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ER Vulpeculae
Observation data
Epoch J2000      Equinox J2000
Constellation Vulpecula
Right ascension 21h 02m 25.907s[1]
Declination 27° 48′ 26.44″[1]
Apparent magnitude (V) 7.27 to 7.49[2]
Characteristics
Spectral type G0V + G5V[3]
B−V color index 0.614±0.010[4]
Variable type W UMa/RS CVn[2]
Astrometry
Radial velocity (Rv)−24.6±0.5[5] km/s
Proper motion (μ) RA: 87.102 mas/yr[1]
Dec.: 6.364 mas/yr[1]
Parallax (π)19.8012 ± 0.0187 mas[1]
Distance164.7 ± 0.2 ly
(50.50 ± 0.05 pc)
Absolute magnitude (MV)3.75[4] (4.28 + 4.31)[6]
Orbit
Period (P)0.698095 d[7]
Semi-major axis (a)4.28±0.04 AU[7]
Eccentricity (e)0.017±0.007[8]
Inclination (i)66.63[7]°
Periastron epoch (T)2,445,220.40964 JD[7]
Argument of periastron (ω)
(secondary)		62.6±29.0[8]°
Semi-amplitude (K1)
(primary)		138.67±2.06[7] km/s
Semi-amplitude (K2)
(secondary)		146.13±1.90[7] km/s
Details
ER Vul A
Mass1.108±0.033[7] M☉
Radius1.16±0.06[6] R☉
Luminosity1.56±0.15[6] L☉
Temperature5,900[3] K
Rotational velocity (v sin i)84[7] km/s
ER Vul B
Mass1.052±0.034[7] M☉
Radius1.18±0.14[6] R☉
Luminosity1.52±0.37[6] L☉
Temperature5,750[3] K
Rotational velocity (v sin i)78[7] km/s
Other designations
ER Vul, CD+27°3952, HD 200391, HIP 103833, SAO 89396, PPM 112323[9]
Database references
SIMBADdata

ER Vulpeculae is a binary star system in the northern constellation of Vulpecula, abbreviated ER Vul. It is a variable star system with a brightness that ranges from an apparent visual magnitude of 7.27 down to 7.49,[2] which is too faint to be visible to the naked eye. This system is located at a distance of 165 light years from the Sun based on parallax measurements. It is drifting closer with a radial velocity of −25 km/s.[5]

This star was observed to be a double-lined spectroscopic binary by R. J. Northcott[10] in 1946.[8] G. A. Bakos found it to be a candidate eclipsing binary in 1955, and orbital elements were produced in 1956. The light curve of the system showed a very short period of 16.75 hours and was found to vary continually between the minima. Both components were classified as G-type main-sequence stars.[8]

The shape of the light curve of ER Vul was found to resemble those of a W UMa star for a detached binary. By 1967, studies showed unexplained fluctuations in the light curve.[11] H. E. Bond in 1970 found calcium H and K lines in emission.[12] D. S. Hall classified the ER Vul system as a short period RS Canum Venaticorum variable in 1970, based on the spectral type and emission lines.[13] Dark star spots were proposed as an explanation of the intrinsic variability of these types of stars by H. M. Al-Naimiy,[14] and ER Vul was determined to be heavily spotted.[15]

The corona of ER Vul was found to be a strong source of soft X-rays by F. M. Walter and S. Bowyer in 1981.[16] [14] The eclipsing nature of the system was confirmed by T. H. Kadouri in 1981, with the primary eclipse being an occultation.[14] Radio emission was detected with the VLA in 1992, and it was found to be the one of the most luminous main-sequence stars known in that band.[17] Due to tidal interaction, both stars are rotating rapidly – more than 40 times the rotation rate of the Sun, which is driving their magnetic dynamo. They show the "strongest coronal and chromospheric emissions of any main-sequence G-type star".[18]

C. İbanoğlu and associates in 1993 were able to explain the light curve of this system through a combination of "proximity effects, wavelike distortions, mutual eclipses, and short-term light fluctuations".[19] By measuring variations in Hydrogen alpha emission, Ö. Çakırlı and associates in 2003 found that cooler secondary component is the more active of the pair.[6] However, other observers have observed that the primary is the more active. This change may be the result of magnetic interaction between the stars.[7] In 2005, E. Shkolnik and associates discovered a high-velocity stream passing between the stars toward the secondary component. This stream is creating a large active area on the companion.[20]

References

  1. ^ a b c d Brown, A. G. A.; et al. (Gaia collaboration) (2021). "Gaia Early Data Release 3: Summary of the contents and survey properties". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 649: A1. arXiv:2012.01533. Bibcode:2021A&A...649A...1G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039657. S2CID 227254300. (Erratum: doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039657e). Gaia EDR3 record for this source at VizieR.
  2. ^ a b c Samus, N. N.; et al. (2017), "General Catalogue of Variable Stars", Astronomy Reports, 5.1, 61 (1): 80–88, Bibcode:2017ARep...61...80S, doi:10.1134/S1063772917010085, S2CID 125853869.
  3. ^ a b c Strassmeier, Klaus G. (September 2009), "Starspots", The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review, 17 (3): 251–308, Bibcode:2009A&ARv..17..251S, doi:10.1007/s00159-009-0020-6.
  4. ^ a b Anderson, E.; Francis, Ch. (2012), "XHIP: An extended hipparcos compilation", Astronomy Letters, 38 (5): 331, arXiv:1108.4971, Bibcode:2012AstL...38..331A, doi:10.1134/S1063773712050015, S2CID 119257644.
  5. ^ a b Karataș, Yüksel; et al. (2004), "Kinematics of chromospherically active binaries and evidence of an orbital period decrease in binary evolution", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 349 (3): 1069–1092, arXiv:astro-ph/0404219, Bibcode:2004MNRAS.349.1069K, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07588.x, S2CID 15290475.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Çakırlı, Ö.; et al. (March 2003), "Hα variations of the RS CVn type binary ER Vulpeculae", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 400: 257–264, Bibcode:2003A&A...400..257C, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20021885.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Özavcı, İ.; et al. (May 2019), "Surface inhomogeneities of the eclipsing binary ER Vul", Contributions of the Astronomical Observatory Skalnaté Pleso, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 278–286, Bibcode:2019CoSka..49..278O.
  8. ^ a b c d Northcott, Ruth J.; Bakos, Gustav A. (May 1956), "A new eclipsing spectroscopic binary, HD 200391", Astronomical Journal, 61: 188, Bibcode:1956AJ.....61..188N, doi:10.1086/107417.
  9. ^ "ER Vul". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 2022-08-18.
  10. ^ Heard, J. F. (October 1956), "Reports of observatories, 1955-56", Astronomical Journal, 61: 318, Bibcode:1956AJ.....61..318H, doi:10.1086/107352.
  11. ^ Northcott, Ruth J.; Bakos, Gustav A. (February 1967), "Spectroscopic and photometric observations of ER Vulpeculas", Astronomical Journal, 72: 89, Bibcode:1967AJ.....72...89N, doi:10.1086/110205.
  12. ^ Bond, Howard E. (April 1970), "New Peculiar Stars Noted on Objective-Prism Plates", Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 82 (485): 321, Bibcode:1970PASP...82..321B, doi:10.1086/128911.
  13. ^ Hall, D. S. (1976), Fitch, W. S. (ed.), "The RS CVn Binaries and Binaries with Similar Properties", Multiple Periodic Variable Stars, Proceedings of IAU Colloq. 29, held in Budapest, Hungary, 1-5 September, 1975, D. Reidel Publishers, p. 287, Bibcode:1976ASSL...60..287H, doi:10.1007/978-94-010-1175-4_15.
  14. ^ a b c Ibanoglu, C.; et al. (August 1987), "Light curve variations in ER vulpeculae", Astrophysics and Space Science, 136 (2): 225–229, Bibcode:1987Ap&SS.136..225I, doi:10.1007/BF00642114.
  15. ^ Rucinski, S. M. (1979), "Sizes of spots in spotted stars", Acta Astronomica, 29: 203–209, Bibcode:1979AcA....29..203R.
  16. ^ Walter, F. M.; Bowyer, S. (April 1981), "On the coronae of rapidly rotating stars. I. The relation between rotation and coronal activity in RS CVn systems.", Astrophysical Journal, 245: 671–676, Bibcode:1981ApJ...245..671W, doi:10.1086/158842.
  17. ^ Rucinski, S. M. (December 1992), "VLA Radio Light Curves of ER Vulpeculae at 3.6 and 6 CM", Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, vol. 104, p. 1177, Bibcode:1992PASP..104.1177R, doi:10.1086/133106.
  18. ^ Bradstreet, D. H.; et al. (December 1993), "The Hyperactive Double Suns of the Binary ER Vulpeculae", Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society, 25: 1425, Bibcode:1993AAS...183.8504B.
  19. ^ Ibanoglu, C.; et al. (March 1993), "Photometry of ER Vulpeculae : photometric analysis with the WINK-10 code", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 269: 310–318, Bibcode:1993A&A...269..310I.
  20. ^ Shkolnik, Evgenya; et al. (August 2005), "Investigating Ca II Emission in the RS Canum Venaticorum Binary ER Vulpeculae Using the Broadening Function Formalism", The Astronomical Journal, 130 (2): 799–808, arXiv:astro-ph/0504428, Bibcode:2005AJ....130..799S, doi:10.1086/431364.

Further reading

  • Crăciun, Maria; et al. (April 2015), "Detection of low-level periodic signals through enhanced self-correlation method. The case of ER Vulpeculae", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 448 (3): 2066–2076, Bibcode:2015MNRAS.448.2066C, doi:10.1093/mnras/stv108.
  • Xiang, Yue; et al. (February 2015), "Doppler images of the eclipsing binary ER Vulpeculae", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 447 (1): 567–576, arXiv:1411.5531, Bibcode:2015MNRAS.447..567X, doi:10.1093/mnras/stu2458.
  • Pop, Alexandru; Vamoş, Călin (October 2013), "Orbital period modulation of the eclipsing binary system ER Vulpeculae: Real or not?", New Astronomy, 23: 27–35, Bibcode:2013NewA...23...27P, doi:10.1016/j.newast.2013.02.003.
  • Harmanec, P.; et al. (February 2004), "An improved ephemeris and physical elements of ER Vul", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 415: 289–297, Bibcode:2004A&A...415..289H, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20034614.
  • Kjurkchieva, D. P.; et al. (June 2003), "Spectroscopic and photometric observations of the short-period RS CVn-type star ER Vulpeculae", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 404: 611–620, Bibcode:2003A&A...404..611K, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20030489.
  • Duemmler, R.; et al. (May 2003), "The radial velocities and physical parameters of ER Vul", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 402: 745–754, Bibcode:2003A&A...402..745D, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20030299.
  • Ekmekči, F.; et al. (March 2002), "Chromospherically active binary systems, RT And and ER Vul: 1995-1998 observations and spot distributions", Astronomische Nachrichten, 323 (1): 31–35, Bibcode:2002AN....323...31E, doi:10.1002/1521-3994(200203)323:1<31::AID-ASNA31>3.0.CO;2-2.
  • Osten, Rachel A.; et al. (January 2002), "Multiwavelength Observations of Three Short-Period Active Binary Systems: ER Vulpeculae, CC Eridani, and EI Eridani", The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 138 (1): 99–120, Bibcode:2002ApJS..138...99O, doi:10.1086/323666.
  • Qian, S. B. (2001), Brekke, Pål; et al. (eds.), "Possible Magnetic Activity Cycles of Four Chromospherically Active Binaries: ER Vul, UV Psc, AR Lac and BH Vir", Recent Insights into the Physics of the Sun and Heliosphere: Highlights from SOHO and Other Space Missions, Proceedings of IAU Symposium 203, Astronomical Society of the Pacific, p. 437, Bibcode:2001IAUS..203..437Q, ISBN 1-58381-069-2.
  • Rucinski, Slavek M. (March 1998), "VLA Observations of Radio Variability of ER Vulpeculae in 1995", The Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, vol. 110, no. 745, pp. 272–275, arXiv:astro-ph/9710112, Bibcode:1998PASP..110..272R, doi:10.1086/316140.
  • Lazaro, C.; Arevalo, M. J. (June 1997), "Time-Resolved Spectroscopy of RS CVn Short-Period Systems. I. CG Cyg, BH Vir, and ER Vul", The Astronomical Journal, Bibcode:1997AJ....113.2283L, doi:10.1086/118439.
  • Gunn, A. G.; Doyle, J. G. (February 1997), "Environments of active close binaries. I. ER Vulpeculae", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 318: 60–72, Bibcode:1997A&A...318...60G.
  • Oláh, K.; Kövári, Zs. (1997), "Spot temperatures in binaries with two active components: By Dra and Er Vul", Astronomical and Astrophysical Transactions, 13 (4): 295–299, Bibcode:1997A&AT...13..295O, doi:10.1080/10556799708202971.
  • Edalati, M. T.; Zeinali, F. (December 1995), "The Photometric Observations of ER Vulpeculae: Photometric Analysis with the W-D Code", Astrophysics and Space Science, 234 (2): 271–280, Bibcode:1995Ap&SS.234..271E, doi:10.1007/BF00627672.
  • Zeinali, F.; et al. (May 1995), "Photoelectric Observations of the Eclipsing Variable ER Vulpeculae", Information Bulletin on Variable Stars, 4190: 1, Bibcode:1995IBVS.4190....1Z.
  • Olah, K.; et al. (November 1994), "The active close binary system ER Vulpeculae", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 291: 110–120, Bibcode:1994A&A...291..110O.
  • Eryurt, D.; et al. (December 1991), "The Light Curve of ER Vulpeculae", Information Bulletin on Variable Stars, vol. 3692, p. 1, Bibcode:1991IBVS.3692....1E.
  • Guinan, E. F.; et al. (September 1991), "Simultaneous IUE and Ground-Based Observations of ER Vul Over Two Orbits", Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society, 23: 1412, Bibcode:1991BAAS...23.1412G.
  • Rucinski, S. M. (August 1991), "The radio light curve of ER Vulpeculae", Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, 85: 184, Bibcode:1991JRASC..85..184R.
  • Srivastava, R. K.; et al. (August 1991), "UBV Photometry of ER-Vulpeculae", Astrophysics and Space Science, 182 (2): 281–287, Bibcode:1991Ap&SS.182..281S, doi:10.1007/BF00645007.
  • Bradstreet, D. H.; Guinan, E. F. (August 1991), Marsden, B. G. (ed.), "ER Vulpeculae", IAU Circular, vol. 5329, p. 1, Bibcode:1991IAUC.5329....1B.
  • Heckert, P. A.; Zeilik, M. (July 1991), "1988 and 1989 BV Photometry of ER Vul", Information Bulletin on Variable Stars, vol. 3636, p. 1, Bibcode:1991IBVS.3636....1H.
  • Fernández-Figueroa, M. J.; et al. (1991), Tuominen, I.; et al. (eds.), "CAII H and K Spectroscopy of ER-Vulpeculae", The Sun and Cool Stars. Activity, Magnetism, Dynamos. Proceedings of Colloquium No. 130 of the International Astronomical Union, held in Helsinki, Finland, July 17-20, 1990, Berlin, Germany; New York, NY: Springer-Verlag, p. 483, Bibcode:1991LNP...380..483F, doi:10.1007/3-540-53955-7_185, ISBN 3-540-53955-7.
  • Hill, G.; et al. (November 1990), "Studies of late-type binaries. IV. The physical parameters of ER Vulpeculae", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 238: 145, Bibcode:1990A&A...238..145H.
  • Mennella, V. (August 1990), "Time-scale variability of the light curves of ER Vulpeculae.", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 234: 203, Bibcode:1990A&A...234..203M.
  • Keskin, Varol (July 1990), "Lightcurve Variations of the RS-Canum Type Eclipsing Binary ER-Vulpeculae", Astrophysics and Space Science, 169 (1–2): 165–170, Bibcode:1990Ap&SS.169..165K, doi:10.1007/BF00640705.
  • Arevalo, M. J.; et al. (September 1988), "Photometric Study of ER Vul", The Astronomical Journal, Bibcode:1988AJ.....96.1061A, doi:10.1086/114866.
  • Evren, S. (January 1988), "Light curve variations of ER Vulpeculae in 1984 and 1985 observing seasons", Astrophysics and Space Science, 140 (1): 125–130, Bibcode:1988Ap&SS.140..125E, doi:10.1007/BF00643536.
  • Akan, M. C.; et al. (August 1987), "B, V Photometry of ER Vulpeculae", Information Bulletin on Variable Stars, vol. 3059, p. 1, Bibcode:1987IBVS.3059....1A.
  • White, N. E.; et al. (August 1987), "An EXOSAT observation of 1.5 orbital cycles of the 0.7 day short-period RS CVn system ER Vul", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 227: 545–551, Bibcode:1987MNRAS.227..545W, doi:10.1093/mnras/227.3.545.
  • Arevalo, M. J.; Fuensalida, J. J. (December 1985), "1984 UBVR Light Curves of ER Vul", Information Bulletin on Variable Stars, vol. 2831, p. 1, Bibcode:1985IBVS.2831....1A.
  • Ibanoglu, C.; Akan, M. C.; Evren, S.; Tunca, Z. (August 1985), "Photoelectric Observations of ER Vulpeculae", Information Bulletin on Variable Stars, vol. 2782, p. 1, Bibcode:1985IBVS.2782....1I.
  • Barden, S. C. (March 1984), "The Hα Nature of the Short Period RS CVn Systems HD86590, σαCr B, ER Vul and UV Psc.", Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society, 16: 473, Bibcode:1984BAAS...16..473B.
  • Zeilik, M.; et al. (November 1982), "1982 Photometry of ER Vul", Information Bulletin on Variable Stars, vol. 2221, p. 1, Bibcode:1982IBVS.2221....1Z.
  • McLean, B. J. (November 1982), "A spectroscopic investigation of the eclipsing variable ER Vul", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 201: 421–427, Bibcode:1982MNRAS.201..421M, doi:10.1093/mnras/201.2.421.
  • Kadouri, T. H. (December 1981), "BVR Photoelectric Observations of ER Vul June, July, 1981", Information Bulletin on Variable Stars, vol. 2057, p. 1, Bibcode:1981IBVS.2057....1K.
  • Al-Naimiy, H. M. K. (January 1981), "Photometric observations and light curve analysis of the peculiar system ER Vul", Astronomy and Astrophysics, Supplement Series, 43: 85–90, Bibcode:1981A&AS...43...85A.
  • Al-Naimiy, H. M. (October 1978), "Observation of the Peculiar Eclipsing Variable ER Vulpeculae", Information Bulletin on Variable Stars, vol. 1481, p. 1, Bibcode:1978IBVS.1481....1A.
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