when blood supply is disrupted for prolonged periods, blackening and damaging the affected area and surrounding tissue. With appropriate medical treatment, areas with acral necrosis may be successfully restored to function and lead a normal life. Untreated cases can lead to death.{{citation needed|date=September 2012}}

Revision as of 17:51, 19 April 2022

Acral necrosis
A hand with acral gangrene due to plague
Differential diagnosisbubonic plague

Acral necrosis is a symptom common in bubonic plague. The striking black discoloration of skin and tissue, primarily on the extremities ("acral"), is commonly thought to have given rise to the name "Black Death," associated both with the disease and the pandemic which occurred in the 14th century. The term in fact came from the figural sense of "black", that is ghastly, lugubrious or dreadful.[1][2]

Acral necrosis may be a symptom of other diseases, including COVID-19[3][4]. It also has been observed as an adverse event related to a medical treatment. [5][6]

Clotting and bleeding beneath the skin cause an area of haemorrhage, the presence of red blood cells lying outside of capillaries, into the skin and subcutaneous tissue. In isolation, this is called an ecchymosis or bruise and may be the result of injury or illness. However, acral necrosis occurs when blood supply is disrupted for prolonged periods, blackening and damaging the affected area and surrounding tissue. With appropriate medical treatment, areas with acral necrosis may be successfully restored to function and lead a normal life. Untreated cases can lead to death.[citation needed]

References

  1. ^ Antosia, Robert; Cahill, John D. (2006). Handbook of Bioterrorism and Disaster Medicine. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 110. ISBN 9780387328041. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
  2. ^ Roy, Michael J. (2003). Physician's Guide to Terrorist Attack. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 92. ISBN 9781592596638. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
  3. ^ Schjødt, Mette Soelberg; Bech, Rikke; Braae Olesen, Anne (September 2021). "Acral Necrosis in a COVID-19-Infected Man Treated with Botulinum Toxin Type A". Case Reports in Dermatology. 13 (3): 568–573. doi:10.1159/000520589. ISSN 1662-6567. PMC 8787540. PMID 35111009.
  4. ^ Farajzadeh, Saeedeh; Khalili, Maryam; Dehghani, Shakiba; Babaie, Sharareh; Fattah, Mahdi; Abtahi-Naeini, Bahareh (November 2021). "Top 10 acral skin manifestations associated with COVID-19: A scoping review". Dermatologic Therapy. 34 (6): e15157. doi:10.1111/dth.15157. ISSN 1529-8019. PMC 8646918. PMID 34628708.
  5. ^ Khaddour, Karam; Singh, Veerpal; Shayuk, Maryna (2019-05-14). "Acral vascular necrosis associated with immune-check point inhibitors: case report with literature review". BMC cancer. 19 (1): 449. doi:10.1186/s12885-019-5661-x. ISSN 1471-2407. PMC 6518656. PMID 31088420.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  6. ^ Reiser, M.; Bruns, C.; Hartmann, P.; Salzberger, B.; Diehl, V.; Fätkenheuer, G. (January 1998). "Raynaud's phenomenon and acral necrosis after chemotherapy for AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma". European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases: Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 17 (1): 58–60. doi:10.1007/BF01584368. ISSN 0934-9723. PMID 9512187.


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