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←Created page with '=== '''Background''' === Hybridization, when new offspring arise from crosses between individuals of the same or different species, results in the assemblage of diverse genetic material and can act as a stimulus for novel evolutionary outcomes <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Soltis |first=Pamela S. |last2=Soltis |first2=Douglas E. |date=2009-06-01 |title=The Role of Hybridization in Plant Speciation |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.043008.092039...'
 
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=== '''Background''' ===
=== '''Background''' ===
[[Hybridization]], when new offspring arise from crosses between individuals of the same or different species, results in the assemblage of diverse genetic material and can act as a stimulus for novel evolutionary outcomes <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Soltis |first=Pamela S. |last2=Soltis |first2=Douglas E. |date=2009-06-01 |title=The Role of Hybridization in Plant Speciation |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.043008.092039 |journal=Annual Review of Plant Biology |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=561–588 |doi=10.1146/annurev.arplant.043008.092039 |issn=1543-5008}}</ref>. [[Hybrid (biology)|Hybrid]] species are often more vigorous and genetically differed than their ancestors. There are primarily two different forms of hybridization: [[natural hybridization]] in an uncontrolled environment, whereas [[artificial hybridization]] or [[breeding]] occurs primarily for the agricultural purposes.
[[Hybridization]], when new offspring arise from crosses between individuals of the same or different species, results in the assemblage of diverse genetic material and can act as a stimulus for novel evolutionary outcomes <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Soltis |first=Pamela S. |last2=Soltis |first2=Douglas E. |date=2009-06-01 |title=The Role of Hybridization in Plant Speciation |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.043008.092039 |journal=Annual Review of Plant Biology |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=561–588 |doi=10.1146/annurev.arplant.043008.092039 |issn=1543-5008}}</ref>. [[Hybrid (biology)|Hybrid]] species are often more vigorous and genetically differed than their ancestors. There are primarily two different forms of hybridization: [[natural hybridization]] in an uncontrolled environment, whereas [[artificial hybridization]] or [[breeding]] occurs primarily for the agricultural purposes.


=== '''Types of Hybridization''' ===
=== '''Types of Hybridization''' ===
There are mainly two types of hybridization: interspecific and intraspecific. Interspecific hybridization is the mating process between two different species. Intraspecific hybridization is the mating process within the species, often between genetically distinct lineages. Hybridization sometimes results in [[introgression]], which can occur in response to habitat disturbance that puts plant species into contact with each other . Introgression is gene transfer among taxa and is a result of hybridization, followed by repeated backcrossing with parental individuals. Introgressive hybridization occurs often in plants, and results in increased genetic variation, which can facilitate rapid response to climate change .
There are mainly two types of hybridization: interspecific and intraspecific. Interspecific hybridization is the mating process between two different species. Intraspecific hybridization is the mating process within the species, often between genetically distinct lineages. Hybridization sometimes results in [[introgression]], which can occur in response to habitat disturbance that puts plant species into contact with each other <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Anderson |first=E. |last2=Stebbins |first2=G. L. |date=1954-12 |title=Hybridization as an Evolutionary Stimulus |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2405784 |journal=Evolution |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=378 |doi=10.2307/2405784 |issn=0014-3820}}</ref>. Introgression is gene transfer among taxa and is a result of hybridization, followed by repeated backcrossing with parental individuals. Introgressive hybridization occurs often in plants, and results in increased genetic variation, which can facilitate rapid response to climate change <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dowling |first=Thomas E. |last2=Secor |first2=Carol L. |date=1997-11 |title=The Role of Hybridization and Introgression in the Diversification of Animals |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.28.1.593 |journal=Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics |language=en |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=593–619 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.28.1.593 |issn=0066-4162}}</ref>.


=== '''Hybridization in perennial plant systems''' ===
=== '''Hybridization in perennial plant systems''' ===
Hybridization is considered to be an evolutionary catalyst capable of generating novel genotypes or phenotypes in a single generation . It can also happen with morphologically dissimilar but closely related species (Example: ''H. giganteus'') . In plants, hybridization mostly generates speciation events , and commonly produces polyploid species. Factors like polyploidy events also plays significant factors for understanding the hybridization events (Example: F1 hybrid and ''Jatropha curcas'' x ''Ricinus communis'') , because these [[Polyploidy|polyploids]] tend to have an advantage for the early stages of adaptation due to their expanded genomes. As a result, hybridization can be a powerful driver for improving agricultural crops, but can also facilitate unwanted species invasions (e.g., annual sunflower) . While hybridization in perennial plants can occur naturally, for example as the result of cross breeding with wild type relatives near agricultural fields, intentional hybridization in perennial crops has also been of recent interest in agriculture. While [[Hybridization probe|Hybridization]] and breeding methods have produced successful crop species, declining yield is a major challenge. Thus, further research is needed for leveraging hybridization in perennial crop systems to produce sustainable and high yielding crops. Some methods that are currently being explored include applying modern genotyping, phenotyping, and speed [[breeding]] techniques .  When crosses in the laboratory are difficult, researchers can study hybrid zones that arise naturally in the field . For efforts to leverage hybridization to improve perennial crops to be successful, there need to be continued efforts toward building a broad collection of [[Crop wild relative|crop wild relatives]], [[genomic sequencing]] of related species, creating and phenotyping desired hybrid populations, and developing a network for genotype and [[phenotype]] associations and locate phenotype into crop breeding pipelines .
Hybridization is considered to be an evolutionary catalyst capable of generating novel genotypes or phenotypes in a single generation <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />. It can also happen with morphologically dissimilar but closely related species (Example: ''H. giganteus'') <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Long |first=Robert W. |date=1955-11 |title=HYBRIDIZATION IN PERENNIAL SUNFLOWERS |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1955.tb10421.x |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=42 |issue=9 |pages=769–777 |doi=10.1002/j.1537-2197.1955.tb10421.x |issn=0002-9122}}</ref>. In plants, hybridization mostly generates speciation events <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rieseberg |first=Loren H. |date=1997-11 |title=Hybrid Origins of Plant Species |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.28.1.359 |journal=Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=359–389 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.28.1.359 |issn=0066-4162}}</ref>, and commonly produces polyploid species. Factors like polyploidy events also plays significant factors for understanding the hybridization events (Example: F1 hybrid and ''Jatropha curcas'' x ''Ricinus communis'') <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Premjet |first=Duangporn |last2=Obeng |first2=Abraham Kusi |last3=Kongbangkerd |first3=Anupan |last4=Premjet |first4=Siripong |date=2019-06-22 |title=Intergeneric Hybrid from Jatropha curcas L. and Ricinus communis L.: Characterization and Polyploid Induction |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology8020050 |journal=Biology |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=50 |doi=10.3390/biology8020050 |issn=2079-7737}}</ref>, because these [[Polyploidy|polyploids]] tend to have an advantage for the early stages of adaptation due to their expanded genomes. As a result, hybridization can be a powerful driver for improving agricultural crops, but can also facilitate unwanted species invasions (e.g., annual sunflower) <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rieseberg |first=Loren H. |last2=Kim |first2=Seung-Chul |last3=Randell |first3=Rebecca A. |last4=Whitney |first4=Kenneth D. |last5=Gross |first5=Briana L. |last6=Lexer |first6=Christian |last7=Clay |first7=Keith |date=2006-09-06 |title=Hybridization and the colonization of novel habitats by annual sunflowers |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10709-006-9011-y |journal=Genetica |volume=129 |issue=2 |pages=149–165 |doi=10.1007/s10709-006-9011-y |issn=0016-6707}}</ref>. While hybridization in perennial plants can occur naturally, for example as the result of cross breeding with wild type relatives near agricultural fields, intentional hybridization in perennial crops has also been of recent interest in agriculture. While [[Hybridization probe|Hybridization]] and breeding methods have produced successful crop species, declining yield is a major challenge. Thus, further research is needed for leveraging hybridization in perennial crop systems to produce sustainable and high yielding crops. Some methods that are currently being explored include applying modern genotyping, phenotyping, and speed [[breeding]] techniques <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cui |first=Lei |last2=Ren |first2=Yongkang |last3=Murray |first3=Timothy D. |last4=Yan |first4=Wenze |last5=Guo |first5=Qing |last6=Niu |first6=Yuqi |last7=Sun |first7=Yu |last8=Li |first8=Hongjie |date=2018-08 |title=Development of Perennial Wheat Through Hybridization Between Wheat and Wheatgrasses: A Review |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2018.07.003 |journal=Engineering |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=507–513 |doi=10.1016/j.eng.2018.07.003 |issn=2095-8099}}</ref>. When crosses in the laboratory are difficult, researchers can study hybrid zones that arise naturally in the field <ref>{{Citation |last=Rieseberg |first=Loren H. |title=Hybridization, introgression, and linkage evolution |date=2000 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4221-2_11 |work=Plant Molecular Evolution |pages=205–224 |place=Dordrecht |publisher=Springer Netherlands |isbn=978-94-010-5833-9 |access-date=2022-12-18 |last2=Baird |first2=Stuart J. E. |last3=Gardner |first3=Keith A.}}</ref>. For efforts to leverage hybridization to improve perennial crops to be successful, there need to be continued efforts toward building a broad collection of [[Crop wild relative|crop wild relatives]], [[genomic sequencing]] of related species, creating and phenotyping desired hybrid populations, and developing a network for genotype and [[phenotype]] associations and locate phenotype into crop breeding pipelines <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Warschefsky |first=Emily |last2=Penmetsa |first2=R. Varma |last3=Cook |first3=Douglas R. |last4=von Wettberg |first4=Eric J. B. |date=2014-10 |title=Back to the wilds: Tapping evolutionary adaptations for resilient crops through systematic hybridization with crop wild relatives |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1400116 |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=101 |issue=10 |pages=1791–1800 |doi=10.3732/ajb.1400116 |issn=0002-9122}}</ref>.


=== '''Bibliography''' ===
=== '''Bibliography''' ===

#

Revision as of 20:27, 18 December 2022

Background

Hybridization, when new offspring arise from crosses between individuals of the same or different species, results in the assemblage of diverse genetic material and can act as a stimulus for novel evolutionary outcomes [1]. Hybrid species are often more vigorous and genetically differed than their ancestors. There are primarily two different forms of hybridization: natural hybridization in an uncontrolled environment, whereas artificial hybridization or breeding occurs primarily for the agricultural purposes.

Types of Hybridization

There are mainly two types of hybridization: interspecific and intraspecific. Interspecific hybridization is the mating process between two different species. Intraspecific hybridization is the mating process within the species, often between genetically distinct lineages. Hybridization sometimes results in introgression, which can occur in response to habitat disturbance that puts plant species into contact with each other [2]. Introgression is gene transfer among taxa and is a result of hybridization, followed by repeated backcrossing with parental individuals. Introgressive hybridization occurs often in plants, and results in increased genetic variation, which can facilitate rapid response to climate change [3].

Hybridization in perennial plant systems

Hybridization is considered to be an evolutionary catalyst capable of generating novel genotypes or phenotypes in a single generation [1][2]. It can also happen with morphologically dissimilar but closely related species (Example: H. giganteus) [4]. In plants, hybridization mostly generates speciation events [5], and commonly produces polyploid species. Factors like polyploidy events also plays significant factors for understanding the hybridization events (Example: F1 hybrid and Jatropha curcas x Ricinus communis) [6], because these polyploids tend to have an advantage for the early stages of adaptation due to their expanded genomes. As a result, hybridization can be a powerful driver for improving agricultural crops, but can also facilitate unwanted species invasions (e.g., annual sunflower) [7]. While hybridization in perennial plants can occur naturally, for example as the result of cross breeding with wild type relatives near agricultural fields, intentional hybridization in perennial crops has also been of recent interest in agriculture. While Hybridization and breeding methods have produced successful crop species, declining yield is a major challenge. Thus, further research is needed for leveraging hybridization in perennial crop systems to produce sustainable and high yielding crops. Some methods that are currently being explored include applying modern genotyping, phenotyping, and speed breeding techniques [8]. When crosses in the laboratory are difficult, researchers can study hybrid zones that arise naturally in the field [9]. For efforts to leverage hybridization to improve perennial crops to be successful, there need to be continued efforts toward building a broad collection of crop wild relatives, genomic sequencing of related species, creating and phenotyping desired hybrid populations, and developing a network for genotype and phenotype associations and locate phenotype into crop breeding pipelines [10].

Bibliography

  1. ^ a b Soltis, Pamela S.; Soltis, Douglas E. (2009-06-01). "The Role of Hybridization in Plant Speciation". Annual Review of Plant Biology. 60 (1): 561–588. doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.043008.092039. ISSN 1543-5008.
  2. ^ a b Anderson, E.; Stebbins, G. L. (1954-12). "Hybridization as an Evolutionary Stimulus". Evolution. 8 (4): 378. doi:10.2307/2405784. ISSN 0014-3820. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  3. ^ Dowling, Thomas E.; Secor, Carol L. (1997-11). "The Role of Hybridization and Introgression in the Diversification of Animals". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 28 (1): 593–619. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.28.1.593. ISSN 0066-4162. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  4. ^ Long, Robert W. (1955-11). "HYBRIDIZATION IN PERENNIAL SUNFLOWERS". American Journal of Botany. 42 (9): 769–777. doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1955.tb10421.x. ISSN 0002-9122. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  5. ^ Rieseberg, Loren H. (1997-11). "Hybrid Origins of Plant Species". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 28 (1): 359–389. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.28.1.359. ISSN 0066-4162. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  6. ^ Premjet, Duangporn; Obeng, Abraham Kusi; Kongbangkerd, Anupan; Premjet, Siripong (2019-06-22). "Intergeneric Hybrid from Jatropha curcas L. and Ricinus communis L.: Characterization and Polyploid Induction". Biology. 8 (2): 50. doi:10.3390/biology8020050. ISSN 2079-7737.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  7. ^ Rieseberg, Loren H.; Kim, Seung-Chul; Randell, Rebecca A.; Whitney, Kenneth D.; Gross, Briana L.; Lexer, Christian; Clay, Keith (2006-09-06). "Hybridization and the colonization of novel habitats by annual sunflowers". Genetica. 129 (2): 149–165. doi:10.1007/s10709-006-9011-y. ISSN 0016-6707.
  8. ^ Cui, Lei; Ren, Yongkang; Murray, Timothy D.; Yan, Wenze; Guo, Qing; Niu, Yuqi; Sun, Yu; Li, Hongjie (2018-08). "Development of Perennial Wheat Through Hybridization Between Wheat and Wheatgrasses: A Review". Engineering. 4 (4): 507–513. doi:10.1016/j.eng.2018.07.003. ISSN 2095-8099. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  9. ^ Rieseberg, Loren H.; Baird, Stuart J. E.; Gardner, Keith A. (2000), "Hybridization, introgression, and linkage evolution", Plant Molecular Evolution, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 205–224, ISBN 978-94-010-5833-9, retrieved 2022-12-18
  10. ^ Warschefsky, Emily; Penmetsa, R. Varma; Cook, Douglas R.; von Wettberg, Eric J. B. (2014-10). "Back to the wilds: Tapping evolutionary adaptations for resilient crops through systematic hybridization with crop wild relatives". American Journal of Botany. 101 (10): 1791–1800. doi:10.3732/ajb.1400116. ISSN 0002-9122. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
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