Military ground snake: Difference between revisions

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| image = Liophis miliaris 02.JPG
| image = Liophis miliaris 02.JPG
| image_caption = ''Erythrolamprus miliaris''
| image_caption = ''Erythrolamprus miliaris''
| status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |author=Nogueira, C. |author2=Cisneros-Heredia, D.F. |author3=Gonzales, L. |author4=Schargel, W. |author5=Rivas, G. |year=2019 |title=''Erythrolamprus miliaris'' |volume=2019 |page=e.T44581708A44581717 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T44581708A44581717.en |access-date=4 November 2022}}</ref>
| genus = Erythrolamprus
| genus = Erythrolamprus
| species = miliaris
| species = miliaris
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}}
}}


The '''military ground snake''' (''Erythrolamprus miliaris'') is a [[species]] of [[snake]] in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Colubridae]]. The species is [[Endemism|endemic]] to [[South America]]. In 1964 [[Carl Gans|Gans]] gave it the [[common name]] '''common water snake'''.<ref>[[Carl Gans|Gans C]] (1964)."A Rediscription of, and Geographic Variation in, ''Liophis miliaris'' Linné, the Common Water Snake of Southeastern South America". ''American Museum Novitates'' (2178): 1-58.</ref><ref name=Esquedo/>
The '''military ground snake''' ('''''Erythrolamprus miliaris''''') is a [[species]] of [[snake]] in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Colubridae]]. The species is [[Endemism|endemic]] to [[South America]].<ref name=IUCN/>


==Common names==
==Common names==
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==Taxonomy==
==Taxonomy==
''E. miliaris'' was originally described as ''Coluber miliaris'' by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1758. The original [[genus|generic]] name, ''[[Coluber]]'', was indicated to mean "common snake".<ref name=Esquedo>Esquedo, Luis F.; Natera-Mumaw, Marco; La Marca, Enrique (2003). "First record of salamander predation by a ''Liophis'' (Wagler, 1830) snake in the Venezuelan Andes". ''Journal of Herpetology'' '''37''' (1): 191.</ref> It is very polymorphic with a wide range of distribution.
''E. miliaris'' was originally [[species description|described]] as ''Coluber miliaris'' by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1758.<ref name=RDB/>


==Subspecies==
===Subspecies===
Six [[subspecies]] are recognized, including the [[nominotypical subspecies]].<ref name=RDB>{{EMBL species|genus=Erythrolamprus|species=miliaris}}. www.reptile-database.org.</ref>
Five [[subspecies]] are recognized, including the [[nominotypical subspecies]].<ref name=RDB/>
*''Erythrolamprus miliaris amazonicus'' <small>([[Emmett Reid Dunn|Dunn]], 1922)</small>
*''Erythrolamprus miliaris amazonicus'' <small>([[Emmett Reid Dunn|Dunn]], 1922)</small>
*''Erythrolamprus miliaris chrysostomus'' <small>([[Edward Drinker Cope|Cope]], 1868)</small>
*''Erythrolamprus miliaris chrysostomus'' <small>([[Edward Drinker Cope|Cope]], 1868)</small>
*''Erythrolamprus miliaris kogiorum'' <small>[[Amanda Bernal-Carlo|Bernal-Carlo]], 1994</small>
*''Erythrolamprus miliaris merremi'' <small>([[Prince Maximilian of Wied-Neuwied|Wied]], 1821)</small>
*''Erythrolamprus miliaris merremi'' <small>([[Prince Maximilian of Wied-Neuwied|Wied]], 1821)</small>
*''Erythrolamprus miliaris miliaris'' <small>([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])</small>
*''Erythrolamprus miliaris miliaris'' <small>([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])</small>
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The [[subspecific name]], ''merremi'' is in honor of [[Germany|German]] [[Herpetology|herpetologist]] [[Blasius Merrem]].<ref>Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 312 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-4214-0135-5}}. (''Liophis miliaris merremi'', p. 176).</ref>
The [[subspecific name]], ''merremi'' is in honor of [[Germany|German]] [[Herpetology|herpetologist]] [[Blasius Merrem]].<ref>Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 312 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-4214-0135-5}}. (''Liophis miliaris merremi'', p. 176).</ref>

⚫
===''Liophis milaris intermedius'', a taxonomic error===
⚫
In 1991, ''Erythrolamprus miliaris intermedius'' was described by Henle and Ehrl. However, they made a mistake. It was later discovered by [[James R. Dixon|Dixon]] and Tipton, through various comparisons of morphometrics, that ''Erythrolamprus miliaris intermedius'' was actually ''[[Erythrolamprus reginae]]''.<ref name="Dixon and Tipton 2003"/>


==Geographic range==
==Geographic range==
''E. miliaris'' is found in South America east of the Andes, from the [[Guyanas]] south to Paraguay. The former subspecies extending further south (southeastern Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and northeastern Argentina) is now recognized as a full species, ''[[Erythrolamprus semiaureus]]''.<ref name=IUCN/>
''E. miliaris'' is found in [[Brazil]], [[Paraguay]], [[Uruguay]], and northeastern [[Argentina]].<ref name=Marques>Marques, Otavio A.V.; Eterovic, André; Endo, Whaldener (2001). "Seasonal activity of snakes in the Atlantic forest in southeastern Brazil". ''Amphibia-Reptilia'' '''22''': 103-111.</ref>


==Physical characteristics==
==Physical characteristics==
''E. miliaris'' is stout-bodied (muscular) and relatively short-tailed. Tail length/total length ratios vary from 15.0%-19.8% with an average of 18.6%.<ref name=Dixon>[[James R. Dixon|Dixon JR]] (1993). "''Liophis miliaris intermedius'' (Henle and Ehrl, 1991) Is Actually ''Liophis reginae'' (Serpentes: Colubridae)". ''Journal of Herpetology'' '''37''' (1): 191.</ref>
''E. miliaris'' is stout-bodied (muscular) and relatively short-tailed. Tail length/total length ratios vary from 15.0%–19.8% with an average of 18.6%.<ref name="Dixon and Tipton 2003"/>


Adults may attain a total length (including tail) of about 50&nbsp;cm (about 20 in).<ref name=Blgr1894>[[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger GA]] (1894). ''Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume II., Containing the Conclusion of the Colubridæ Aglyphæ.'' London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xi + 382 pp. + Plates I-XX. (''Rhadinæa merremii'', pp. 168-169).</ref>
Adults may attain a total length (including tail) of about 50&nbsp;cm (about 20 in).<ref name=Blgr1894>[[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger GA]] (1894). ''Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume II., Containing the Conclusion of the Colubridæ Aglyphæ.'' London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xi + 382 pp. + Plates I-XX. (''Rhadinæa merremii'', pp. 168-169).</ref>
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==Feeding==
==Feeding==
''E. miliaris'' feeds on a wide range of [[prey]] items. They include [[amphibian]]s (also, eggs and tadpoles), invertebrates, [[lizard]]s, [[fish]], [[bird]]s, and small [[rodent]]s. However, there is little information on its feeding habits.<ref name=Pizzatto>Pizzatto, Lígia; Marques, Otavio A.V. (2006). "Interpopulation variation in sexual dimorphism, reproductive output, and parasitism of ''Liophis miliaris'' (Colubridae) in the Atlantic forest of Brazil". ''Amphibia-Reptilia'' '''27''' (1): 37-46.</ref>
''E. miliaris'' feeds on a wide range of [[prey]] items. They include primarily [[amphibian]]s (including eggs and [[tadpole]]s), but also [[fish]] and even [[lizard]]s and small [[rodent]]s. Invertebrates have also been reported but may have been secondarily ingested.<ref name="van den Burg 2020"/> However, there is little information on its feeding habits. A study indicated that females with oviductal eggs did not feed, whereas those females with secondary vitellogenic follicles fed more often than did the non-reproductive ones.<ref name="Pizzatto and Marques 2006a"/>
A study indicated that females with oviductal eggs did not feed, whereas those ''E. miliaris'' snakes with secondary vitellogenic follicles fed more often than did the non-reproductive females.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}

==Sexual maturity==
[[Sexual maturity]] in snakes is regarded by experts as difficult to determine; however, it can be assessed by the snout-vent length (SVL). Sexual maturity is positively correlated to mean body size. In order to determine the sexual maturity of an ''Erythrolamprus'', scientists have determined the diameter of [[ovarian follicles]] if seen to be >10{{clarification needed|date=April 2019}} as indicative of sexual maturity in females, as is the presence of oviducal eggs. Males were considered mature if the [[testes]] were large and turgid or if the deferent ducts were opaque and convoluted, indicating the presence of sperm. Females in the subspecies populations of ''Erythrolamprus miliaris meremmi'' and ''Erythrolamprus miliaris orinus'' were seen to be greater in body size than the males.<ref name=Dixon/>


==Sexual dimorphism==
==Sexual dimorphism==
There is [[sexual dimorphism]] with respect to size of adult ''Erythrolamprus''. Adult females are larger in the subspecies ''merremi'' and ''orinus''. They were seen to be larger than the adult males. The sexual dimorphism index was seen to be similar in the geographic areas of the northern coastal Atlantic forest, southern coastal Atlantic forest, northern inland Atlantic forest and southern inland Atlantic forest. This was indicative of no geographic variation in sexual size dimorphism. It is believed that body size may differ either because of local genetic modification or direct phenotypic effect of food availability on the growth rates. In addition to body size, the comparison of head size in ''E. miliaris'' is seen to show no dimorphism. Head size is considered to be associated with inter-sexual dietary divergence.<ref name=Dixon/>
There is [[sexual dimorphism]] with respect to size of adult ''Erythrolamprus miliaris''.<ref name="Pizzatto and Marques 2006b"/><ref name="Eisfeld and Vrcibradic 2019"/> Adult females are larger in the subspecies ''merremi'' and ''orinus''. They were seen to be larger than the adult males. The sexual dimorphism index was seen to be similar in the geographic areas of the northern coastal Atlantic forest, southern coastal Atlantic forest, northern inland Atlantic forest and southern inland Atlantic forest. This was indicative of no geographic variation in sexual size dimorphism. It is believed that body size may differ either because of local genetic modification or direct phenotypic effect of food availability on the growth rates. In addition to body size, the comparison of head size in ''E. miliaris'' is seen to show no dimorphism. Head size is considered to be associated with inter-sexual dietary divergence.<ref name="Pizzatto and Marques 2006b"/>


==Reproductive output==
==Reproductive output==
With respect to reproductive output in the northern and southern coast Atlantic forest, and the northern and southern inland forest, the reproductive output recorded for ''Erythrolamprus miliaris orinus'' and ''Erythrolamprus miliaris merremi'' were determined via number of eggs, size of eggs, and number of neonates. The mean egg volume in the southern coast Atlantic forest was seen to be the largest of the four regions. The reproductive frequency was lower in the northern coast Atlantic forest than the other regions.<ref name=Dixon/>
With respect to reproductive output in the northern and southern coast Atlantic forest, and the northern and southern inland forest, the reproductive output recorded for ''Erythrolamprus miliaris orinus'' and ''Erythrolamprus miliaris merremi'' were determined via number of eggs, size of eggs, and number of neonates. The mean egg volume in the southern coast Atlantic forest was seen to be the largest of the four regions. The reproductive frequency was lower in the northern coast Atlantic forest than the other regions.<ref name="Pizzatto and Marques 2006b"/>


==Parasitism==
==Parasitism==
[[Parasitism]] is not understood very well in the context of snake ecology. The only inferences that have been made are those with the influence on natural populations. It is thought to be related to the snakes feeding behavior and [[immunological resistance]]. Two parasites were discovered in the subspecies ''orinus'' and ''merremi''. The first were adults of ''Ophidiascaris'' sp. (Nemaotoda) in the stomach. Also Cystacaths of ''Oligatanthorynchus spira'' (Acanthocephala) were in the peritoneum. The prevalence found in the four different regions, northern and southern coastal Atlantic forest and northern and southern inland Atlantic forest, were observed in Pizatto's and Marques' study. The lowest prevalence was seen in the northern coastal Atlantic forest. The level of parasite [[infestation]] did not differ between the males and females. Female reproductive status was unaffected by the level of infection, nor was the number of eggs she carried. The male reproductive system was unaffected by the level of infestation as well.<ref name=Dixon/>
[[Parasitism]] is not understood very well in the context of snake ecology. The only inferences that have been made are those with the influence on natural populations. It is thought to be related to the snakes feeding behavior and [[immunological resistance]]. Two parasites were discovered in the subspecies ''orinus'' and ''merremi''. The first were adults of the [[nematod]] ''Ophidiascaris'' sp. in the stomach. Also cystacaths of the [[acanthocephala]]n ''Oligatanthorynchus spira'' were in the peritoneum. The prevalence found in the four different regions, northern and southern coastal Atlantic forest and northern and southern inland Atlantic forest, were observed in Pizatto's and Marques' study. The lowest prevalence was seen in the northern coastal Atlantic forest. The level of parasite [[infestation]] did not differ between the males and females. Female reproductive status was unaffected by the level of infection, nor was the number of eggs she carried. The male reproductive system was unaffected by the level of infestation as well.<ref name="Pizzatto and Marques 2006b"/>

⚫
==''Liophis milaris intermedius'', a taxonomic error==
⚫
In 1991, ''Erythrolamprus miliaris intermedius'' was classified by Henle and Ehrl. However, they made a mistake. It was later discovered by [[James R. Dixon|Dixon]] and Tipton, through various comparisons of body composition, that ''Erythrolamprus miliaris intermedius'' was actually ''Erythrolamprus reginae''.<ref name=Dixon/>


==Habitat==
==Habitat==
''Erythrolamprus miliaris'' is seen in the Atlantic [[forest]] of South America, the [[rainforest]] in eastern Brazil, and the semi[[deciduous]] forests in southeastern Brazil.<ref name=Esquedo/>
''Erythrolamprus miliaris'' inhabits aquatic and riparian habitats. It occurs in both lowland tropical rainforest and [[Atlantic forest]] at elevations below {{convert|100|–|700|m|abbr=on}}.<ref name=IUCN/>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="Dixon and Tipton 2003">{{cite journal |last1=Dixon |first1=James R. |last2=Tipton |first2=Bob L. |author1-link=James R. Dixon |title=''Liophis miliaris intermedius'' (Henle and Ehrl, 1991) is actually ''Liophis reginae'' (Serpentes: Colubridae) |journal=Journal of Herpetology |date=2003 |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=191–191 |doi=10.1670/0022-1511(2003)037[0191:LMIHAE]2.0.CO;2}}</ref>

<ref name="Eisfeld and Vrcibradic 2019">{{cite journal |last1=Eisfeld |first1=Alexia |last2=Vrcibradic |first2=Davor |title=Reproductive aspects of the semi-aquatic snake ''Erythrolamprus miliaris'' (Dipsadidae: Xenodontini) in the state of Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil |journal=Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências |date=2019 |volume=91 |page=e20170657 |doi=10.1590/0001-3765201920170657}}</ref>

<ref name="Pizzatto and Marques 2006a">{{cite journal |last1=Pizzatto |first1=Lígia |last2=Marques |first2=Otavio A. V. |title=Interpopulational variation in reproductive cycles and activity of the water snake ''Liophis miliaris'' (Colubridae) in Brazil |journal=Herpetological Journal |date=2006 |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=353–362 |url=https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/bhs/thj/2006/00000016/00000004/art00003}}</ref>

<ref name="Pizzatto and Marques 2006b">{{cite journal |last1=Pizzatto |first1=Lígia |last2=Marques |first2=Otavio |title=Interpopulational variation in sexual dimorphism, reproductive output, and parasitism of ''Liophis miliaris'' (Colubridae) in the Atlantic forest of Brazil |journal=Amphibia-Reptilia |date=2006 |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=37–46 |doi=10.1163/156853806776052128}}</ref>

<ref name=RDB>{{NRDB species |genus=Erythrolamprus |species=miliaris |access-date=5 November 2022}}</ref>

<ref name="van den Burg 2020">{{cite journal |last1=van den Burg |first1=Matthijs P. |title=How to source and collate natural history information: A case study of reported prey items of ''Erythrolamprus miliaris'' (linnaeus, 1758) |journal=Herpetology Notes |date=2020 |volume=13 |pages=739-746 |url=https://www.biotaxa.org/hn/article/view/61455 |hdl=10261/238092 }}</ref>
}}


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
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[[Category:Erythrolamprus|miliaris]]
[[Category:Erythrolamprus|miliaris]]
[[Category:Snakes of South America]]
[[Category:Snakes of South America]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Argentina]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Bolivia]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Brazil]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Brazil]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Uruguay]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Colombia]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Ecuador]]
[[Category:Reptiles of French Guiana]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Guyana]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Paraguay]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Peru]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Suriname]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Venezuela]]
[[Category:Fauna of the Atlantic Forest]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 1758]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 1758]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]

Revision as of 20:24, 6 November 2022

Military ground snake
Erythrolamprus miliaris
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Serpentes
Family: Colubridae
Genus: Erythrolamprus
Species:
E. miliaris
Binomial name
Erythrolamprus miliaris
Synonyms
  • Coluber miliaris Linnaeus, 1758
  • Coluber merremii Wied, 1821
  • Rhadinæa merremi Boulenger, 1894 (missp.)[2]
  • Liophis miliaris (Linnaeus, 1758)[3]

The military ground snake (Erythrolamprus miliaris) is a species of snake in the family Colubridae. The species is endemic to South America.[1]

Common names

South American common names for E. miliaris include cobra-d'água (water snake) and cobra-lisa (smooth snake) in Portuguese, and simply culebra (snake) in Spanish.[4]

Taxonomy

E. miliaris was originally described as Coluber miliaris by Carl Linnaeus in 1758.[3]

Subspecies

Five subspecies are recognized, including the nominotypical subspecies.[3]

  • Erythrolamprus miliaris amazonicus (Dunn, 1922)
  • Erythrolamprus miliaris chrysostomus (Cope, 1868)
  • Erythrolamprus miliaris merremi (Wied, 1821)
  • Erythrolamprus miliaris miliaris (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Erythrolamprus miliaris orinus (Griffin, 1916)

The subspecific name, merremi is in honor of German herpetologist Blasius Merrem.[5]

Liophis milaris intermedius, a taxonomic error

In 1991, Erythrolamprus miliaris intermedius was described by Henle and Ehrl. However, they made a mistake. It was later discovered by Dixon and Tipton, through various comparisons of morphometrics, that Erythrolamprus miliaris intermedius was actually Erythrolamprus reginae.[6]

Geographic range

E. miliaris is found in South America east of the Andes, from the Guyanas south to Paraguay. The former subspecies extending further south (southeastern Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and northeastern Argentina) is now recognized as a full species, Erythrolamprus semiaureus.[1]

Physical characteristics

E. miliaris is stout-bodied (muscular) and relatively short-tailed. Tail length/total length ratios vary from 15.0%–19.8% with an average of 18.6%.[6]

Adults may attain a total length (including tail) of about 50 cm (about 20 in).[2]

Dorsally, it is pale olive-brown or yellowish, with each smooth dorsal scale edged with black. Ventrally, it is uniformly yellow.[2]

Feeding

E. miliaris feeds on a wide range of prey items. They include primarily amphibians (including eggs and tadpoles), but also fish and even lizards and small rodents. Invertebrates have also been reported but may have been secondarily ingested.[7] However, there is little information on its feeding habits. A study indicated that females with oviductal eggs did not feed, whereas those females with secondary vitellogenic follicles fed more often than did the non-reproductive ones.[8]

Sexual dimorphism

There is sexual dimorphism with respect to size of adult Erythrolamprus miliaris.[9][10] Adult females are larger in the subspecies merremi and orinus. They were seen to be larger than the adult males. The sexual dimorphism index was seen to be similar in the geographic areas of the northern coastal Atlantic forest, southern coastal Atlantic forest, northern inland Atlantic forest and southern inland Atlantic forest. This was indicative of no geographic variation in sexual size dimorphism. It is believed that body size may differ either because of local genetic modification or direct phenotypic effect of food availability on the growth rates. In addition to body size, the comparison of head size in E. miliaris is seen to show no dimorphism. Head size is considered to be associated with inter-sexual dietary divergence.[9]

Reproductive output

With respect to reproductive output in the northern and southern coast Atlantic forest, and the northern and southern inland forest, the reproductive output recorded for Erythrolamprus miliaris orinus and Erythrolamprus miliaris merremi were determined via number of eggs, size of eggs, and number of neonates. The mean egg volume in the southern coast Atlantic forest was seen to be the largest of the four regions. The reproductive frequency was lower in the northern coast Atlantic forest than the other regions.[9]

Parasitism

Parasitism is not understood very well in the context of snake ecology. The only inferences that have been made are those with the influence on natural populations. It is thought to be related to the snakes feeding behavior and immunological resistance. Two parasites were discovered in the subspecies orinus and merremi. The first were adults of the nematod Ophidiascaris sp. in the stomach. Also cystacaths of the acanthocephalan Oligatanthorynchus spira were in the peritoneum. The prevalence found in the four different regions, northern and southern coastal Atlantic forest and northern and southern inland Atlantic forest, were observed in Pizatto's and Marques' study. The lowest prevalence was seen in the northern coastal Atlantic forest. The level of parasite infestation did not differ between the males and females. Female reproductive status was unaffected by the level of infection, nor was the number of eggs she carried. The male reproductive system was unaffected by the level of infestation as well.[9]

Habitat

Erythrolamprus miliaris inhabits aquatic and riparian habitats. It occurs in both lowland tropical rainforest and Atlantic forest at elevations below 100–700 m (330–2,300 ft).[1]

References

  1. ^ a b c d Nogueira, C.; Cisneros-Heredia, D.F.; Gonzales, L.; Schargel, W.; Rivas, G. (2019). "Erythrolamprus miliaris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T44581708A44581717. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T44581708A44581717.en. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
  2. ^ a b c Boulenger GA (1894). Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume II., Containing the Conclusion of the Colubridæ Aglyphæ. London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xi + 382 pp. + Plates I-XX. (Rhadinæa merremii, pp. 168-169).
  3. ^ a b c Erythrolamprus miliaris at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 5 November 2022.
  4. ^ Freiberg M (1982). Snakes of South America. Hong Kong: T.F.H. Publications. 189 pp. ISBN 0-87666-912-7. (Liophis miliaris, pp. 102, 136 + photograph on p. 59).
  5. ^ Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 312 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. (Liophis miliaris merremi, p. 176).
  6. ^ a b Dixon, James R.; Tipton, Bob L. (2003). "Liophis miliaris intermedius (Henle and Ehrl, 1991) is actually Liophis reginae (Serpentes: Colubridae)". Journal of Herpetology. 37 (1): 191–191. doi:10.1670/0022-1511(2003)037[0191:LMIHAE]2.0.CO;2.
  7. ^ van den Burg, Matthijs P. (2020). "How to source and collate natural history information: A case study of reported prey items of Erythrolamprus miliaris (linnaeus, 1758)". Herpetology Notes. 13: 739–746. hdl:10261/238092.
  8. ^ Pizzatto, Lígia; Marques, Otavio A. V. (2006). "Interpopulational variation in reproductive cycles and activity of the water snake Liophis miliaris (Colubridae) in Brazil". Herpetological Journal. 16 (4): 353–362.
  9. ^ a b c d Pizzatto, Lígia; Marques, Otavio (2006). "Interpopulational variation in sexual dimorphism, reproductive output, and parasitism of Liophis miliaris (Colubridae) in the Atlantic forest of Brazil". Amphibia-Reptilia. 27 (1): 37–46. doi:10.1163/156853806776052128.
  10. ^ Eisfeld, Alexia; Vrcibradic, Davor (2019). "Reproductive aspects of the semi-aquatic snake Erythrolamprus miliaris (Dipsadidae: Xenodontini) in the state of Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil". Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências. 91: e20170657. doi:10.1590/0001-3765201920170657.

Further reading

  • Linnaeus C (1758). Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, diferentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio Decima, Reformata. Stockholm: L. Salvius. 824 pp. (Coluber miliaris, new species, p. 220). (in Latin).
  • Wied M (1821). Reise nach Brasilien in den Jahren 1815 bis 1817. Zweyter Band [volume 2]. Frankfurt: H.L.Brönner. xviii + 345 pp. (Coluber merremii, new species, p. 121). (in German).
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