Charles Daniel Lane: Difference between revisions

Charles Daniel Lane
Charles Daniel Lane
Born	1948 (age 75–76); London, England
Citizenship	British
Education	Trinity College, Cambridge, Christ Church, Oxford, The Zoology Department, Oxford, The Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge (UTC) The National Institute for Medical Research (Mill Hill, London UTC)
Occupation	Molecular biologist
Parents	George Lane; Miriam Rothschild;

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Charles Daniel Lane is a British molecular biologist who along with colleagues Gerard Marbaix and John Gurdon discovered the oocyte exogenous mRNA expression system ^[1]– a system that not only reveals aspects of the control of gene expression but also provides a "living test tube" for the study of macromolecules: such an whole cell system also shows the merits of a non-reductionist approach, and the possibility of mRNA therapeutics.

Early life and education

Lane is the son of biologist and nature conservationist Miriam Rothschild and British Army officer George Lane.^[2]^[3] As a boy, Charles displayed a passion for moths, butterflies and plants, and with the aid of his mother wrote a number of "anecdotal" papers on subjects such as the migration of butterflies. Charles was also a significant collector of Meadow Brown butterflies for the population genetic studies of E.B. Ford.

Leaving school at 16, Lane joined the biochemistry laboratory of Hans Krebs: much of Lane's work involved studying pyruvate kinase in slices and in homogenates of rat liver. Lane attended Trinity College, Cambridge and Christ Church, Oxford. His University of Oxford doctoral thesis was "The Microinjection of RNA into Eggs and Oocytes of Xenopus Laevis".^[4] A hard copy of the thesis can be viewed at the Bodleian Library, Oxford. He then worked at the Medical Research Council Molecular Biology Laboratories at Cambridge and then at the National Institute for Medical Research, at Mill Hill London.

Career and research

Lane is known for the discovery (with colleagues Gerard Marbaix and John Gurdon), of the oocyte surrogate gene expression system, and its subsequent development and refinement (with many colleagues) for the study of post translational events including the study of proteins embedded in cell membranes. Lane believed that John Gurdon's studies on gene expression enjoyed further potential.

The discovery that living cells programmed with exogenous messenger RNA can make and correctly modify foreign proteins is, for four separate reasons, arguably one of the most important scientific advances of the last 50 years. Thus:

The foreign mRNA can reveal control mechanisms within the living cell.
Foreign proteins made within a living cell provide a "living test tube" for the discovery and study of molecules, including many pharmaceuticals – such as those that interact with receptor proteins embedded in cell membranes.
Messenger RNA Therapeutics may revolutionize many conventional medical treatments – from anti-viral vaccines to heart medicines to cancer vaccines. However, to date no mRNA Therapeutic has yet reached the market place (except COVID-19 Vaccines^[5]).

The first key experiment was performed in 1968 by Lane and John Gurdon^[2] and followed by a second key experiment involving Gerard Marbaix.,^[1] verified afterwards:^[6] the general characteristics of the novel mRNA expression experimental system were then further defined^[7]. The express publication in "Nature" of the 1971 paper by Gurdon, Lane, Woodland and Marbaix^[7] has generated some confusion, because the very slow publication landmark paper by three scientists, namely Charles Lane, Gerard Marbaix and John Gurdon^[1] appeared in print at just about the same month (September) of 1971. However, the Nature paper did emphasize that the oocyte exogenous mRNA system had already been used in other experiments (i.e the landmark paper) and the landmark paper was included in the reference of the Nature paper^[7]. The key role of Gerard Marbaix (who prepared the globin mRNA) is apparent from the landmark paper.

A vital question was the extent to which the living oocyte could carry out post-translational modifications and the answer, indicating near universality, began to emerge.^[8]^[9] The ability of the oocyte to process correctly and locate correctly foreign particles renders this whole cell system generally useful. The system has also been used to evaluate control systems within the living cell. This basic discovery has generated a significant literature and the Xenopus oocyte microinjection system has become a standard feature of many laboratories, whilst the philosophy behind using the cell as a "living test tube" has spread far beyond the simple oocyte system – not least to mRNA therapeutics.

In 1976, Scientific American published a popular article by Lane entitled "Rabbit Haemoglobin from Frog Eggs"^[9]. One can argue that the discovery of the oocyte expression system has given rise to a new albeit minor branch of molecular biology, with a substantial number of scientific papers published each year ( please see reviews by Lane CD and Morel C, Bloemendal et al, Smith M et al and Jacobson A, Lane CD and Alton). Whilst the expression system enjoys proven usefulness for receptor studies^[10], there is little direct evidence that mRNA therapeutics will have a general impact on medical practices.

It is a somewhat amazing circumstance that the Nobel prize winners of the last 20 years have used the oocyte system to gather information^[11]. Such Nobel prize winners include 2021 winners, David Julius and Ardem Patapoutian, who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for their discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch"^[12].

The initial studies which led to this discovery, were performed in the old Zoology Department building (at Oxford). Even before Lane had finished his doctoral thesis he was elected (age 22) a Research Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge – one of the youngest persons ever to be elected a Fellow of a Cambridge College.^{[citation needed]}

Lane had realised that the oocyte system enjoyed enormous potential for the study of post translational events, and an early (1971) Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences paper with Hans Bloemendal, Anton Berns, Ger Strous and Michael Matthews focused on that which, in terms of post-translational events, the oocyte system could and could not do. That which it could not do turned out to be extremely rare – the oocyte could even accurately modify honey bee promelittin made under the direction of injected venom gland mRNA^[13] and could even, insert foreign proteins into membranes in a functional state.^[14] For about 14 years, Lane's research focused on the oocyte as a system for studying post translational (and other) downstream events. Lane was not interested in the use of the oocyte as a system for studies with exogenous DNA, believing that other systems were better suited to upstream studies: nonetheless, the oocyte system has its uses for such endeavors, especially as regards the study of transcription.

References & publications

^ ^a ^b ^c Lane, C. D.; Marbaix, G.; Gurdon, J. B. (14 October 1971). "Rabbit haemoglobin synthesis in frog cells: the translation of reticulocyte 9 s RNA in frog oocytes". Journal of Molecular Biology. 61 (1): 73–91. doi:10.1016/0022-2836(71)90207-5. ISSN 0022-2836. PMID 5169490.
^ ^a ^b "The Rothschild Years | Elsfield in the 20th Century". www.elsfield.net. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
^ Martin, Douglas (25 January 2005). "Miriam Rothschild, High-Spirited Naturalist, Dies at 96". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 3 January 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
^ "Copy of Thesis". www.ohllimited.co.uk. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
^ Xie, Wen; Chen, Baiping; Wong, John (2 September 2021). "Evolution of the market for mRNA technology". Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. 20 (10): 735–736. doi:10.1038/d41573-021-00147-y.
^ Marbaix, G.; Lane, C. D. (28 June 1972). "Rabbit haemoglobin synthesis in frog cells: II. Further characterization of the products of translation of reticulocyte 9 s RNA". Journal of Molecular Biology. 67 (3): 517–524. doi:10.1016/0022-2836(72)90469-X. ISSN 0022-2836. PMID 5065205.
^ ^a ^b ^c Gurdon, J. B.; Lane, C. D.; Woodland, H. R.; Marbaix, G. (1971). "Use of Frog Eggs and Oocytes for the Study of Messenger RNA and its Translation in Living Cells". Nature. 233 (5316): 177–182. Bibcode:1971Natur.233..177G. doi:10.1038/233177a0. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 4939175. S2CID 4160808.
^ Berns, A. J. M.; Kraaikamp, M. Van; Bloemendal, H.; Lane, C. D. (1972). "Calf Crystallin Synthesis in Frog Cells: The Translation of Lens-Cell 14S RNA in Oocytes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 69 (6): 1606–1609. Bibcode:1972PNAS...69.1606B. doi:10.1073/pnas.69.6.1606. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 426758. PMID 4504377.
^ ^a ^b Lane, C. (1976). "Rabbit hemoglobin from frog eggs". Scientific American. 235 (2): 61–69, 71. Bibcode:1976SciAm.235b..60L. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0876-60. ISSN 0036-8733. PMID 945908.
^ Buckingham, Steven David; Pym, Luanda; Sattelle, David Barry (2006), Liu, X. Johné (ed.), "Oocytes as an Expression System for Studying Receptor/Channel Targets of Drugs and Pesticides", Xenopus Protocols: Cell Biology and Signal Transduction, Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, pp. 331–345, doi:10.1007/978-1-59745-000-3_23, ISBN 978-1-59745-000-3, retrieved 29 July 2022
^ McKemy, David D.; Neuhausser, Werner M.; Julius, David (2002-03). "Identification of a cold receptor reveals a general role for TRP channels in thermosensation". Nature. 416 (6876): 52–58. doi:10.1038/nature719. ISSN 1476-4687. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2021". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 29 July 2022.
^ Kindås-Mügge, Ingela; Lane, C. D.; Kreil, G. (15 August 1974). "Insect protein synthesis in frog cells: The translation of honey bee promelittin messenger RNA in Xenopus oocytes". Journal of Molecular Biology. 87 (3): 451–462. doi:10.1016/0022-2836(74)90096-5. ISSN 0022-2836. PMID 4444031.
^ Ohlsson, R. I.; Lane, C. D.; Guengerich, F. P. (1981). "Synthesis and insertion, both in vivo and in vitro, of rat-liver cytochrome P-450 and epoxide hydratase into Xenopus laevis membranes". European Journal of Biochemistry. 115 (2): 367–373. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1981.tb05247.x. ISSN 0014-2956. PMID 6165584.

Further works & reviews

Lane CD, Marbaix G and Gurdon JB (1971) 9S RNA from reticulocytes and is assay in frog oocytes. The Biology & Radiobiology of Anucleate Systems Academic Press. Ed S. Bonotto
Lane CD, Marbaix G and Gurdon JB (1971). The translation of reticulocyte 9S RNA in frog oocytes gives rise to alpha and beta globin chains. Communication to FEBS meeting at Vauna, Bulgaria
Lane CD, Marbaix G et Gurdon JB (1972). Traduction du RNA 9S de reticulocytes de lapin en chaines de globine dan les oeufs et les oocytes de xenope. Archive Internationales de Physiologie et de Biochimie 80 (5) pages 973–974
Lane CD and Morel C (1972). The translation of duck 9S RNA in frog oocytes. Communication to the Biochemical Society of Brazil
Bloemendal H, Berns A, Strous G, Matthews M, and Lane CD (1972). Translation of eukaryotic messenger RNA in various heterologous systems. "RNA Viruses/Ribosomes" Pub. North-Holland
Smith M, Stavnezar J, Huang R-C, Gurdon JB and Lane CD (1973). Mouse immunoglobin synthesis in frog cell: the translation of 9-13S myeloma RNA in frog oocytes. Journal of Molecular Biology 80 pages 553–557
Jacobson A, Lane CD and Alton T (1975). Electrophoretic separation of the major species of slime mould messenger RNA. "Microbiology" (Proc. Of Asiolma Symp) Ed. Dworkin & Shapiro.
Jacobson A, Palatnik CM, Lane CD, Mabie C and Wilkins C (1975). Fractionation of mRNAs from Dictyostelium discoideum EMBO workshop on Development and Differentiation in slime molds Ed. P Capucinelli North-Holland Press Amsterdam

[:3-1] Lane, C. D.; Marbaix, G.; Gurdon, J. B. (14 October 1971). "Rabbit haemoglobin synthesis in frog cells: the translation of reticulocyte 9 s RNA in frog oocytes". Journal of Molecular Biology. 61 (1): 73–91. doi:10.1016/0022-2836(71)90207-5. ISSN 0022-2836. PMID 5169490.

[Elsfield-2] "The Rothschild Years | Elsfield in the 20th Century". www.elsfield.net. Retrieved 3 January 2022.

[3] Martin, Douglas (25 January 2005). "Miriam Rothschild, High-Spirited Naturalist, Dies at 96". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 3 January 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2022.

[:2-4] "Copy of Thesis". www.ohllimited.co.uk. Retrieved 4 November 2020.

[5] Xie, Wen; Chen, Baiping; Wong, John (2 September 2021). "Evolution of the market for mRNA technology". Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. 20 (10): 735–736. doi:10.1038/d41573-021-00147-y.

[6] Marbaix, G.; Lane, C. D. (28 June 1972). "Rabbit haemoglobin synthesis in frog cells: II. Further characterization of the products of translation of reticulocyte 9 s RNA". Journal of Molecular Biology. 67 (3): 517–524. doi:10.1016/0022-2836(72)90469-X. ISSN 0022-2836. PMID 5065205.

[:4-7] Gurdon, J. B.; Lane, C. D.; Woodland, H. R.; Marbaix, G. (1971). "Use of Frog Eggs and Oocytes for the Study of Messenger RNA and its Translation in Living Cells". Nature. 233 (5316): 177–182. Bibcode:1971Natur.233..177G. doi:10.1038/233177a0. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 4939175. S2CID 4160808.

[8] Berns, A. J. M.; Kraaikamp, M. Van; Bloemendal, H.; Lane, C. D. (1972). "Calf Crystallin Synthesis in Frog Cells: The Translation of Lens-Cell 14S RNA in Oocytes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 69 (6): 1606–1609. Bibcode:1972PNAS...69.1606B. doi:10.1073/pnas.69.6.1606. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 426758. PMID 4504377.

[:0-9] Lane, C. (1976). "Rabbit hemoglobin from frog eggs". Scientific American. 235 (2): 61–69, 71. Bibcode:1976SciAm.235b..60L. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0876-60. ISSN 0036-8733. PMID 945908.

[10] Buckingham, Steven David; Pym, Luanda; Sattelle, David Barry (2006), Liu, X. Johné (ed.), "Oocytes as an Expression System for Studying Receptor/Channel Targets of Drugs and Pesticides", Xenopus Protocols: Cell Biology and Signal Transduction, Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, pp. 331–345, doi:10.1007/978-1-59745-000-3_23, ISBN 978-1-59745-000-3, retrieved 29 July 2022

[11] McKemy, David D.; Neuhausser, Werner M.; Julius, David (2002-03). "Identification of a cold receptor reveals a general role for TRP channels in thermosensation". Nature. 416 (6876): 52–58. doi:10.1038/nature719. ISSN 1476-4687. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[12] "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2021". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 29 July 2022.

[:1-13] Kindås-Mügge, Ingela; Lane, C. D.; Kreil, G. (15 August 1974). "Insect protein synthesis in frog cells: The translation of honey bee promelittin messenger RNA in Xenopus oocytes". Journal of Molecular Biology. 87 (3): 451–462. doi:10.1016/0022-2836(74)90096-5. ISSN 0022-2836. PMID 4444031.

[14] Ohlsson, R. I.; Lane, C. D.; Guengerich, F. P. (1981). "Synthesis and insertion, both in vivo and in vitro, of rat-liver cytochrome P-450 and epoxide hydratase into Xenopus laevis membranes". European Journal of Biochemistry. 115 (2): 367–373. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1981.tb05247.x. ISSN 0014-2956. PMID 6165584.

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@@ Line 15: / Line 15: @@
 | parents            = {{unbulleted list|[[George Lane (British Army officer)|George Lane]]|[[Miriam Rothschild]]}}
 }}
-'''Charles Daniel Lane''' (born 1948<ref name="Elsfield"/>) is a British molecular biologist who along with colleagues Gerard Marbaix and [[John Gurdon]] discovered the [[oocyte]] exogenous [[Messenger RNA|mRNA]] expression system <ref name=":3" />– a system that not only reveals aspects of the control of gene expression but also provides a "living test tube" for the study of macromolecules: such an whole cell system also shows the merits of a non-reductionist approach, and the possibility of [[mRNA therapeutic]]s.
+'''Charles Daniel Lane''' is a British molecular biologist who along with colleagues Gerard Marbaix and [[John Gurdon]] discovered the [[oocyte]] exogenous [[Messenger RNA|mRNA]] expression system <ref name=":3" />– a system that not only reveals aspects of the control of gene expression but also provides a "living test tube" for the study of macromolecules: such an whole cell system also shows the merits of a non-reductionist approach, and the possibility of [[mRNA therapeutic]]s.
 == Early life and education ==
 {{more citations needed section|date=November 2020}}
-Lane is the son of biologist and nature conservationist [[Miriam Rothschild]] and [[British Army]] officer [[George Lane (British Army officer)|George Lane]].<ref name="Elsfield">{{cite web|url=https://www.elsfield.net/history/elsfield-in-the-20th-century/the-rothschild-years/|title=The Rothschild Years {{!}} Elsfield in the 20th Century|website=www.elsfield.net|access-date=3 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Martin|first=Douglas|date=25 January 2005|title=Miriam Rothschild, High-Spirited Naturalist, Dies at 96|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/25/science/miriam-rothschild-highspirited-naturalist-dies-at-96.html|url-status=live|work=The New York Times|archive-url=https://archive.today/oRiIl|archive-date=3 January 2022|access-date=3 January 2022}}</ref> As a boy, Lane displayed a passion for moths, butterflies and plants, and with the aid of his mother wrote a number of "anecdotal" papers on subjects such as the migration of butterflies. Lane was also a significant collector of [[Meadow brown|Meadow Brown butterflies]] for the population genetic studies of [[E. B. Ford|E.B. Ford]].
+Lane is the son of biologist and nature conservationist [[Miriam Rothschild]] and [[British Army]] officer [[George Lane (British Army officer)|George Lane]].<ref name="Elsfield">{{cite web|url=https://www.elsfield.net/history/elsfield-in-the-20th-century/the-rothschild-years/|title=The Rothschild Years {{!}} Elsfield in the 20th Century|website=www.elsfield.net|access-date=3 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Martin|first=Douglas|date=25 January 2005|title=Miriam Rothschild, High-Spirited Naturalist, Dies at 96|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/25/science/miriam-rothschild-highspirited-naturalist-dies-at-96.html|url-status=live|work=The New York Times|archive-url=https://archive.today/oRiIl|archive-date=3 January 2022|access-date=3 January 2022}}</ref> As a boy, Charles displayed a passion for moths, butterflies and plants, and with the aid of his mother wrote a number of "anecdotal" papers on subjects such as the migration of butterflies. Charles was also a significant collector of [[Meadow brown|Meadow Brown butterflies]] for the population genetic studies of [[E. B. Ford|E.B. Ford]].
 Leaving school at 16, Lane joined the biochemistry laboratory of [[Hans Adolf Krebs|Hans Krebs]]: much of Lane's work involved studying [[pyruvate kinase]] in slices and in homogenates of rat liver. Lane attended [[Trinity College, Cambridge]] and [[Christ Church, Oxford]]. His [[University of Oxford]] doctoral thesis was "The Microinjection of RNA into Eggs and Oocytes of ''[[Xenopus|Xenopus Laevis]]''".<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Copy of Thesis|url=https://www.ohllimited.co.uk/the-ashton-estate/ohl-limited/|access-date=4 November 2020|website=www.ohllimited.co.uk}}</ref> A hard copy of the thesis can be viewed at the [[Bodleian Library|Bodleian Library, Oxford]]. He then worked at the [[Medical Research Council (United Kingdom)|Medical Research Council]] Molecular Biology Laboratories at [[Cambridge]] and then at the [[National Institute for Medical Research]], at Mill Hill London.
@@ Line 32: / Line 32: @@
 * Messenger RNA Therapeutics may revolutionize many conventional medical treatments – from anti-viral vaccines to heart medicines to cancer vaccines. However, to date no mRNA Therapeutic has yet reached the market place (except [[Coronavirus disease 2019|COVID-19]] Vaccines<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Xie |first=Wen |last2=Chen |first2=Baiping |last3=Wong |first3=John |date=2021-09-02 |title=Evolution of the market for mRNA technology |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41573-021-00147-y |journal=Nature Reviews Drug Discovery |language=en |volume=20 |issue=10 |pages=735–736 |doi=10.1038/d41573-021-00147-y}}</ref>).
-The first key experiment was performed in 1968 by Lane and John Gurdon<ref name="Elsfield" /> and followed by a second key experiment involving Gerard Marbaix.,<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Lane|first1=C. D.|last2=Marbaix|first2=G.|last3=Gurdon|first3=J. B.|date=14 October 1971|title=Rabbit haemoglobin synthesis in frog cells: the translation of reticulocyte 9 s RNA in frog oocytes|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-2836%2871%2990207-5|journal=Journal of Molecular Biology|language=en|volume=61|issue=1|pages=73–91|doi=10.1016/0022-2836(71)90207-5|pmid=5169490|issn=0022-2836}}</ref> verified afterwards:<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Marbaix|first1=G.|last2=Lane|first2=C. D.|date=28 June 1972|title=Rabbit haemoglobin synthesis in frog cells: II. Further characterization of the products of translation of reticulocyte 9 s RNA|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-2836%2872%2990469-X|journal=Journal of Molecular Biology|language=en|volume=67|issue=3|pages=517–524|doi=10.1016/0022-2836(72)90469-X|pmid=5065205|issn=0022-2836}}</ref> the general characteristics of the novel mRNA expression experimental system were then further defined<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Gurdon|first1=J. B.|last2=Lane|first2=C. D.|last3=Woodland|first3=H. R.|last4=Marbaix|first4=G.|date=1971|title=Use of Frog Eggs and Oocytes for the Study of Messenger RNA and its Translation in Living Cells|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/233177a0|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=233|issue=5316|pages=177–182|doi=10.1038/233177a0|pmid=4939175|bibcode=1971Natur.233..177G|s2cid=4160808|issn=1476-4687}}</ref>. The express publication in "[https://www.nature.com/ Nature]" of the 1971 paper by Gurdon, Lane, Woodland and Marbaix<ref name=":4" /> has generated some confusion, because the very slow publication landmark paper by Lane, Marbaix and Gurdon<ref name=":3" /> appeared in print at just about the same month (September) of 1971.
+The first key experiment was performed in 1968 by Lane and John Gurdon<ref name="Elsfield" /> and followed by a second key experiment involving Gerard Marbaix.,<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Lane|first1=C. D.|last2=Marbaix|first2=G.|last3=Gurdon|first3=J. B.|date=14 October 1971|title=Rabbit haemoglobin synthesis in frog cells: the translation of reticulocyte 9 s RNA in frog oocytes|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-2836%2871%2990207-5|journal=Journal of Molecular Biology|language=en|volume=61|issue=1|pages=73–91|doi=10.1016/0022-2836(71)90207-5|pmid=5169490|issn=0022-2836}}</ref> verified afterwards:<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Marbaix|first1=G.|last2=Lane|first2=C. D.|date=28 June 1972|title=Rabbit haemoglobin synthesis in frog cells: II. Further characterization of the products of translation of reticulocyte 9 s RNA|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-2836%2872%2990469-X|journal=Journal of Molecular Biology|language=en|volume=67|issue=3|pages=517–524|doi=10.1016/0022-2836(72)90469-X|pmid=5065205|issn=0022-2836}}</ref> the general characteristics of the novel mRNA expression experimental system were then further defined<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Gurdon|first1=J. B.|last2=Lane|first2=C. D.|last3=Woodland|first3=H. R.|last4=Marbaix|first4=G.|date=1971|title=Use of Frog Eggs and Oocytes for the Study of Messenger RNA and its Translation in Living Cells|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/233177a0|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=233|issue=5316|pages=177–182|doi=10.1038/233177a0|pmid=4939175|bibcode=1971Natur.233..177G|s2cid=4160808|issn=1476-4687}}</ref>. The express publication in "[https://www.nature.com/ Nature]" of the 1971 paper by Gurdon, Lane, Woodland and Marbaix<ref name=":4" /> has generated some confusion, because the very slow publication landmark paper by three scientists, namely Charles Lane, Gerard Marbaix and John Gurdon<ref name=":3" /> appeared in print at just about the same month (September) of 1971. However, the Nature paper did emphasize that the oocyte exogenous mRNA system had already been used in other experiments (i.e the landmark paper) and the landmark paper was included in the reference of the Nature paper<ref name=":4" />. The key role of Gerard Marbaix (who prepared the globin mRNA) is apparent from the landmark paper.
 A vital question was the extent to which the living oocyte could carry out post-translational modifications and the answer, indicating near universality, began to emerge.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Berns|first1=A. J. M.|last2=Kraaikamp|first2=M. Van|last3=Bloemendal|first3=H.|last4=Lane|first4=C. D.|date=1972|title=Calf Crystallin Synthesis in Frog Cells: The Translation of Lens-Cell 14S RNA in Oocytes|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=69|issue=6|pages=1606–1609|doi=10.1073/pnas.69.6.1606|issn=0027-8424|pmid=4504377|pmc=426758|bibcode=1972PNAS...69.1606B}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Lane|first=C.|date=1976|title=Rabbit hemoglobin from frog eggs|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/945908/|journal=Scientific American|volume=235|issue=2|pages=61–69, 71|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0876-60|issn=0036-8733|pmid=945908|bibcode=1976SciAm.235b..60L}}</ref> The ability of the oocyte to process correctly and locate correctly foreign particles renders this whole cell system generally useful. The system has also been used to evaluate control systems within the living cell. This basic discovery has generated a significant literature and the ''[[Xenopus]]'' oocyte microinjection system has become a standard feature of many laboratories, whilst the philosophy behind using the cell as a "living test tube" has spread far beyond the simple oocyte system – not least to mRNA therapeutics.
+In 1976, Scientific American published a popular article by Lane entitled "''Rabbit Haemoglobin from Frog Eggs''"<ref name=":0" />. One can argue that the discovery of the oocyte expression system has given rise to a new albeit minor branch of molecular biology, with a substantial number of scientific papers published each year ( please see reviews by Lane CD and Morel C, Bloemendal ''et al'', Smith M ''et al'' and Jacobson A, Lane CD and Alton). Whilst the expression system enjoys proven usefulness for receptor studies<ref>{{Citation |last=Buckingham |first=Steven David |title=Oocytes as an Expression System for Studying Receptor/Channel Targets of Drugs and Pesticides |date=2006 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-000-3_23 |work=Xenopus Protocols: Cell Biology and Signal Transduction |pages=331–345 |editor-last=Liu |editor-first=X. Johné |place=Totowa, NJ |publisher=Humana Press |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-59745-000-3_23 |isbn=978-1-59745-000-3 |access-date=2022-07-29 |last2=Pym |first2=Luanda |last3=Sattelle |first3=David Barry}}</ref>, there is little direct evidence that mRNA therapeutics will have a general impact on medical practices.
-In 1976, Scientific American published a popular article by Lane entitled "''Rabbit Haemoglobin from Frog Eggs''"<ref name=":0" />.
+It is a somewhat amazing circumstance that the Nobel prize winners of the last 20 years have used the oocyte system to gather information<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McKemy |first=David D. |last2=Neuhausser |first2=Werner M. |last3=Julius |first3=David |date=2002-03 |title=Identification of a cold receptor reveals a general role for TRP channels in thermosensation |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature719 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=416 |issue=6876 |pages=52–58 |doi=10.1038/nature719 |issn=1476-4687}}</ref>. Such Nobel prize winners include 2021 winners, [[David Julius]] and [[Ardem Patapoutian]], who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for their discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch"<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2021 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2021/summary/ |access-date=2022-07-29 |website=NobelPrize.org |language=en-US}}</ref>.
 The initial studies which led to this discovery, were performed in the old Zoology Department building (at Oxford). Even before Lane had finished his doctoral thesis he was elected (age 22) a Research Fellow of [[Trinity College, Cambridge|Trinity College]], Cambridge – one of the youngest persons ever to be elected a Fellow of a [[Colleges of the University of Cambridge|Cambridge College]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2020}}
-Lane had realised that the oocyte system enjoyed enormous potential for the study of post translational events, and an early (1971) ''[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences]]'' paper with Hans Bloemendal, [[Anton Berns]], Ger Strous and Michael Matthews focused on that which, in terms of post-translational events, the oocyte system could and could not do. That which it could not do turned out to be extremely rare – the oocyte could even accurately modify honey bee promelittin made under the direction of injected venom gland mRNA<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Kindås-Mügge|first1=Ingela|last2=Lane|first2=C. D.|last3=Kreil|first3=G.|date=15 August 1974|title=Insect protein synthesis in frog cells: The translation of honey bee promelittin messenger RNA in Xenopus oocytes|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-2836%2874%2990096-5|journal=Journal of Molecular Biology|language=en|volume=87|issue=3|pages=451–462|doi=10.1016/0022-2836(74)90096-5|pmid=4444031|issn=0022-2836}}</ref> and could even, insert foreign proteins into membranes in a functional state.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ohlsson|first1=R. I.|last2=Lane|first2=C. D.|last3=Guengerich|first3=F. P.|date=1981|title=Synthesis and insertion, both in vivo and in vitro, of rat-liver cytochrome P-450 and epoxide hydratase into Xenopus laevis membranes|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6165584/|journal=European Journal of Biochemistry|volume=115|issue=2|pages=367–373|doi=10.1111/j.1432-1033.1981.tb05247.x|issn=0014-2956|pmid=6165584|doi-access=free}}</ref> For about 14 years, Lane's research focused on the oocyte as a system for studying post translational (and other) downstream events. Lane was not interested in the use of the oocyte as a system for studies with [[exogenous DNA]], believing that other systems were better suited to upstream studies: nonetheless, the oocyte system has its uses for such endeavours, especially as regards the study of transcription.
+Lane had realised that the oocyte system enjoyed enormous potential for the study of post translational events, and an early (1971) ''[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences]]'' paper with Hans Bloemendal, [[Anton Berns]], Ger Strous and Michael Matthews focused on that which, in terms of post-translational events, the oocyte system could and could not do. That which it could not do turned out to be extremely rare – the oocyte could even accurately modify honey bee promelittin made under the direction of injected venom gland mRNA<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Kindås-Mügge|first1=Ingela|last2=Lane|first2=C. D.|last3=Kreil|first3=G.|date=15 August 1974|title=Insect protein synthesis in frog cells: The translation of honey bee promelittin messenger RNA in Xenopus oocytes|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-2836%2874%2990096-5|journal=Journal of Molecular Biology|language=en|volume=87|issue=3|pages=451–462|doi=10.1016/0022-2836(74)90096-5|pmid=4444031|issn=0022-2836}}</ref> and could even, insert foreign proteins into membranes in a functional state.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ohlsson|first1=R. I.|last2=Lane|first2=C. D.|last3=Guengerich|first3=F. P.|date=1981|title=Synthesis and insertion, both in vivo and in vitro, of rat-liver cytochrome P-450 and epoxide hydratase into Xenopus laevis membranes|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6165584/|journal=European Journal of Biochemistry|volume=115|issue=2|pages=367–373|doi=10.1111/j.1432-1033.1981.tb05247.x|issn=0014-2956|pmid=6165584|doi-access=free}}</ref> For about 14 years, Lane's research focused on the oocyte as a system for studying post translational (and other) downstream events. Lane was not interested in the use of the oocyte as a system for studies with [[exogenous DNA]], believing that other systems were better suited to upstream studies: nonetheless, the oocyte system has its uses for such endeavors, especially as regards the study of transcription.
 == References & publications ==
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 * Lane CD and Morel C (1972). The translation of duck 9S RNA in frog oocytes. Communication to the Biochemical Society of Brazil
 * Bloemendal H, Berns A, Strous G, Matthews M, and Lane CD (1972). Translation of eukaryotic messenger RNA in various heterologous systems. "RNA Viruses/Ribosomes" Pub. North-Holland
-* Smith M, Stavnezar J, Huang R-C, Gurdon JB and Lane CD (1973). Mouse immunoglobin synthesis in frog cell: the translation of9-13S myeloma RNA in frog oocytes. Journal of Molecular Biology 80 pages 553–557
+* Smith M, Stavnezar J, Huang R-C, Gurdon JB and Lane CD (1973). Mouse immunoglobin synthesis in frog cell: the translation of 9-13S myeloma RNA in frog oocytes. Journal of Molecular Biology 80 pages 553–557
 * Jacobson A, Lane CD and Alton T (1975). Electrophoretic separation of the major species of slime mould messenger RNA. "Microbiology" (Proc. Of Asiolma Symp) Ed. Dworkin & Shapiro.
 * Jacobson A, Palatnik CM, Lane CD, Mabie C and Wilkins C (1975). Fractionation of mRNAs from Dictyostelium discoideum EMBO workshop on Development and Differentiation in slime molds Ed. P Capucinelli North-Holland Press Amsterdam