Akinete: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Dolichospermum smithii - akinete.jpg|thumbnail|Intercalary located akinete of ''[[Dolichospermum smithii]]'']] |
[[File:Dolichospermum smithii - akinete.jpg|thumbnail|Intercalary located akinete of ''[[Dolichospermum smithii]]'']] |
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[[File:Gloeotrichia - akineta.jpg|thumbnail|Terminally located akinete of ''[[Gloeotrichia]]'']] |
[[File:Gloeotrichia - akineta.jpg|thumbnail|Terminally located akinete of ''[[Gloeotrichia]]'']] |
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An '''akinete''' is an enveloped, thick-walled, non-motile, dormant [[cell (biology)|cell]] formed by filamentous, heterocyst-forming [[cyanobacteria]] under the order [[Nostocales]] and [[Stigonematales]].<ref name=adams>{{cite journal |last1=Adams |first1=David |last2=Duggan |first2=Paula |date=Aug 1999 |title=Heterocyst and akinete differentiation in cyanobacteria |journal=New Phytol |volume=144 |pages=23–28 |doi=10.1046/j.1469-8137.1999.00505.x|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>Moore, R. et al. (1998) ''Botany.'' 2nd Ed. WCB/McGraw Hill. {{ISBN|0-697-28623-1}}</ref><ref name=sukenik>{{cite journal |last1=Sukenik |first1=Assaf |last2=Beardall |first2=John |last3=Hadas |first3=Ora |
An '''akinete''' is an enveloped, thick-walled, non-motile, dormant [[cell (biology)|cell]] formed by filamentous, heterocyst-forming [[cyanobacteria]] under the order [[Nostocales]] and [[Stigonematales]].<ref name=adams>{{cite journal |last1=Adams |first1=David |last2=Duggan |first2=Paula |date=Aug 1999 |title=Heterocyst and akinete differentiation in cyanobacteria |journal=New Phytol |volume=144 |pages=23–28 |doi=10.1046/j.1469-8137.1999.00505.x|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>Moore, R. et al. (1998) ''Botany.'' 2nd Ed. WCB/McGraw Hill. {{ISBN|0-697-28623-1}}</ref><ref name=sukenik>{{cite journal |last1=Sukenik |first1=Assaf |last2=Beardall |first2=John |last3=Hadas |first3=Ora |title=Photosynthetic Characterization of Developing and Mature Akinetes Ofaphanizomenon Ovalisporum(Cyanoprokaryota)1 |date=July 2007 |journal= Journal of Phycology |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=780–788 |doi=10.1111/j.1529-8817.2007.00374.x|s2cid=85200692 }}</ref><ref name=sukenik2015>{{cite journal |last1=Sukenik |first1=Assaf |last2=Maldener |first2=Iris |last3= Delhaye |first3=Thomas |date=September 2015|title=Carbon assimilation and accumulation of cyanophycin during the development of dormant cells (akinetes) in the cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon ovalisporum |journal=Front. Microbiol. |volume=6 |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2015.01067 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Akinetes are resistant to cold and [[desiccation]].<ref name=adams /> They also accumulate and store various essential material, both of which allows the akinete to serve as a survival structure for up to many years.<ref name=adams /><ref name=sukenik2015 /> However, akinetes are not resistant to heat.<ref name=adams /> Akinetes usually develop in strings with each cell differentiating after another and this occurs next to [[heterocyst]]s if they are present.<ref name=adams /> Development usually occurs during [[stationary phase (biology)|stationary phase]] and is triggered by unfavorable conditions such as insufficient light or nutrients, temperature, and saline levels in the environment.<ref name=adams /><ref name=sukenik2015 /> Once conditions become more favorable for growth, the akinete can then germinate back into a vegetative cell.<ref name=Myers2>{{cite journal |last1=Myers |first1=Jackie |last2=Beardall |first2=John |last3=Allinson |first3=Graeme |date=July 2010 |title=Environmental influences on akinete germination and development in Nodularia spumigena (Cyanobacteriaceae), isolated from the Gippsland Lakes, Victoria, Australia |journal=Hydrobiologia |volume=649 |issue=1 |pages=239–247 |doi=10.1007/s10750-010-0252-5|s2cid=23052084 }}</ref> Increased light intensity, nutrients availability, oxygen availability, and changes in salinity are important triggers for [[germination]].<ref name=Myers2 /> |
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In comparison to vegetative cells, akinetes are generally larger.<ref name=sukenik2015 /><ref name=2suk>{{cite journal|last1=Sukenik|first1=Assaf|last2=Kaplan-Levy|first2=Ruth|last3=Mark|first3=Jessica|date=March 2012|title=Massive multiplication of genome and ribosomes in dormant cells (akinetes) of Aphanizomenon ovalisporum (Cyanobacteria)|journal=The ISME Journal|volume=6|issue=3|pages=670–679|doi=10.1038/ismej.2011.128|pmc=3280138|pmid=21975597}}</ref> This is associated with the accumulation of [[nucleic acids]] which is important for both dormancy and germination of the akinete.<ref name=2suk /> Despite being a resting cell, it is still capable of some metabolic activities such as [[photosynthesis]], protein synthesis, and [[carbon fixation]], albeit at significantly lower levels.<ref name=sukenik /> |
In comparison to vegetative cells, akinetes are generally larger.<ref name=sukenik2015 /><ref name=2suk>{{cite journal|last1=Sukenik|first1=Assaf|last2=Kaplan-Levy|first2=Ruth|last3=Mark|first3=Jessica|date=March 2012|title=Massive multiplication of genome and ribosomes in dormant cells (akinetes) of Aphanizomenon ovalisporum (Cyanobacteria)|journal=The ISME Journal|volume=6|issue=3|pages=670–679|doi=10.1038/ismej.2011.128|pmc=3280138|pmid=21975597}}</ref> This is associated with the accumulation of [[nucleic acids]] which is important for both dormancy and germination of the akinete.<ref name=2suk /> Despite being a resting cell, it is still capable of some metabolic activities such as [[photosynthesis]], protein synthesis, and [[carbon fixation]], albeit at significantly lower levels.<ref name=sukenik /> |
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Akinete formation also influences the perennial blooms of cyanobacteria.<ref name=myers> |
Akinete formation also influences the perennial blooms of cyanobacteria.<ref name=myers> |
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{{cite journal |last1=Myers |first1=Jackie |last2=Beardall |first2=John |date=Aug 2011 |title=Potential triggers of akinete differentiation in Nodularia spumigena (Cyanobacteriaceae) isolated from Australia |journal=Hydrobiologia |volume=671 |issue=1 |pages=165 |doi=10.1007/s10750-011-0714-4 }}</ref> |
{{cite journal |last1=Myers |first1=Jackie |last2=Beardall |first2=John |date=Aug 2011 |title=Potential triggers of akinete differentiation in Nodularia spumigena (Cyanobacteriaceae) isolated from Australia |journal=Hydrobiologia |volume=671 |issue=1 |pages=165 |doi=10.1007/s10750-011-0714-4 |s2cid=7949386 }}</ref> |
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== References == |
== References == |
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Revision as of 23:42, 4 November 2022
An akinete is an enveloped, thick-walled, non-motile, dormant cell formed by filamentous, heterocyst-forming cyanobacteria under the order Nostocales and Stigonematales.[1][2][3][4] Akinetes are resistant to cold and desiccation.[1] They also accumulate and store various essential material, both of which allows the akinete to serve as a survival structure for up to many years.[1][4] However, akinetes are not resistant to heat.[1] Akinetes usually develop in strings with each cell differentiating after another and this occurs next to heterocysts if they are present.[1] Development usually occurs during stationary phase and is triggered by unfavorable conditions such as insufficient light or nutrients, temperature, and saline levels in the environment.[1][4] Once conditions become more favorable for growth, the akinete can then germinate back into a vegetative cell.[5] Increased light intensity, nutrients availability, oxygen availability, and changes in salinity are important triggers for germination.[5] In comparison to vegetative cells, akinetes are generally larger.[4][6] This is associated with the accumulation of nucleic acids which is important for both dormancy and germination of the akinete.[6] Despite being a resting cell, it is still capable of some metabolic activities such as photosynthesis, protein synthesis, and carbon fixation, albeit at significantly lower levels.[3]
Akinetes can remain dormant for extended periods of time. Studies have shown that some species could be cultured that were 18 and 64 years old. [7]
Akinete formation also influences the perennial blooms of cyanobacteria.[8]
References
- ^ a b c d e f Adams, David; Duggan, Paula (Aug 1999). "Heterocyst and akinete differentiation in cyanobacteria". New Phytol. 144: 23–28. doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.1999.00505.x.
- ^ Moore, R. et al. (1998) Botany. 2nd Ed. WCB/McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-697-28623-1
- ^ a b Sukenik, Assaf; Beardall, John; Hadas, Ora (July 2007). "Photosynthetic Characterization of Developing and Mature Akinetes Ofaphanizomenon Ovalisporum(Cyanoprokaryota)1". Journal of Phycology. 43 (4): 780–788. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2007.00374.x. S2CID 85200692.
- ^ a b c d Sukenik, Assaf; Maldener, Iris; Delhaye, Thomas (September 2015). "Carbon assimilation and accumulation of cyanophycin during the development of dormant cells (akinetes) in the cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon ovalisporum". Front. Microbiol. 6. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2015.01067.
- ^ a b Myers, Jackie; Beardall, John; Allinson, Graeme (July 2010). "Environmental influences on akinete germination and development in Nodularia spumigena (Cyanobacteriaceae), isolated from the Gippsland Lakes, Victoria, Australia". Hydrobiologia. 649 (1): 239–247. doi:10.1007/s10750-010-0252-5. S2CID 23052084.
- ^ a b Sukenik, Assaf; Kaplan-Levy, Ruth; Mark, Jessica (March 2012). "Massive multiplication of genome and ribosomes in dormant cells (akinetes) of Aphanizomenon ovalisporum (Cyanobacteria)". The ISME Journal. 6 (3): 670–679. doi:10.1038/ismej.2011.128. PMC 3280138. PMID 21975597.
- ^ David Livingstone & G.H.M. Jaworski (1980) The viability of akinetes of blue-green algae recovered from the sediments of Rostherne Mere, British Phycological Journal, 15:4, 357-364, DOI: 10.1080/00071618000650361
- ^ Myers, Jackie; Beardall, John (Aug 2011). "Potential triggers of akinete differentiation in Nodularia spumigena (Cyanobacteriaceae) isolated from Australia". Hydrobiologia. 671 (1): 165. doi:10.1007/s10750-011-0714-4. S2CID 7949386.
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