Time affluence: Difference between revisions
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Time affluence is defined as the sense that one has ample time available on a daily basis.
History
Tim Kasser is credited with coining the term. In 2009, Kasser published a co-authored paper with Kennon Sheldon in which they used the term "time affluence" and shared the results from four related empirical studies. All four studies indicated time affluence had positive impacts on well-being.[1]
Prior to Kasser and Sheldon's study, generations of scholars and authors have studied and written about time in general. Many of these studies can be found under the category time-use research, an interdisciplinary field of study.
Related concepts
Time confetti, time famine, and time poverty are all related concepts. Although the latter two are sometimes used interchangeably, they describe different phenomena.
Time confetti
Time confetti is a term coined by Brigid Schulte in her book Overwhelmed: Work, Love & Play when No One has the Time. Schulte uses this term as an analogy to describe how people today constantly switch between perceived obligations, managing time ineffectively due to both stress and never-ending to-do lists: a practice that results in the inability to perform any given task well. In other words, we are left with small, fragmented amounts of time due to unproductive multitasking. Schulte and others cite increasing use of digital technologies as the primary contributing factor.[2]
Time famine
Time famine is a related concept first introduced by Leslie Perlow in 1999.[3] Time famine is defined as the sense that one has when there is too much to do and not enough time available to do it. In Perlow's ethnographic research about a software engineering team, she found they often struggled to complete individual work due to constant interruptions. Perlow noted that, coupled with the pressure to meet deadlines and a culture that rewarded individuals who resolved crises, the engineers were caught in a vicious cycle when it came to how they felt about the tasks they needed to do and the time available.
Time poverty
Time poverty is another related concept. It's defined as one not having enough time due to shouldering extra work, burdens, and/or obligations outside of paid work, such as being the primary caregiver for a child.[4] Time poverty is also often used to describe situations in which people have to work long hours for pay and have no choice but to do otherwise.[5] Studies report that, overall, time poverty disproportionately impacts women and is linked with lower well-being, physical health, and productivity.[6]
References
- ^ Kasser, Tim; Sheldon, Kennon M. (2009). "Time affluence as a path toward personal happiness and ethical business practice: Empirical evidence from four studies" (PDF). Journal of Business Ethics. 84 (2): 243–255. doi:10.1007/s10551-008-9696-1. Retrieved 4 May 2022.
- ^ Whillans, Ashley. "Time confetti and the broken promise of leisure". Behavioral Scientist. Retrieved 4 May 2022.
- ^ Perlow, Leslie A. (1999). "The time famine: Toward a sociology of work time". Administrative Science Quarterly. 44 (1): 57–81. Retrieved 4 May 2022.
- ^ Hyde, Elizabeth; Greene, Margaret E.; Darmstadt, Gary L. (2020). "Time poverty: Obstacle to women's human rights, health and sustainable development". Journal of Global Health. 10 (2). PMID 33282212. Retrieved 4 May 2022.
- ^ Bardasi, Elena; Wodon, Quentin (2010). "Working long hours and having no choice: Time poverty in Guinea". Feminist Economics. 16 (3): 45–78. Retrieved 4 May 2022.
- ^ Giurge, Laura M.; Whillans, Ashley V.; West, Colin (2020). "Why time poverty matters for individuals, organisations and nations". Nature Human Behavior. 4: 993–1003. Retrieved 4 May 2022.