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Ancient Roman farmer, the *Tributum Soli* was an agricultural tax

The Tributum soli was a direct ancient Roman tax on agricultural land and possibly the equipment used to cultivate the land.^[1]^[2]^[3] The size of tax was determined based on the size and quality of the land,^[4]^[5]^[6] and the land was assessed using a census.^[7]^[8]^[9] Greek cities during the Roman Empire would appoint magistrates, usually called dekaprotoi.^[1]^[10] During the Roman Empire the Tributum soli was split into two taxes, the stipendium and the Tributum soli.^[11]^[12] The difference between the two was that the stipendium was used in senatorial provinces, while the Tributum was used in imperial provinces.^[13]^[14] In some areas it was a fixed sum paid in currency.^[15]^[16] It was paid in kind and collected by the publicani in other provinces.^[11]^[17]

References[edit]

^ ^a ^b EVANS, CRAIG A.; PORTER, STANLEY E. (2020-05-21). Dictionary of New Testament Background. Inter-Varsity Press. ISBN 978-1-78974-047-9.
^ Adams, Samuel L. (2014-08-15). Social and Economic Life in Second Temple Judea. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 172. ISBN 978-1-61164-523-1.
^ Sessa, Kristina (2018-08-09). Daily Life in Late Antiquity. Cambridge University Press. p. 145. ISBN 978-1-108-58063-2.
^ Ermatinger, James W. (2015-08-11). The World of Ancient Rome: A Daily Life Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Daily Life Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 149. ISBN 978-1-4408-2908-6.
^ Kehoe, Dennis P. (2010-03-25). Law and the Rural Economy in the Roman Empire. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-02535-0.
^ Oakman, Douglas E. (2012). The Political Aims of Jesus. Fortress Press. p. 74. ISBN 978-1-4514-2431-7.
^ Sartre, Maurice (2005). The Middle East Under Rome. Harvard University Press. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-674-01683-5.
^ The Tabula Lugdunensis: A Critical Edition with Translation and Commentary. Cambridge University Press. 2020-09-03. p. 159. ISBN 978-1-108-62317-9.
^ Holmén, Tom; Porter, Stanley E. (2010). Handbook for the Study of the Historical Jesus (4 Vols). BRILL. p. 3426. ISBN 978-90-04-16372-0.
^ Marek, Christian (2021-07-13). In the Land of a Thousand Gods: A History of Asia Minor in the Ancient World. Princeton University Press. p. 388. ISBN 978-0-691-23365-9.
^ ^a ^b Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (2014). The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization. Oxford University Press. p. 845. ISBN 978-0-19-870677-9.
^ Sandys, John Edwyn (2015). A Companion to Latin Studies. Cambridge University Press. p. 348. ISBN 978-1-107-49759-7.
^ Berger, Adolf (2002). Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. p. 745. ISBN 978-1-58477-142-5.
^ Mousourakis, George (2017-03-02). The Historical and Institutional Context of Roman Law. Routledge. p. 264. ISBN 978-1-351-88841-7.
^ Oakman, Douglas E. (2012). The Political Aims of Jesus. Fortress Press. p. 68. ISBN 978-1-4514-2431-7.
^ Harris, Peter; Cogan, Dominic de (2021-08-26). Studies in the History of Tax Law, Volume 10. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-5099-3989-3.
^ Freyne, Sean (2014-07-09). The Jesus Movement and Its Expansion: Meaning and Mission. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-8028-6786-5.

LEX

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[:0-1] EVANS, CRAIG A.; PORTER, STANLEY E. (2020-05-21). Dictionary of New Testament Background. Inter-Varsity Press. ISBN 978-1-78974-047-9.

[2] Adams, Samuel L. (2014-08-15). Social and Economic Life in Second Temple Judea. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 172. ISBN 978-1-61164-523-1.

[3] Sessa, Kristina (2018-08-09). Daily Life in Late Antiquity. Cambridge University Press. p. 145. ISBN 978-1-108-58063-2.

[4] Ermatinger, James W. (2015-08-11). The World of Ancient Rome: A Daily Life Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Daily Life Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 149. ISBN 978-1-4408-2908-6.

[5] Kehoe, Dennis P. (2010-03-25). Law and the Rural Economy in the Roman Empire. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-02535-0.

[6] Oakman, Douglas E. (2012). The Political Aims of Jesus. Fortress Press. p. 74. ISBN 978-1-4514-2431-7.

[7] Sartre, Maurice (2005). The Middle East Under Rome. Harvard University Press. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-674-01683-5.

[8] The Tabula Lugdunensis: A Critical Edition with Translation and Commentary. Cambridge University Press. 2020-09-03. p. 159. ISBN 978-1-108-62317-9.

[9] Holmén, Tom; Porter, Stanley E. (2010). Handbook for the Study of the Historical Jesus (4 Vols). BRILL. p. 3426. ISBN 978-90-04-16372-0.

[10] Marek, Christian (2021-07-13). In the Land of a Thousand Gods: A History of Asia Minor in the Ancient World. Princeton University Press. p. 388. ISBN 978-0-691-23365-9.

[:1-11] Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (2014). The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization. Oxford University Press. p. 845. ISBN 978-0-19-870677-9.

[12] Sandys, John Edwyn (2015). A Companion to Latin Studies. Cambridge University Press. p. 348. ISBN 978-1-107-49759-7.

[13] Berger, Adolf (2002). Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. p. 745. ISBN 978-1-58477-142-5.

[14] Mousourakis, George (2017-03-02). The Historical and Institutional Context of Roman Law. Routledge. p. 264. ISBN 978-1-351-88841-7.

[15] Oakman, Douglas E. (2012). The Political Aims of Jesus. Fortress Press. p. 68. ISBN 978-1-4514-2431-7.

[16] Harris, Peter; Cogan, Dominic de (2021-08-26). Studies in the History of Tax Law, Volume 10. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-5099-3989-3.

[17] Freyne, Sean (2014-07-09). The Jesus Movement and Its Expansion: Meaning and Mission. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-8028-6786-5.

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 [[File:Mähmaschine.jpg|thumb|176x176px|Ancient Roman farmer, the ''Tributum Soli'' was an agricultural tax]]
-The '''''Tributum soli''''' was a [[Direct tax|direct]] [[Taxation in ancient Rome|ancient Roman tax]] on [[Land value tax|agricultural land]] and possibly the equipment used to cultivate the land.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=EVANS |first=CRAIG A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DmjnDwAAQBAJ&newbks |title=Dictionary of New Testament Background |last2=PORTER |first2=STANLEY E. |date=2020-05-21 |publisher=Inter-Varsity Press |isbn=978-1-78974-047-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Adams |first=Samuel L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8qt1BwAAQBAJ&newbks |title=Social and Economic Life in Second Temple Judea |date=2014-08-15 |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |isbn=978-1-61164-523-1 |pages=172 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sessa |first=Kristina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lidmDwAAQBAJ&newbks |title=Daily Life in Late Antiquity |date=2018-08-09 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-58063-2 |pages=145 |language=en}}</ref> The size of tax was determined based on the size and quality of the land,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ermatinger |first=James W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9rI6CgAAQBAJ&newbks |title=The World of Ancient Rome: A Daily Life Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Daily Life Encyclopedia |date=2015-08-11 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-4408-2908-6 |pages=149 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kehoe |first=Dennis P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QpVFDwAAQBAJ&newbks |title=Law and the Rural Economy in the Roman Empire |date=2010-03-25 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=978-0-472-02535-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Oakman |first=Douglas E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOOKsk6OT_0C&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq&hl=en |title=The Political Aims of Jesus |date=2012 |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=978-1-4514-2431-7 |pages=74 |language=en}}</ref> and the land was assessed using a [[Roman censor|census]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sartre |first=Maurice |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9y7nTpFcN3AC&newbks=0&printsec |title=The Middle East Under Rome |date=2005 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-01683-5 |pages=104 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ryr5DwAAQBAJ&newbks |title=The Tabula Lugdunensis: A Critical Edition with Translation and Commentary |date=2020-09-03 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-62317-9 |pages=159 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Holmén |first=Tom |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LuKMmVu0tpMC&newbks=0&printsec |title=Handbook for the Study of the Historical Jesus (4 Vols) |last2=Porter |first2=Stanley E. |date=2010 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-16372-0 |pages=3426 |language=en}}</ref> [[Greece in the Roman era|Greek cities during the Roman Empire]] would appoint magistrates, usually called ''[[dekaprotoi]]''.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Marek |first=Christian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=umUuEAAAQBAJ&newbks |title=In the Land of a Thousand Gods: A History of Asia Minor in the Ancient World |date=2021-07-13 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-23365-9 |pages=388 |language=en}}</ref> During the [[Roman Empire]] the ''Tributum soli'' was split into two taxes, the ''stipendium'' and the ''Tributum soli''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Hornblower |first=Simon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AIgdBAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec |title=The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization |last2=Spawforth |first2=Antony |last3=Eidinow |first3=Esther |date=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-870677-9 |pages=845 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sandys |first=John Edwyn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JM8IBwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA348&dq=Tributum+soli&hl=en |title=A Companion to Latin Studies |date=2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-49759-7 |pages=348 |language=en}}</ref> The difference between the two was that the stipendium was used in [[Senatorial province|senatorial provinces]], while the ''Tributum'' was used in [[Imperial province|imperial provinces]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Berger |first=Adolf |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iklePELtR6QC&newbks=0&printsec |title=Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law |date=2002 |publisher=The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. |isbn=978-1-58477-142-5 |pages=745 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mousourakis |first=George |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cwTFDwAAQBAJ&newbks |title=The Historical and Institutional Context of Roman Law |date=2017-03-02 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-88841-7 |pages=264 |language=en}}</ref> In some areas it was a fixed sum paid in [[Roman currency|currency]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Oakman |first=Douglas E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOOKsk6OT_0C&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq&hl=en |title=The Political Aims of Jesus |date=2012 |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=978-1-4514-2431-7 |pages=68 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Harris |first=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ioY7EAAAQBAJ&newbks |title=Studies in the History of Tax Law, Volume 10 |last2=Cogan |first2=Dominic de |date=2021-08-26 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-5099-3989-3 |pages=12 |language=en}}</ref> It was paid [[in kind]] and collected by the [[Publican|publicani]] in other provinces.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Freyne |first=Sean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=53ONAwAAQBAJ&newbks |title=The Jesus Movement and Its Expansion: Meaning and Mission |date=2014-07-09 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |isbn=978-0-8028-6786-5 |pages=58 |language=en}}</ref>
+The '''''Tributum soli''''' was a [[Direct tax|direct]] [[Taxation in ancient Rome|ancient Roman tax]] on [[Land value tax|agricultural land]] and possibly the equipment used to cultivate the land.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=EVANS |first1=CRAIG A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DmjnDwAAQBAJ |title=Dictionary of New Testament Background |last2=PORTER |first2=STANLEY E. |date=2020-05-21 |publisher=Inter-Varsity Press |isbn=978-1-78974-047-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Adams |first=Samuel L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8qt1BwAAQBAJ |title=Social and Economic Life in Second Temple Judea |date=2014-08-15 |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |isbn=978-1-61164-523-1 |pages=172 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sessa |first=Kristina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lidmDwAAQBAJ |title=Daily Life in Late Antiquity |date=2018-08-09 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-58063-2 |pages=145 |language=en}}</ref> The size of tax was determined based on the size and quality of the land,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ermatinger |first=James W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9rI6CgAAQBAJ |title=The World of Ancient Rome: A Daily Life Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Daily Life Encyclopedia |date=2015-08-11 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-4408-2908-6 |pages=149 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kehoe |first=Dennis P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QpVFDwAAQBAJ |title=Law and the Rural Economy in the Roman Empire |date=2010-03-25 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=978-0-472-02535-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Oakman |first=Douglas E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOOKsk6OT_0C |title=The Political Aims of Jesus |date=2012 |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=978-1-4514-2431-7 |pages=74 |language=en}}</ref> and the land was assessed using a [[Roman censor|census]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sartre |first=Maurice |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9y7nTpFcN3AC |title=The Middle East Under Rome |date=2005 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-01683-5 |pages=104 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ryr5DwAAQBAJ |title=The Tabula Lugdunensis: A Critical Edition with Translation and Commentary |date=2020-09-03 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-62317-9 |pages=159 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Holmén |first1=Tom |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LuKMmVu0tpMC |title=Handbook for the Study of the Historical Jesus (4 Vols) |last2=Porter |first2=Stanley E. |date=2010 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-16372-0 |pages=3426 |language=en}}</ref> [[Greece in the Roman era|Greek cities during the Roman Empire]] would appoint magistrates, usually called ''[[dekaprotoi]]''.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Marek |first=Christian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=umUuEAAAQBAJ |title=In the Land of a Thousand Gods: A History of Asia Minor in the Ancient World |date=2021-07-13 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-23365-9 |pages=388 |language=en}}</ref> During the [[Roman Empire]] the ''Tributum soli'' was split into two taxes, the ''stipendium'' and the ''Tributum soli''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last1=Hornblower |first1=Simon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AIgdBAAAQBAJ |title=The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization |last2=Spawforth |first2=Antony |last3=Eidinow |first3=Esther |date=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-870677-9 |pages=845 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sandys |first=John Edwyn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JM8IBwAAQBAJ&dq=Tributum+soli&pg=PA348 |title=A Companion to Latin Studies |date=2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-49759-7 |pages=348 |language=en}}</ref> The difference between the two was that the stipendium was used in [[Senatorial province|senatorial provinces]], while the ''Tributum'' was used in [[Imperial province|imperial provinces]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Berger |first=Adolf |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iklePELtR6QC |title=Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law |date=2002 |publisher=The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. |isbn=978-1-58477-142-5 |pages=745 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mousourakis |first=George |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cwTFDwAAQBAJ |title=The Historical and Institutional Context of Roman Law |date=2017-03-02 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-88841-7 |pages=264 |language=en}}</ref> In some areas it was a fixed sum paid in [[Roman currency|currency]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Oakman |first=Douglas E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOOKsk6OT_0C |title=The Political Aims of Jesus |date=2012 |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=978-1-4514-2431-7 |pages=68 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Harris |first1=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ioY7EAAAQBAJ |title=Studies in the History of Tax Law, Volume 10 |last2=Cogan |first2=Dominic de |date=2021-08-26 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-5099-3989-3 |pages=12 |language=en}}</ref> It was paid [[in kind]] and collected by the [[Publican|publicani]] in other provinces.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Freyne |first=Sean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=53ONAwAAQBAJ |title=The Jesus Movement and Its Expansion: Meaning and Mission |date=2014-07-09 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |isbn=978-0-8028-6786-5 |pages=58 |language=en}}</ref>
 == References ==