Stigmaeidae: Difference between revisions
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'''Stigmaeidae''' is a family of |
'''Stigmaeidae''' is a family of [[Prostigmata|prostigmatan]] [[Mite|mites]] in the order [[Trombidiformes|Trombidiformes.]]<ref name="bugref">{{Cite web |title=Stigmaeidae Family Information |url=https://bugguide.net/node/view/96513 |accessdate=2018-02-23 |website=BugGuide.net}}</ref><ref name="itis">{{Cite web |title=Stigmaeidae Report |url=https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=895732 |accessdate=2018-02-23 |website=Integrated Taxonomic Information System}}</ref><ref name="xcit3">{{Cite journal |last1=Pepato |first1=A.R. |last2=Klimov |first2=P.B. |date=2015 |title=Origin and higher-level diversification of acariform mites--evidence from nuclear ribosomal genes, extensive taxon sampling, and secondary structure alignment |url= |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |publisher=BioMed Central |volume=15 |pages=178 |doi=10.1186/s12862-015-0458-2 |pmc=4557820 |pmid=26330076}}</ref> At over 600 species, it is the largest family in superfamily [[Raphignathoidea]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beron |first=Petar |date=2020-04-06 |title=ACARORUM CATALOGUS VII. Trombidiformes, Prostigmata, Raphignathoidea (Fam. Barbutiidae, Caligonellidae, Camerobiidae, Cryptognathidae, Dasythyreidae, Dytiscacaridae, Eupalopsellidae, Homocaligidae, Mecognathidae, Raphignathidae, Stigmaeidae, Xenocaligonellididae) |url=https://ab.pensoft.net/article/55087/ |journal=Advanced Books |language=en |volume=1 |pages=e55087 |doi=10.3897/ab.e55087}}</ref> It has a worldwide distribution.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Fan |first=Qing-Hai |title=Stigmaeidae |date=2015 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15042-0_7 |work=Prospects for Biological Control of Plant Feeding Mites and Other Harmful Organisms |pages=185–206 |editor-last=Carrillo |editor-first=Daniel |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-15042-0_7 |isbn=978-3-319-15042-0 |access-date=2022-09-06 |last2=Flechtmann |first2=Carlos H. W. |editor2-last=de Moraes |editor2-first=Gilberto José |editor3-last=Peña |editor3-first=Jorge E.}}</ref> |
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| last1 = Pepato | first1 = A.R. |
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== Description == |
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| last2 = Klimov | first2 = P.B. |
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As mites, Stigmaeidae have unsegmented bodies with eight legs (six in larvae). They can be recognised by: prodorsum without transversal groove, sacs or tubes; suranal and aggenital shields separate; [[Chelicerae|cheliceral]] bases usually separate (rarely fused or conjunct); [[Pedipalp|palps]] stout with tibial claws at least 1/3 length of tarsus; peritreme absent. Males [[Sexual dimorphism|differ from]] females in being somewhat tapered posteriorly.<ref name="f+z2005">{{cite book |author1=Qing-Hai Fan |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264555398_Raphignathoidea_Acari_Prostigmata |title=Fauna of New Zealand Number 52 Raphignathoidea (Acari: Prostigmata) |author2=Zhi-Qiang Zhang |publisher=[[Manaaki Whenua Press]] |year=2005 |isbn=0-478-09371-3 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> |
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| date = 2015 |
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| title = Origin and higher-level diversification of acariform mites--evidence from nuclear ribosomal genes, extensive taxon sampling, and secondary structure alignment |
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== Life cycle == |
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| url= | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology |
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The stigmaeid life cycle has the five stages of egg, larva, protonymph, deutonymph and adult. The larva and two nymph stages are also each followed by a quiescent period. The whole life cycle takes no more than four weeks. Males usually reach adulthood slightly faster than females, allowing them to mate with females as soon as the latter have reached adulthood. Offspring exhibit a female-biased [[sex ratio]] (often in the 60-70% range), except for offspring of unmated females which are all male.<ref name=":0" /> |
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| publisher = BioMed Central |
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| volume = 15 |
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Most Stigmaeidae are active year-round, but some species are known to go into [[diapause]] for the winter. Overwintering locations include litter at the base of trees and under bark scales on apple.<ref name=":0" /> |
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| pages = 178 |
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| doi = 10.1186/s12862-015-0458-2 |
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== Habitat == |
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| pmc = 4557820 |
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Over a third of Stigmaeidae species are free-living [[predators]] that occur on the leaves and branches of plants (e.g. many ''Agistemus'' and ''Zetzellia''). There are also stigmaeids (e.g. many ''Eustigmaeus, Ledermulleriopsis and'' ''Stigmaeus'') that live in soil and leaf litter and are believed to feed on [[moss]] or [[lichen]]. A few species live on the surface of freshwater, in animal nests or attached to [[Phlebotominae|sandflies]].<ref name=":0" /> |
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| pmid=26330076 |
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}}</ref> |
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Some species can survive, feed and even develop while immersed in water, but cannot reproduce.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Gerson |first=U. |date=1972 |title=Mites of the genus Ledermuelleria (Prostigmata: Stigmaeidae) associated with mosses in Canada |url=https://www1.montpellier.inra.fr/CBGP/acarologia/article.php?id=3368 |journal=[[Acarologia]] |volume=13 |pages=319–343}}</ref> |
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== Diet == |
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Predatory Stigmaeidae have generalist diets, consuming other mites (e.g. [[Spider mite|spider mites]], [[Tenuipalpidae|false spider mites]], [[Eriophyoidea|gall and rust mites]] and [[Tarsonemidae|broad mites]]) as well as small insects ([[Hemiptera]], [[Lepidoptera]]) and plant [[pollen]]. They usually prefer to feed on immature stages such as eggs. They feed by piercing prey with their chelicerae and sucking out the fluids.<ref name=":0" /> |
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Moss-feeders, such as those in genus ''Eustigmaeus'' (formerly ''Ledermuelleria''), feed on moss leaves. They suck out cell contents while leaving the [[Cell wall|cell walls]] intact. They can feed and survive on many moss species, though only a few species allow mite reproduction.<ref name=":1" /> |
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Stigmaeidae that attach to sandflies are presumed to be parasitic, leaving behind scars on the abdomens of their hosts.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Badakhshan |first=Mehdi |last2=Sadraei |first2=Javid |last3=Moin-Vaziri |first3=Vahideh |date=2013-04-10 |title=The First Report of Eustigmaeus johnstoni (Acari: Stigmaeidae) Parasitic Mite of Phlebotominae Sand Flies from Iran |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3684503/ |journal=Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=94–98 |issn=2322-1984 |pmc=3684503 |pmid=23785700}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Majidi |first=Maryam |last2=Hajiqanbar |first2=Hamidreza |last3=Saboori |first3=Alireza |date=2019-02-17 |title=Parasitic stigmaeid mites (Acari: Stigmaeidae) of phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Fars Province, southern Iran |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01647954.2018.1549098 |journal=International Journal of Acarology |language=en |volume=45 |issue=1-2 |pages=41–47 |doi=10.1080/01647954.2018.1549098 |issn=0164-7954}}</ref> |
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== Biological control == |
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Due to their predatory activity, some stigmaeids (e.g ''Agistemus exsertus'' and ''Zetzellia mali'') have been studied for use as [[Biological pest control|biological control]] agents of pest mites.<ref name=":0" /> Modelling indicates that stigmaeids are more effective control agents than [[Phytoseiidae|phytoseiids]] at low prey densities (but less effective at high prey densities), and a combination of stigmaeids and phytoseiids is more effective than either predator alone.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Clements |first=David R. |last2=Harmsen |first2=Rudolf |date=1992 |title=Stigmaeid-phytoseiid interactions and the impact of natural enemy complexes on plant-inhabiting mites |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF01200571 |journal=Experimental & Applied Acarology |language=en |volume=14 |issue=3-4 |pages=327–341 |doi=10.1007/BF01200571 |issn=0168-8162}}</ref> |
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==Genera== |
==Genera== |
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[[Category:Raphignathoidea]] |
[[Category:Raphignathoidea]] |
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[[Category:Acari families]] |
[[Category:Acari families]] |
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{{trombidiformes-stub}} |
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Revision as of 00:35, 7 September 2022
| Stigmaeidae Temporal range:
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|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Trombidiformes |
| Superfamily: | Raphignathoidea |
| Family: | Stigmaeidae Oudemans, 1931 |
Stigmaeidae is a family of prostigmatan mites in the order Trombidiformes.[1][2][3] At over 600 species, it is the largest family in superfamily Raphignathoidea.[4] It has a worldwide distribution.[5]
Description
As mites, Stigmaeidae have unsegmented bodies with eight legs (six in larvae). They can be recognised by: prodorsum without transversal groove, sacs or tubes; suranal and aggenital shields separate; cheliceral bases usually separate (rarely fused or conjunct); palps stout with tibial claws at least 1/3 length of tarsus; peritreme absent. Males differ from females in being somewhat tapered posteriorly.[6]
Life cycle
The stigmaeid life cycle has the five stages of egg, larva, protonymph, deutonymph and adult. The larva and two nymph stages are also each followed by a quiescent period. The whole life cycle takes no more than four weeks. Males usually reach adulthood slightly faster than females, allowing them to mate with females as soon as the latter have reached adulthood. Offspring exhibit a female-biased sex ratio (often in the 60-70% range), except for offspring of unmated females which are all male.[5]
Most Stigmaeidae are active year-round, but some species are known to go into diapause for the winter. Overwintering locations include litter at the base of trees and under bark scales on apple.[5]
Habitat
Over a third of Stigmaeidae species are free-living predators that occur on the leaves and branches of plants (e.g. many Agistemus and Zetzellia). There are also stigmaeids (e.g. many Eustigmaeus, Ledermulleriopsis and Stigmaeus) that live in soil and leaf litter and are believed to feed on moss or lichen. A few species live on the surface of freshwater, in animal nests or attached to sandflies.[5]
Some species can survive, feed and even develop while immersed in water, but cannot reproduce.[7]
Diet
Predatory Stigmaeidae have generalist diets, consuming other mites (e.g. spider mites, false spider mites, gall and rust mites and broad mites) as well as small insects (Hemiptera, Lepidoptera) and plant pollen. They usually prefer to feed on immature stages such as eggs. They feed by piercing prey with their chelicerae and sucking out the fluids.[5]
Moss-feeders, such as those in genus Eustigmaeus (formerly Ledermuelleria), feed on moss leaves. They suck out cell contents while leaving the cell walls intact. They can feed and survive on many moss species, though only a few species allow mite reproduction.[7]
Stigmaeidae that attach to sandflies are presumed to be parasitic, leaving behind scars on the abdomens of their hosts.[8][9]
Biological control
Due to their predatory activity, some stigmaeids (e.g Agistemus exsertus and Zetzellia mali) have been studied for use as biological control agents of pest mites.[5] Modelling indicates that stigmaeids are more effective control agents than phytoseiids at low prey densities (but less effective at high prey densities), and a combination of stigmaeids and phytoseiids is more effective than either predator alone.[10]
Genera
- Agistemus
- Cheylostigmaeus
- Eryngiopus
- Eustigmaeus
- Ledermuelleria
- Ledermuelleriopsis
- Mediolata
- Mullederia
- Primagistemus
- Pseudostigmaeus
- Stigmaeus
- Storchia
- Summersiella
- Zetzellia
References
- ^ "Stigmaeidae Family Information". BugGuide.net. Retrieved 2018-02-23.
- ^ "Stigmaeidae Report". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2018-02-23.
- ^ Pepato, A.R.; Klimov, P.B. (2015). "Origin and higher-level diversification of acariform mites--evidence from nuclear ribosomal genes, extensive taxon sampling, and secondary structure alignment". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 15. BioMed Central: 178. doi:10.1186/s12862-015-0458-2. PMC 4557820. PMID 26330076.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Beron, Petar (2020-04-06). "ACARORUM CATALOGUS VII. Trombidiformes, Prostigmata, Raphignathoidea (Fam. Barbutiidae, Caligonellidae, Camerobiidae, Cryptognathidae, Dasythyreidae, Dytiscacaridae, Eupalopsellidae, Homocaligidae, Mecognathidae, Raphignathidae, Stigmaeidae, Xenocaligonellididae)". Advanced Books. 1: e55087. doi:10.3897/ab.e55087.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b c d e f Fan, Qing-Hai; Flechtmann, Carlos H. W. (2015), Carrillo, Daniel; de Moraes, Gilberto José; Peña, Jorge E. (eds.), "Stigmaeidae", Prospects for Biological Control of Plant Feeding Mites and Other Harmful Organisms, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 185–206, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-15042-0_7, ISBN 978-3-319-15042-0, retrieved 2022-09-06
- ^ Qing-Hai Fan & Zhi-Qiang Zhang (2005). Fauna of New Zealand Number 52 Raphignathoidea (Acari: Prostigmata). Manaaki Whenua Press. ISBN 0-478-09371-3.
- ^ a b Gerson, U. (1972). "Mites of the genus Ledermuelleria (Prostigmata: Stigmaeidae) associated with mosses in Canada". Acarologia. 13: 319–343.
- ^ Badakhshan, Mehdi; Sadraei, Javid; Moin-Vaziri, Vahideh (2013-04-10). "The First Report of Eustigmaeus johnstoni (Acari: Stigmaeidae) Parasitic Mite of Phlebotominae Sand Flies from Iran". Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases. 7 (1): 94–98. ISSN 2322-1984. PMC 3684503. PMID 23785700.
- ^ Majidi, Maryam; Hajiqanbar, Hamidreza; Saboori, Alireza (2019-02-17). "Parasitic stigmaeid mites (Acari: Stigmaeidae) of phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Fars Province, southern Iran". International Journal of Acarology. 45 (1–2): 41–47. doi:10.1080/01647954.2018.1549098. ISSN 0164-7954.
- ^ Clements, David R.; Harmsen, Rudolf (1992). "Stigmaeid-phytoseiid interactions and the impact of natural enemy complexes on plant-inhabiting mites". Experimental & Applied Acarology. 14 (3–4): 327–341. doi:10.1007/BF01200571. ISSN 0168-8162.
Further reading
- Breene, R.G.; Dean, D. Allen; Edwards, G.B.; Hebert, Blain; Levi, Herbert W.; Manning, Gail (2003). Common Names of Arachnids. Vol. Fifth Edition. American Tarantula Society. ISBN 1-929427-11-5.
- Capinera, John L., ed. (2008). Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer. ISBN 978-1402062421.
- Jackman, John A. (2002). A Field Guide to Spiders and Scorpions of Texas. Gulf Publishing.
- Krantz, G.W.; Walter, D.E., eds. (2009). A Manual of Acarology. Vol. 3rd Edition. Texas Tech University Press. ISBN 9780896726208.