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'''Shilajit''' ({{lang-sa|शिलाजीत}}) or '''Mumijo''' <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wilson |first=Eugene |last2=Rajamanickam |first2=G. Victor |last3=Dubey |first3=G. Prasad |last4=Klose |first4=Petra |last5=Musial |first5=Frauke |last6=Saha |first6=F. Joyonto |last7=Rampp |first7=Thomas |last8=Michalsen |first8=Andreas |last9=Dobos |first9=Gustav J. |date=2011-06-14 |title=Review on shilajit used in traditional Indian medicine |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21530631/ |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=136 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2011.04.033 |issn=1872-7573 |pmid=21530631}}</ref> is a blackish-brown powder or an exudate from high mountain rocks, often found in the [[Himalayas]], [[Karakoram]], Nepal, Bhutan, [[Russia]], [[Central Asia]], [[Iran]], [[Mongolia]] and in the south of [[Peru]], where it is called ''Andean Shilajit''.<ref name="caveminerals">{{cite book |last1=Hill |first1=Carol A. |last2=Forti |first2=Paolo |title=Cave Minerals of the World |date=1997 |publisher=National Speleological Society |isbn=978-1-879961-07-4 }}{{pn|date=October 2021}}</ref> Also known as μούμια (in Greek), Mumiyo (in Russian), Brag-shun or Barakhshin (means oil of the mountains in South Siberian region of the Altai Mountains), Rock sap or Rock juice (in Tibet, Central Asia, Himalaya, Pamir and Altai), Marathi or Gujarati (in Hindi), Asphalt (in English), Silajita, Silajatu (in Bengali), Conqueror of mountains (in Sanskrit), Hajarul-Musa or Araq-al-jibal (in Arabic), Myemu, Moomiaii or Mumnaei (in Persian), Mumie (in German), Mineral Pitch, Jew’s Pitch, Mineral Wax <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rahmani Barouji |first=Solmaz |last2=Saber |first2=Amir |last3=Torbati |first3=Mohammadali |last4=Fazljou |first4=Seyyed Mohammad Bagher |last5=Yari Khosroushahi |first5=Ahmad |date=2020 |title=Health Beneficial Effects of Moomiaii in Traditional Medicine |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34466583/ |journal=Galen Medical Journal |volume=9 |pages=e1743 |doi=10.31661/gmj.v9i0.1743 |issn=2322-2379 |pmc=8343599 |pmid=34466583}}</ref> .
'''Shilajit''' ({{lang-sa|शिलाजीत}}) or '''Mumijo''' <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wilson |first=Eugene |last2=Rajamanickam |first2=G. Victor |last3=Dubey |first3=G. Prasad |last4=Klose |first4=Petra |last5=Musial |first5=Frauke |last6=Saha |first6=F. Joyonto |last7=Rampp |first7=Thomas |last8=Michalsen |first8=Andreas |last9=Dobos |first9=Gustav J. |date=2011-06-14 |title=Review on shilajit used in traditional Indian medicine |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21530631/ |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=136 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2011.04.033 |issn=1872-7573 |pmid=21530631}}</ref> is a blackish-brown powder or an exudate from high mountain rocks, often found in the [[Himalayas]], [[Karakoram]], Nepal, Bhutan, [[Russia]], [[Central Asia]], [[Iran]], [[Mongolia]] and in the south of [[Peru]], where it is called ''Andean Shilajit''.<ref name="caveminerals">{{cite book |last1=Hill |first1=Carol A. |last2=Forti |first2=Paolo |title=Cave Minerals of the World |date=1997 |publisher=National Speleological Society |isbn=978-1-879961-07-4 }}{{pn|date=October 2021}}</ref> Also known as μούμια (in Greek), Mumiyo (in Russian), Brag-shun or Barakhshin (means oil of the mountains in South Siberian region of the Altai Mountains), Rock sap or Rock juice (in Tibet, Central Asia, Himalaya, Pamir and Altai), Marathi or Gujarati (in Hindi), Asphalt (in English), Silajita, Silajatu (in Bengali), Conqueror of mountains (in Sanskrit), Hajarul-Musa or Araq-al-jibal (in Arabic), Myemu, Moomiaii or Mumnaei (in Persian), Mumie (in German), Mineral Pitch, Jew’s Pitch, Mineral Wax <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rahmani Barouji |first=Solmaz |last2=Saber |first2=Amir |last3=Torbati |first3=Mohammadali |last4=Fazljou |first4=Seyyed Mohammad Bagher |last5=Yari Khosroushahi |first5=Ahmad |date=2020 |title=Health Beneficial Effects of Moomiaii in Traditional Medicine |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34466583/ |journal=Galen Medical Journal |volume=9 |pages=e1743 |doi=10.31661/gmj.v9i0.1743 |issn=2322-2379 |pmc=8343599 |pmid=34466583}}</ref> .


Although shilajit is sometimes referred to as a mineral tar or resin, it is not actually either of those. It is a highly viscous substance like a tar or resin that is very dark brown or black in color, but unlike these is readily soluble in water but insoluble in [[ethanol]]. Shilajit is composed of 60% to 80% [[Humic substance|humic]] substances such as humic and [[Fulvic acid|fulvic]] acids <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ghosal |first=Shibnath |date=1990-01-01 |title=Chemistry of shilajit, an immunomodulatory Ayurvedic rasayan |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1351/pac199062071285/html |journal=Pure and Applied Chemistry |language=en |volume=62 |issue=7 |pages=1285–1288 |doi=10.1351/pac199062071285 |issn=1365-3075}}</ref>, along with trace elements including selenium.<ref name="Khanna-2008">{{cite journal |last1=Khanna |first1=Rajesh |last2=Witt |first2=Matthias |last3=Khalid Anwer |first3=Md. |last4=Agarwal |first4=Suraj P. |last5=Koch |first5=Boris P. |title=Spectroscopic characterization of fulvic acids extracted from the rock exudate Shilajit |journal=Organic Geochemistry |date=December 2008 |volume=39 |issue=12 |pages=1719–1724 |doi=10.1016/j.orggeochem.2008.08.009 }}</ref>
Although shilajit is sometimes referred to as a mineral tar or resin, it is not actually either of those. It is a highly viscous substance like a tar or resin that is very dark brown or black in color, but unlike these is readily soluble in water but insoluble in [[ethanol]]. Shilajit is composed of 60% to 80% [[Humic substance|humic]] substances such as humic and [[Fulvic acid|fulvic]] acids <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ghosal |first=Shibnath |date=1990-01-01 |title=Chemistry of shilajit, an immunomodulatory Ayurvedic rasayan |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1351/pac199062071285/html |journal=Pure and Applied Chemistry |language=en |volume=62 |issue=7 |pages=1285–1288 |doi=10.1351/pac199062071285 |issn=1365-3075}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stohs |first=Sidney J. |date=2014-04-03 |title=Safety and Efficacy of Shilajit (Mumie, Moomiyo): SHILAJIT (MUMIE, MOOMIYO) SAFETY AND EFFICACY |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ptr.5018 |journal=Phytotherapy Research |language=en |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=475–479 |doi=10.1002/ptr.5018}}</ref>, along with trace elements including selenium.<ref name="Khanna-2008">{{cite journal |last1=Khanna |first1=Rajesh |last2=Witt |first2=Matthias |last3=Khalid Anwer |first3=Md. |last4=Agarwal |first4=Suraj P. |last5=Koch |first5=Boris P. |title=Spectroscopic characterization of fulvic acids extracted from the rock exudate Shilajit |journal=Organic Geochemistry |date=December 2008 |volume=39 |issue=12 |pages=1719–1724 |doi=10.1016/j.orggeochem.2008.08.009 }}</ref>


Some researchers hypothesize that shilajit is produced by the decomposition or humification of [[latex]] and [[resin]]-bearing plant material from species such as ''[[Euphorbia royleana]]'' and ''[[Trifolium repens]]'' over a period of centuries.<ref name="Agarwal-2007">{{cite journal |last1=Agarwal |first1=Suraj P. |last2=Khanna |first2=Rajesh |last3=Karmarkar |first3=Ritesh |last4=Anwer |first4=Md. Khalid |last5=Khar |first5=Roop K. |title=Shilajit: a review |journal=Phytotherapy Research |date=May 2007 |volume=21 |issue=5 |pages=401–405 |doi=10.1002/ptr.2100 |pmid=17295385 |s2cid=40620070 }}</ref><ref name="Ghosal-1976">{{cite journal |last1=Ghosal |first1=S. |last2=Reddy |first2=J.P. |last3=Lal |first3=V.K. |title=Shilajit I: Chemical Constituents |journal=Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences |date=May 1976 |volume=65 |issue=5 |pages=772–773 |doi=10.1002/jps.2600650545 |pmid=932958 }}</ref>
Some researchers hypothesize that shilajit is produced by the decomposition or humification of [[latex]] and [[resin]]-bearing plant material from species such as ''[[Euphorbia royleana]]'' and ''[[Trifolium repens]]'' over a period of centuries.<ref name="Agarwal-2007">{{cite journal |last1=Agarwal |first1=Suraj P. |last2=Khanna |first2=Rajesh |last3=Karmarkar |first3=Ritesh |last4=Anwer |first4=Md. Khalid |last5=Khar |first5=Roop K. |title=Shilajit: a review |journal=Phytotherapy Research |date=May 2007 |volume=21 |issue=5 |pages=401–405 |doi=10.1002/ptr.2100 |pmid=17295385 |s2cid=40620070 }}</ref><ref name="Ghosal-1976">{{cite journal |last1=Ghosal |first1=S. |last2=Reddy |first2=J.P. |last3=Lal |first3=V.K. |title=Shilajit I: Chemical Constituents |journal=Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences |date=May 1976 |volume=65 |issue=5 |pages=772–773 |doi=10.1002/jps.2600650545 |pmid=932958 }}</ref>


'''Mumiyo''' is used as a medicine in folk and alternative (alternative) medicine. For medicinal purposes, '''Mumiyo''' has been used since antiquity in folk medicine in Central Asia, Iran, Afghanistan, India, Tibet, China, etc. On the healing effect of '''Mumiyo''' in different diseases are mentioned in the works of [[Aristotle]], [[Abu Bakr al-Razi|Razi]], [[Al-Biruni|Biruni]], [[Avicenna|Ibn Sina]] and others <ref>{{Cite web |title=MUMIYO • Great Russian encyclopedia - electronic version |url=https://bigenc.ru/medicine/text/2237519 |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=bigenc.ru}}</ref>.
'''Mumiyo''' is used as a medicine in folk and alternative (alternative) medicine. For medicinal purposes, '''Mumiyo''' has been used since antiquity in folk medicine in Central Asia, Iran, Afghanistan, India, Tibet, China, etc. On the healing effect of '''Mumiyo''' in different diseases are mentioned in the works of [[Aristotle]], [[Abu Bakr al-Razi|Razi]], [[Al-Biruni|Biruni]], [[Avicenna|Ibn Sina]] and others <ref>{{Cite web |title=MUMIYO • Great Russian encyclopedia - electronic version |url=https://bigenc.ru/medicine/text/2237519 |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=bigenc.ru}}</ref>.

Various research studies indicate that shilajit exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, adaptogenic, immunomodulatory, and anti-dyslipidemic properties.


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 17:07, 1 August 2022

Shilajit in a glass of water.
Shilajit, as commonly consumed.

Shilajit (Sanskrit: शिलाजीत) or Mumijo [1] is a blackish-brown powder or an exudate from high mountain rocks, often found in the Himalayas, Karakoram, Nepal, Bhutan, Russia, Central Asia, Iran, Mongolia and in the south of Peru, where it is called Andean Shilajit.[2] Also known as μούμια (in Greek), Mumiyo (in Russian), Brag-shun or Barakhshin (means oil of the mountains in South Siberian region of the Altai Mountains), Rock sap or Rock juice (in Tibet, Central Asia, Himalaya, Pamir and Altai), Marathi or Gujarati (in Hindi), Asphalt (in English), Silajita, Silajatu (in Bengali), Conqueror of mountains (in Sanskrit), Hajarul-Musa or Araq-al-jibal (in Arabic), Myemu, Moomiaii or Mumnaei (in Persian), Mumie (in German), Mineral Pitch, Jew’s Pitch, Mineral Wax [3] .

Although shilajit is sometimes referred to as a mineral tar or resin, it is not actually either of those. It is a highly viscous substance like a tar or resin that is very dark brown or black in color, but unlike these is readily soluble in water but insoluble in ethanol. Shilajit is composed of 60% to 80% humic substances such as humic and fulvic acids [4] [5], along with trace elements including selenium.[6]

Some researchers hypothesize that shilajit is produced by the decomposition or humification of latex and resin-bearing plant material from species such as Euphorbia royleana and Trifolium repens over a period of centuries.[7][8]

Mumiyo is used as a medicine in folk and alternative (alternative) medicine. For medicinal purposes, Mumiyo has been used since antiquity in folk medicine in Central Asia, Iran, Afghanistan, India, Tibet, China, etc. On the healing effect of Mumiyo in different diseases are mentioned in the works of Aristotle, Razi, Biruni, Ibn Sina and others [9].

Various research studies indicate that shilajit exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, adaptogenic, immunomodulatory, and anti-dyslipidemic properties.

References

  1. ^ Wilson, Eugene; Rajamanickam, G. Victor; Dubey, G. Prasad; Klose, Petra; Musial, Frauke; Saha, F. Joyonto; Rampp, Thomas; Michalsen, Andreas; Dobos, Gustav J. (2011-06-14). "Review on shilajit used in traditional Indian medicine". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 136 (1): 1–9. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2011.04.033. ISSN 1872-7573. PMID 21530631.
  2. ^ Hill, Carol A.; Forti, Paolo (1997). Cave Minerals of the World. National Speleological Society. ISBN 978-1-879961-07-4.[page needed]
  3. ^ Rahmani Barouji, Solmaz; Saber, Amir; Torbati, Mohammadali; Fazljou, Seyyed Mohammad Bagher; Yari Khosroushahi, Ahmad (2020). "Health Beneficial Effects of Moomiaii in Traditional Medicine". Galen Medical Journal. 9: e1743. doi:10.31661/gmj.v9i0.1743. ISSN 2322-2379. PMC 8343599. PMID 34466583.
  4. ^ Ghosal, Shibnath (1990-01-01). "Chemistry of shilajit, an immunomodulatory Ayurvedic rasayan". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 62 (7): 1285–1288. doi:10.1351/pac199062071285. ISSN 1365-3075.
  5. ^ Stohs, Sidney J. (2014-04-03). "Safety and Efficacy of Shilajit (Mumie, Moomiyo): SHILAJIT (MUMIE, MOOMIYO) SAFETY AND EFFICACY". Phytotherapy Research. 28 (4): 475–479. doi:10.1002/ptr.5018.
  6. ^ Khanna, Rajesh; Witt, Matthias; Khalid Anwer, Md.; Agarwal, Suraj P.; Koch, Boris P. (December 2008). "Spectroscopic characterization of fulvic acids extracted from the rock exudate Shilajit". Organic Geochemistry. 39 (12): 1719–1724. doi:10.1016/j.orggeochem.2008.08.009.
  7. ^ Agarwal, Suraj P.; Khanna, Rajesh; Karmarkar, Ritesh; Anwer, Md. Khalid; Khar, Roop K. (May 2007). "Shilajit: a review". Phytotherapy Research. 21 (5): 401–405. doi:10.1002/ptr.2100. PMID 17295385. S2CID 40620070.
  8. ^ Ghosal, S.; Reddy, J.P.; Lal, V.K. (May 1976). "Shilajit I: Chemical Constituents". Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 65 (5): 772–773. doi:10.1002/jps.2600650545. PMID 932958.
  9. ^ "MUMIYO • Great Russian encyclopedia - electronic version". bigenc.ru. Retrieved 2022-08-01.
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