Forcipule: Difference between revisions
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#REDIRECT [[Centipede]] {{R from subtopic}} |
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'''Forcipules''' are the modified, pincer-like, [[Maxilliped|front legs]] of [[Centipede|centipedes]] that are used to inject [[venom]] into prey.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Dugon |first=Michel M. |last2=Black |first2=Alexander |last3=Arthur |first3=Wallace |date=2012-05-01 |title=Variation and specialisation of the forcipular apparatus of centipedes (Arthropoda: Chilopoda): A comparative morphometric and microscopic investigation of an evolutionary novelty |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1467803912000151 |journal=Arthropod Structure & Development |language=en |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=231–243 |doi=10.1016/j.asd.2012.02.001 |issn=1467-8039}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Are Centipedes Poisonous? {{!}} Do Centipedes Bite or Sting? {{!}} Orkin |url=https://www.orkin.com/pests/centipedes/which-centipedes-are-poisonous |access-date=2022-08-23 |website=www.orkin.com |language=en}}</ref> They are the only known examples of front legs acting as venom injectors.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shelley |first=Rowland M. |date=March 1999 |title=CENTIPEDES AND MILLIPEDES WITH EMPHASIS ON NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA |url=https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.365.8963&rep=rep1&type=pdf |journal=Kansas School Naturalist |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=3-16 |via=[[CiteSeerX]]}}</ref> |
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== Nomenclature == |
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'''Forcipules''' go by a variety of names in both scientific and colloquial usages. They are sometimes known as '''poison claws''' or '''jaw legs'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Molecular Expressions: Science, Optics & You - Olympus MIC-D: Oblique Gallery - Centipede Poison Claws |url=https://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/olympusmicd/galleries/oblique/centipedepoisonclaw.html |access-date=2022-09-05 |website=micro.magnet.fsu.edu}}</ref>, referencing their evolution from maxillipeds, a term which they are also sometimes known by in the context of centipedes ('''maxillipeds, maxillipedes'''). Other names include '''toxicognaths''' (from ''toxic'' + the [[Greek language|Greek]] ''[[wiktionary:Gnatho-|gnathos]]'', jaw)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of TOXICOGNATH |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/toxicognath |access-date=2022-08-23 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en}}</ref>, '''prehensors, telopodites,''' and '''forcipulae''' (singular '''forcipula''').<ref>https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.365.8963&rep=rep1&type=pdf</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bonato |first=Lucio |last2=Edgecombe |first2=Gregory |last3=Lewis |first3=John |last4=Minelli |first4=Alessandro |last5=Pereira |first5=Luis |last6=Shelley |first6=Rowland |last7=Zapparoli |first7=Marzio |date=2010-11-18 |title=A common terminology for the external anatomy of centipedes (Chilopoda) |url=http://zookeys.pensoft.net/articles.php?id=2466 |journal=ZooKeys |volume=69 |pages=17–51 |doi=10.3897/zookeys.69.737 |issn=1313-2970}}</ref> The term '''forcipule''' references their similiarity with [[forceps]].<ref name=":0" /> |
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[[File:Forcipule_detail.jpg|left|thumb]] |
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== Anatomy, systematics, and variation == |
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[[File:Eupolybothrus_cavernicolus_forcipules.jpg|thumb|The forcipules of ''[[Eupolybothrus cavernicolus]]'' ([[Lithobiidae]])]] |
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Forcipules evolved from the [[Appendage|maxillipeds]], meaning the front legs of an arthropod, of centipedes' [[Last Common Ancestor|last common ancestor]], believed to be somewhat [[Scutigeromorph|Scutigeromorph-like]]. They were initially leg-like, then progressed into a more pincer or claw-like shape, as seen today, and restricted to horizontal movement.<ref name=":0" /> The forcipules of modern Scutigeromorphs are the most significantly different in shape: they are more leg-like, and cannot hold prey like they are used among other orders- they are used for [[envenomation]] only, making their use more comparable to a knife than a pincer.<ref>{{Citation |last=Dugon |first=Michel M. |title=Evolution, Morphology, and Development of the Centipede Venom System |date=2017 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-94-007-6458-3_1 |work=Evolution of Venomous Animals and Their Toxins |pages=261–278 |editor-last=Malhotra |editor-first=Anita |place=Dordrecht |publisher=Springer Netherlands |doi=10.1007/978-94-007-6458-3_1 |isbn=978-94-007-6457-6 |access-date=2022-08-23}}</ref> |
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== References == |
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{{Reflist}} |
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[[Category:Myriapod anatomy]] |
[[Category:Myriapod anatomy]] |
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Revision as of 14:54, 5 September 2022
Forcipules are the modified, pincer-like, front legs of centipedes that are used to inject venom into prey.[1][2] They are the only known examples of front legs acting as venom injectors.[1][3]
Nomenclature
Forcipules go by a variety of names in both scientific and colloquial usages. They are sometimes known as poison claws or jaw legs[4], referencing their evolution from maxillipeds, a term which they are also sometimes known by in the context of centipedes (maxillipeds, maxillipedes). Other names include toxicognaths (from toxic + the Greek gnathos, jaw)[5], prehensors, telopodites, and forcipulae (singular forcipula).[6][7] The term forcipule references their similiarity with forceps.[1]
Anatomy, systematics, and variation
Forcipules evolved from the maxillipeds, meaning the front legs of an arthropod, of centipedes' last common ancestor, believed to be somewhat Scutigeromorph-like. They were initially leg-like, then progressed into a more pincer or claw-like shape, as seen today, and restricted to horizontal movement.[1] The forcipules of modern Scutigeromorphs are the most significantly different in shape: they are more leg-like, and cannot hold prey like they are used among other orders- they are used for envenomation only, making their use more comparable to a knife than a pincer.[8]
References
- ^ a b c d Dugon, Michel M.; Black, Alexander; Arthur, Wallace (2012-05-01). "Variation and specialisation of the forcipular apparatus of centipedes (Arthropoda: Chilopoda): A comparative morphometric and microscopic investigation of an evolutionary novelty". Arthropod Structure & Development. 41 (3): 231–243. doi:10.1016/j.asd.2012.02.001. ISSN 1467-8039.
- ^ "Are Centipedes Poisonous? | Do Centipedes Bite or Sting? | Orkin". www.orkin.com. Retrieved 2022-08-23.
- ^ Shelley, Rowland M. (March 1999). "CENTIPEDES AND MILLIPEDES WITH EMPHASIS ON NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA". Kansas School Naturalist. 45 (3): 3–16 – via CiteSeerX.
- ^ "Molecular Expressions: Science, Optics & You - Olympus MIC-D: Oblique Gallery - Centipede Poison Claws". micro.magnet.fsu.edu. Retrieved 2022-09-05.
- ^ "Definition of TOXICOGNATH". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2022-08-23.
- ^ https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.365.8963&rep=rep1&type=pdf
- ^ Bonato, Lucio; Edgecombe, Gregory; Lewis, John; Minelli, Alessandro; Pereira, Luis; Shelley, Rowland; Zapparoli, Marzio (2010-11-18). "A common terminology for the external anatomy of centipedes (Chilopoda)". ZooKeys. 69: 17–51. doi:10.3897/zookeys.69.737. ISSN 1313-2970.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Dugon, Michel M. (2017), Malhotra, Anita (ed.), "Evolution, Morphology, and Development of the Centipede Venom System", Evolution of Venomous Animals and Their Toxins, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 261–278, doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6458-3_1, ISBN 978-94-007-6457-6, retrieved 2022-08-23