White-eared hummingbird: Difference between revisions
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| name = White-eared hummingbird |
| name = White-eared hummingbird |
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| status = LC |
| status = LC |
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| status_system = IUCN3.1 |
| status_system = IUCN3.1 |
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| status_ref = <ref name= |
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |title=White-eared Hummingbird ''Basilinna leucotis'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T22687428A93151749 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22687428A93151749.en |access-date=4 August 2022}}</ref> |
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| status2 = CITES_A2 |
| status2 = CITES_A2 |
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| status2_system = CITES |
| status2_system = CITES |
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| species = leucotis |
| species = leucotis |
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| authority = [[Vieillot]], 1818) |
| authority = [[Vieillot]], 1818) |
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| synonyms = Hylocharis leucotis<ref name=McGuire>{{ cite journal | last1=McGuire | first1=J. | last2=Witt | first2=C. | last3=Remsen | first3=J.V. | last4=Corl | first4=A. | last5=Rabosky | first5=D. | last6=Altshuler | first6=D. | last7=Dudley | first7=R. | date=2014 | title=Molecular phylogenetics and the diversification of hummingbirds | journal=Current Biology | volume=24 | issue=8 | pages=910–916 | doi=10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.016 | pmid=24704078 | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{ cite journal | last1=Stiles | first1=F.G. | last2=Remsen | first2=J.V. Jr. | last3=Mcguire | first3=J.A. | year=2017 | title=The generic classification of the Trochilini (Aves: Trochilidae): Reconciling taxonomy with phylogeny | journal=Zootaxa | volume=4353 | issue=3 | pages=401–424 | doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4353.3 | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321277435 }}</ref> |
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| synonyms = Hylocharis leucotis |
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}} |
}} |
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The '''white-eared hummingbird''' (''Basilinna leucotis'') is a [[species]] of [[hummingbird]] in the "emeralds", tribe Trochilini of subfamily Trochilinae. It is found from the southwestern U.S. to Nicaragua.<ref name=IOC12.1>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/hummingbirds/ |title=Hummingbirds |website=IOC World Bird List |version =v 12.1 |editor-last1=Gill |editor-first1= F. |editor-last2=Donsker|editor-first2=D.|editor-last3=Rasmussen |editor-first3=P. |date=January 2022 |access-date=January 15, 2022 }}</ref><ref name=HBW2020>HBW and BirdLife International (2020) ''Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world'' Version 5. Available at: http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v5_Dec20.zip [.xls zipped 1 MB] retrieved 27 May 2021</ref> |
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The '''white-eared hummingbird''' (''Basilinna leucotis'') is a small [[hummingbird]]. It is 9–10 cm long, and weighs approximately 3-4 g. |
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==Taxonomy and systematics== |
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Adults are colored predominantly green on their upperparts and breast. The undertail coverts are predominantly white. The tail is bronze green and straight. The most prominent feature is the white eyestripe found in both males and females. The bill of the male is straight and very slender. These hummers occur as far south as Cabo San Lucas in the Baja, Their bill is slightly decurved. It is red in coloration, and shows a black tip. His throat is a metallic turquoise green. His crown and face is violet and black. The female is less colorful than the male. |
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The white-eared hummingbird was originally placed in genus ''Trochilus'' and then moved to ''Hylocharis''. A study published in 2014 determined that both were in error and it was moved to ''Basilinna''.<ref>{{cite book | last =<!--Not stated--> | first =<!--Not stated--> | title =Check-list of North American Birds | publisher =American Ornithologists' Union |edition =7th | date =1998 | location =Washington, D.C. | pages =296 }}</ref><ref name=McGuire/> The species has three subspecies, the [[nominate subspecies|nominate]] ''B. l. leucotis'', ''B. l. borealis'', and ''B. l. pygmaea''.<ref name=IOC12.1/> |
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The breeding habitat is in pine oak forests from southeastern [[Arizona]], southern [[New Mexico]], and western [[Texas]] through the [[Sierra Madre Occidental]] and [[Sierra Madre Oriental]] of northern [[Mexico]] and the [[Cordillera Neovolcanica]] of southern Mexico to southern [[Nicaragua]]. It is a common species over much of its range and is classified as Least Concern by the IUCN.<ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021" /> It is a rare but regular summer resident in the [[Madrean sky islands]] of southeastern Arizona, rarer and less regular in southwestern [[New Mexico]] and western [[Texas]] in the [[United States]].<ref name=Williamson/> |
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==Description== |
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These birds feed on [[nectar]] from [[flower]]s and flowering trees using a long extendable tongue and catch [[insect]]s and other small [[invertebrate]]s on the wing or by gleaning from bark, leaves, and other surfaces. |
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The white-eared hummingbird is {{convert|9|to|10|cm|in|abbr=on}} long. Males weigh an average of {{convert|3.6|g|oz|abbr=on}} and females {{convert|3.2|g|oz|abbr=on}}. Adults of the three subspecies are very similar. Their bills are straight; males' are red with a black tip and females' are mostly blackish with some red to orange at the base.<ref name=WEHU-BOW>Arizmendi, M. d. C., C. I. Rodríguez-Flores, C. A. Soberanes-González, and T. S. Schulenberg (2021). White-eared Hummingbird (''Basilinna leucotis''), version 1.1. In Birds of the World (Editor not available). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.whehum.01.1 retrieved August 4, 2022</ref> |
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Males of the nominate subspecies in breeding plumage have a metallic violet or bluish violet forehead, a mostly black face with a wide white stripe behind the eye, and a dull black crown. Their upperparts are bright metallic green to bronze green and the uppertail [[Covert feather|coverts]] more bronzy; the rump and covert feathers have rusty edges. The central pair of tail feathers are bright bronze green, the next pair a darker green, and the remaining three pairs bronzy black with bright bronze green tips. Their chin and upper throat are violet blue, the lower throat metallic emerald green, and the breast and flanks are bronze to bronze green with dull grayish white down the center. The undertail coverts are grayish brown with a faint bronze gloss.<ref name=WEHU-BOW/> |
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Nominate females in breeding plumage resemble the males. However, their crown is dusky brown and they lack the brilliant chin and throat of the male. Their underparts are pale brownish gray to grayish white with metallic bronze green spots and the undertail coverts are grayish with whitish margins. Their central tail feathers have brownish gray tips.<ref name=WEHU-BOW/> |
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Subspecies ''B. l. borealis'' is somewhat larger than the nominate. The male's underparts have much more white and less green. ''B. l. pygmaea'' is somewhat smaller than the nominate with less green on the lower throat and more white on the underparts.<ref name=WEHU-BOW/> |
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==Distribution and habitat== |
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The white-eared hummingbird's ''B. l. borealis'' subspecies occurs from southern Arizona into the Mexican states of [[Sonora]], [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]], and [[Tamaulipas]]. It is an occasional visitor to New Mexico and Texas and has occured as a [[Vagrancy (biology)|vagrant]] further north and east in the U.S. The nominate subspecies ''B. l. leucotis'' is found from central and southern Mexico into Guatemala. ''B. l. pygmaea'' is found in El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua. The white-eared hummingbird is a species of montane regions where it inhabits the interior, clearings, and edges of pine, pine-oak, and pine-evergreen forest. In elevation it ranges between {{convert|1200|and|3500|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name=WEHU-BOW/> |
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==Behavior== |
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===Movement=== |
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In most of its range the white-eared hummingbird is a year-round resident. It withdraws south from the U.S. and far northern Mexico after the breeding season, and the southernmost populations might make seasonal elevational movements.<ref name=WEHU-BOW/> |
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===Feeding=== |
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The white-eared hummingbird forages for nectar at a very wide variety of flowering plants and shrubs, mainly feeding in the low to mid-levels of the vegetation. It defends feeding territories from others of its species, smaller species, and even somewhat larger species such as the [[broad-tailed hummingbird]] (''Selasphorus platycercus''). It also makes "secretive low approaches" to feed in the territories of signficantly larger species like [[Rivoli's hummingbird]] (''Eugenes fulgens''). In addition to nectar, it also feeds on small insects.<ref name=WEHU-BOW/> |
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===Breeding=== |
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The white-eared hummingbird's breeding seasons vary with latitude, from March to August in the north to October through December in El Salvador. Males court in [[Lek mating|leks]] where they sing and display for females. The nest is a cup made of plant down with lichens on the outside. It is typically placed up to {{convert|6|m|ft|sigfig=1|abbr=on}} above the ground in a tree or shrub, and several nests may be short distances apart. The female incubates the clutch of two eggs for 14 to 16 days and fledging occurs 23 to 28 days after hatch. The species occasionally raises two broods in a season.<ref name=WEHU-BOW/> |
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{{birdsong|url=https://xeno-canto.org/species/Basilinna-leucotis |species=white-eared hummingbird}} |
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===Vocalization=== |
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The white-eared hummingbird's song is "a tedious, metallic chipping ''chi'tink chi'tink chi'tink'' ..., or ''chi'dit chi'dit chi'dit'' ..., or simply ''tink tink''." Its calls have been described as "fairly hard, dry chips, at times repeated steadily, [that] may break into short, quiet gurgles" and "a sharp metallic ''tchik'' or ''tink''".<ref name=WEHU-BOW/> |
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==Status== |
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The [[IUCN]] has assessed the white-eared hummingbird as being of Least Concern. It has a very large range but its population size and trend are not known. No immediate threats have been identified.<ref name=IUCN/> It is considered fairly common to common in most of its range. Because it uses forest edges, "it is less vulnerable [to habitat fragmentation] than are many other species of montane forests."<ref name=WEHU-BOW/> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist |
{{Reflist}} |
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==Further reading== |
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*{{cite book | last =Williamson | first =Sheri L. | title =A Field Guide to Hummingbirds of North America | publisher =Houghton Mifflin | series =Peterson Field Guide Series | date =2001 | location =New York | pages =141-144 | isbn =0-618-02495-6 }} |
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}} |
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== External links == |
== External links == |
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* [http://vireo.acnatsci.org/search.html?Form=Search&SEARCHBY=Common&KEYWORDS=white-eared+hummingbird&showwhat=images&AGE=All&SEX=All&ACT=All&Search=Search&VIEW=All&ORIENTATION=All&RESULTS=24 White-eared Hummingbird photo gallery] VIREO |
* [http://vireo.acnatsci.org/search.html?Form=Search&SEARCHBY=Common&KEYWORDS=white-eared+hummingbird&showwhat=images&AGE=All&SEX=All&ACT=All&Search=Search&VIEW=All&ORIENTATION=All&RESULTS=24 White-eared Hummingbird photo gallery] VIREO |
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* [http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/learning/texas_nature_trackers/hummingbird_roundup/images/general/04b_lrg_white_eared_dan_true.jpg White-eared Hummingbird photo-High Res]; [http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/learning/texas_nature_trackers/hummingbird_roundup/ Article] tpwd.state.tx.us |
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<!-- see the decent RangeMap/maps, lists, etc at: "www.natureserve.org" ...Note: entire map is-"Permanent Resident", EXCEPT for the USA, which are "Vagrant" positions..(the map shows the Mogollon Rim, white mtns, SEast AZ and the western New Mexico adjoining pieces to the three. The east end of the Mogollon Rim ends in Southwest New Mexico in the Gila Mtns/Wilderness, the headwaters of the Gila River which scoops up about 60 percent by area of Arizona as it drains West into the Lower Colorado River Valley, (at Yuma, Ariz))--> |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q997393}} |
{{Taxonbar|from=Q997393}} |
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Revision as of 15:24, 4 August 2022
| White-eared hummingbird | |
|---|---|
| |
| Basilinna leucotis | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Clade: | Strisores |
| Order: | Apodiformes |
| Family: | Trochilidae |
| Genus: | Basilinna |
| Species: | B. leucotis
|
| Binomial name | |
| Basilinna leucotis Vieillot, 1818)
| |
| Synonyms | |
The white-eared hummingbird (Basilinna leucotis) is a species of hummingbird in the "emeralds", tribe Trochilini of subfamily Trochilinae. It is found from the southwestern U.S. to Nicaragua.[5][6]
Taxonomy and systematics
The white-eared hummingbird was originally placed in genus Trochilus and then moved to Hylocharis. A study published in 2014 determined that both were in error and it was moved to Basilinna.[7][3] The species has three subspecies, the nominate B. l. leucotis, B. l. borealis, and B. l. pygmaea.[5]
Description
The white-eared hummingbird is 9 to 10 cm (3.5 to 3.9 in) long. Males weigh an average of 3.6 g (0.13 oz) and females 3.2 g (0.11 oz). Adults of the three subspecies are very similar. Their bills are straight; males' are red with a black tip and females' are mostly blackish with some red to orange at the base.[8]
Males of the nominate subspecies in breeding plumage have a metallic violet or bluish violet forehead, a mostly black face with a wide white stripe behind the eye, and a dull black crown. Their upperparts are bright metallic green to bronze green and the uppertail coverts more bronzy; the rump and covert feathers have rusty edges. The central pair of tail feathers are bright bronze green, the next pair a darker green, and the remaining three pairs bronzy black with bright bronze green tips. Their chin and upper throat are violet blue, the lower throat metallic emerald green, and the breast and flanks are bronze to bronze green with dull grayish white down the center. The undertail coverts are grayish brown with a faint bronze gloss.[8]
Nominate females in breeding plumage resemble the males. However, their crown is dusky brown and they lack the brilliant chin and throat of the male. Their underparts are pale brownish gray to grayish white with metallic bronze green spots and the undertail coverts are grayish with whitish margins. Their central tail feathers have brownish gray tips.[8]
Subspecies B. l. borealis is somewhat larger than the nominate. The male's underparts have much more white and less green. B. l. pygmaea is somewhat smaller than the nominate with less green on the lower throat and more white on the underparts.[8]
Distribution and habitat
The white-eared hummingbird's B. l. borealis subspecies occurs from southern Arizona into the Mexican states of Sonora, Chihuahua, and Tamaulipas. It is an occasional visitor to New Mexico and Texas and has occured as a vagrant further north and east in the U.S. The nominate subspecies B. l. leucotis is found from central and southern Mexico into Guatemala. B. l. pygmaea is found in El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua. The white-eared hummingbird is a species of montane regions where it inhabits the interior, clearings, and edges of pine, pine-oak, and pine-evergreen forest. In elevation it ranges between 1,200 and 3,500 m (3,900 and 11,500 ft).[8]
Behavior
Movement
In most of its range the white-eared hummingbird is a year-round resident. It withdraws south from the U.S. and far northern Mexico after the breeding season, and the southernmost populations might make seasonal elevational movements.[8]
Feeding
The white-eared hummingbird forages for nectar at a very wide variety of flowering plants and shrubs, mainly feeding in the low to mid-levels of the vegetation. It defends feeding territories from others of its species, smaller species, and even somewhat larger species such as the broad-tailed hummingbird (Selasphorus platycercus). It also makes "secretive low approaches" to feed in the territories of signficantly larger species like Rivoli's hummingbird (Eugenes fulgens). In addition to nectar, it also feeds on small insects.[8]
Breeding
The white-eared hummingbird's breeding seasons vary with latitude, from March to August in the north to October through December in El Salvador. Males court in leks where they sing and display for females. The nest is a cup made of plant down with lichens on the outside. It is typically placed up to 6 m (20 ft) above the ground in a tree or shrub, and several nests may be short distances apart. The female incubates the clutch of two eggs for 14 to 16 days and fledging occurs 23 to 28 days after hatch. The species occasionally raises two broods in a season.[8]
Vocalization
The white-eared hummingbird's song is "a tedious, metallic chipping chi'tink chi'tink chi'tink ..., or chi'dit chi'dit chi'dit ..., or simply tink tink." Its calls have been described as "fairly hard, dry chips, at times repeated steadily, [that] may break into short, quiet gurgles" and "a sharp metallic tchik or tink".[8]
Status
The IUCN has assessed the white-eared hummingbird as being of Least Concern. It has a very large range but its population size and trend are not known. No immediate threats have been identified.[1] It is considered fairly common to common in most of its range. Because it uses forest edges, "it is less vulnerable [to habitat fragmentation] than are many other species of montane forests."[8]
References
- ^ a b BirdLife International (2016). "White-eared Hummingbird Basilinna leucotis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22687428A93151749. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22687428A93151749.en. Retrieved 4 August 2022.
- ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
- ^ a b McGuire, J.; Witt, C.; Remsen, J.V.; Corl, A.; Rabosky, D.; Altshuler, D.; Dudley, R. (2014). "Molecular phylogenetics and the diversification of hummingbirds". Current Biology. 24 (8): 910–916. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.016. PMID 24704078.
- ^ Stiles, F.G.; Remsen, J.V. Jr.; Mcguire, J.A. (2017). "The generic classification of the Trochilini (Aves: Trochilidae): Reconciling taxonomy with phylogeny". Zootaxa. 4353 (3): 401–424. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4353.3.
- ^ a b Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P., eds. (January 2022). "Hummingbirds". IOC World Bird List. v 12.1. Retrieved January 15, 2022.
- ^ HBW and BirdLife International (2020) Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world Version 5. Available at: http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v5_Dec20.zip [.xls zipped 1 MB] retrieved 27 May 2021
- ^ Check-list of North American Birds (7th ed.). Washington, D.C.: American Ornithologists' Union. 1998. p. 296.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Arizmendi, M. d. C., C. I. Rodríguez-Flores, C. A. Soberanes-González, and T. S. Schulenberg (2021). White-eared Hummingbird (Basilinna leucotis), version 1.1. In Birds of the World (Editor not available). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.whehum.01.1 retrieved August 4, 2022
Further reading
- Williamson, Sheri L. (2001). A Field Guide to Hummingbirds of North America. Peterson Field Guide Series. New York: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 141–144. ISBN 0-618-02495-6.