Gonodactylus chiragra: Difference between revisions
HeyElliott (talk | contribs) No edit summary |
Citation bot (talk | contribs) Alter: url, pages. URLs might have been anonymized. Add: s2cid, pmid, issue, pages, jstor, doi, authors 1-1. Removed parameters. Some additions/deletions were parameter name changes. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by SemperIocundus | #UCB_webform 1612/2500 |
||
| Line 18: | Line 18: | ||
=== Claws === |
=== Claws === |
||
All mantis shrimp (stomatopods) are either [[Mantis shrimp#Claws|spearers or smashers]]. ''G. chiragra'' is a smasher, which means that the heel on their second pair of thoracic appendages is greatly enlarged, forming a club that is used to smash prey.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal | |
All mantis shrimp (stomatopods) are either [[Mantis shrimp#Claws|spearers or smashers]]. ''G. chiragra'' is a smasher, which means that the heel on their second pair of thoracic appendages is greatly enlarged, forming a club that is used to smash prey.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Caldwell |first1=Roy L. |last2=Dingle |first2=Hugh |date=1976 |title=Stomatopods |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/24950262.pdf |journal=[[Scientific American]] |volume=234 |issue=1 |pages=80–89 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0176-80 |jstor=24950262 |via=[[JSTOR]]}}</ref> When a target is spotted, ''G. chiragra'' strike powerfully and quickly in one of the quickest punches in all of nature.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schiff |first=H |date=1989 |title=Visual input patterns correlated to behavior and habitat of the mantis shrimp Gonodactylus |journal=[[Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology]] |volume=94|pages=75–87 |doi=10.1016/0300-9629(89)90788-3 }}</ref> Common targets for eating are [[Snail|snails]], [[Hermit crab|hermit crabs]], and [[Clam|clams]], but bigger animals are sometimes targeted such as [[Mollusca|mollusks]] and other [[Crustacean|crustaceans]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=Caldwell|first=Roy|title=Gonodactylus Chiragra|url=https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/arthropoda/crustacea/malacostraca/eumalacostraca/royslist/species.php?name=g_chiragra|website=Roy's List of Stomatopods for the Aquarium}}</ref> ''G. chiragra'' are one of the largest smashers and employ a unique fighting strategy in which they circle around the target and aim at the head.<ref name=":1" /> This is thought to have developed as a result of intense competition for suitable burrows among stomatopods.<ref name=":1" /> |
||
The species is considered one of the most aggressive species of mantis shrimp and when in captivity, routinely strike glass walls and air tubes in the aquarium.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Manning|first=R.B.|date=1981|title=Stomatopod Crustacea of Vietnam: the legacy of Raoul Serène|url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/crustacea/Special1995/4/Special1995_KJ00003262844/_pdf/-char/en|journal=Crustacean Research, Special|volume=4|pages=71–75}}</ref> |
The species is considered one of the most aggressive species of mantis shrimp and when in captivity, routinely strike glass walls and air tubes in the aquarium.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Manning|first=R.B.|date=1981|title=Stomatopod Crustacea of Vietnam: the legacy of Raoul Serène|url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/crustacea/Special1995/4/Special1995_KJ00003262844/_pdf/-char/en|journal=Crustacean Research, Special|volume=4|pages=71–75}}</ref> |
||
=== Eyes === |
=== Eyes === |
||
Seeing underwater is very different because in the ambient light there is strong spectral variations that affect color vision.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Loew, E.R.; Lythgoe, J. |date=1985 |title=The ecology of color vision |url=https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/0160932785900730?token=D0C4E3680DABC879D79B549EC2EC35BAA0097FF63C661D61B4380BB824BEC95FF69FB9DD6360AB6BA9C03313FE67F177 |journal=[[Endeavour (journal)|Endeavor]] |volume=9 |pages= |
Seeing underwater is very different because in the ambient light there is strong spectral variations that affect color vision.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Loew, E.R.; Lythgoe, J. |date=1985 |title=The ecology of color vision |url=https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/0160932785900730?token=D0C4E3680DABC879D79B549EC2EC35BAA0097FF63C661D61B4380BB824BEC95FF69FB9DD6360AB6BA9C03313FE67F177 |journal=[[Endeavour (journal)|Endeavor]] |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=170–174 |doi=10.1016/0160-9327(85)90073-0 |via=[[Elsevier Science Direct]]}}</ref> The eyes of ''G. chiragra'' are some of the most unique in all of the animal world because they are sensitive to [[linear polarization]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Kleinlogel, S; Marshall, J. |date=2006 |title=Electrophysiological evidence for linear polarization sensitivity in the compound eyes of the stomatopod crustacean Gonodactylus chiragra |url=https://jeb.biologists.org/content/jexbio/209/21/4262.full.pdf |journal=[[The Journal of Experimental Biology]] |volume=209 |issue=21 |pages=4262–4272|doi=10.1242/jeb.02499 |pmid=17050841 |s2cid=7205109 }}</ref> Living underwater, this provides many benefits to them including increased contrast enhancement, ability to see [[Polarization (waves)|polarization]] reflecting prey, and better navigation among the light-scattered ocean environment.<ref name=":3" /> |
||
The eyes themselves are large stalked [[Apposition eye|apposition]] [[Compound eye|compound eyes]] and have two defining features that affect their complexity.<ref name=":3" /> First is their rotational ability; the eyes move completely independent of each other and one eye only is enough for catching prey.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Schiff |first=Helga |date=2009 |title=Influence of different eye regions on striking, size discrimination and habituation in mantis shrimps |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/11250009609356122 |journal=[[Italian Journal of Zoology]] |volume=63 |pages=139–148}}</ref> Second is the presence of a midband, a large strip of specialized [[Ommatidium|ommatidia]] (clusters of [[Photoreceptor cell|photoreceptor cells]]) that divides each eye equally into two segments.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Marshall, J; Cronin, T; Kleinlogel, S.|date=2007|title=Stomatopod eye structure and function: A review|url=https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S1467803907000126?token=570FE393448EBE94392219454C6A05D37103CC08F588B62F7B306B2D2DFC620E7F6082DB1FCBDE713DB72AB21A55A92B|journal=Arthropod Structure and Development|volume=36|pages=420–448}}</ref> The midband contains specialized polarization receptors in rows five and six. In row 2D, photoreceptors have unidirectional [[Microvillus|microvilli]], which makes them sensitive to linear polarized light.<ref name=":3" /> The midband is also responsible for binocular distant vision.<ref name=":4" /> |
The eyes themselves are large stalked [[Apposition eye|apposition]] [[Compound eye|compound eyes]] and have two defining features that affect their complexity.<ref name=":3" /> First is their rotational ability; the eyes move completely independent of each other and one eye only is enough for catching prey.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Schiff |first=Helga |date=2009 |title=Influence of different eye regions on striking, size discrimination and habituation in mantis shrimps |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/11250009609356122 |journal=[[Italian Journal of Zoology]] |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=139–148|doi=10.1080/11250009609356122 }}</ref> Second is the presence of a midband, a large strip of specialized [[Ommatidium|ommatidia]] (clusters of [[Photoreceptor cell|photoreceptor cells]]) that divides each eye equally into two segments.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Marshall, J; Cronin, T; Kleinlogel, S.|date=2007|title=Stomatopod eye structure and function: A review|url=https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S1467803907000126?token=570FE393448EBE94392219454C6A05D37103CC08F588B62F7B306B2D2DFC620E7F6082DB1FCBDE713DB72AB21A55A92B|journal=Arthropod Structure and Development|volume=36|issue=4 |pages=420–448|doi=10.1016/j.asd.2007.01.006 }}</ref> The midband contains specialized polarization receptors in rows five and six. In row 2D, photoreceptors have unidirectional [[Microvillus|microvilli]], which makes them sensitive to linear polarized light.<ref name=":3" /> The midband is also responsible for binocular distant vision.<ref name=":4" /> |
||
Although their eyes are incredibly complex among animals, ''G. chiragra'' are one of the few species of mantis shrimp that do not have polarized body markings.<ref name=":3" /> This offers them one less form of communication, and it is thought that evolution of deadly weapons (see "Claws" above) was preferred to body signals because of their restricted habitat.<ref name=":3" /> |
Although their eyes are incredibly complex among animals, ''G. chiragra'' are one of the few species of mantis shrimp that do not have polarized body markings.<ref name=":3" /> This offers them one less form of communication, and it is thought that evolution of deadly weapons (see "Claws" above) was preferred to body signals because of their restricted habitat.<ref name=":3" /> |
||
Revision as of 06:18, 4 January 2023
| Gonodactylus chiragra | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Malacostraca |
| Order: | Stomatopoda |
| Family: | Gonodactylidae |
| Genus: | Gonodactylus |
| Species: | G. chiragra
|
| Binomial name | |
| Gonodactylus chiragra (Fabricius, 1781)
| |
| Synonyms | |
|
Squilla chiragra Fabricius, 1781 | |
Gonodactylus chiragra is a medium to large mantis shrimp that is distributed widely throughout the West Indo-Pacific.
Taxonomy
The synonymy of G. chiragra remains unclear because all members of Gonodactylus have been confused with G. chiragra at some point.[1] This species also displays a large amount of variation, which has made classification even more difficult.[2] Newer research by Manning has resulted in the discovery of several new species that were previously thought to be G. chiragra.[3]
Description
The species typically grows to a maximum length of 105 millimetres and is sexually dimorphic.[4] Males range in color from brown to a dark green, and females from a grey/green to white.[5]
Claws
All mantis shrimp (stomatopods) are either spearers or smashers. G. chiragra is a smasher, which means that the heel on their second pair of thoracic appendages is greatly enlarged, forming a club that is used to smash prey.[6] When a target is spotted, G. chiragra strike powerfully and quickly in one of the quickest punches in all of nature.[7] Common targets for eating are snails, hermit crabs, and clams, but bigger animals are sometimes targeted such as mollusks and other crustaceans.[8] G. chiragra are one of the largest smashers and employ a unique fighting strategy in which they circle around the target and aim at the head.[6] This is thought to have developed as a result of intense competition for suitable burrows among stomatopods.[6]
The species is considered one of the most aggressive species of mantis shrimp and when in captivity, routinely strike glass walls and air tubes in the aquarium.[1]
Eyes
Seeing underwater is very different because in the ambient light there is strong spectral variations that affect color vision.[9] The eyes of G. chiragra are some of the most unique in all of the animal world because they are sensitive to linear polarization.[10] Living underwater, this provides many benefits to them including increased contrast enhancement, ability to see polarization reflecting prey, and better navigation among the light-scattered ocean environment.[10]
The eyes themselves are large stalked apposition compound eyes and have two defining features that affect their complexity.[10] First is their rotational ability; the eyes move completely independent of each other and one eye only is enough for catching prey.[11] Second is the presence of a midband, a large strip of specialized ommatidia (clusters of photoreceptor cells) that divides each eye equally into two segments.[12] The midband contains specialized polarization receptors in rows five and six. In row 2D, photoreceptors have unidirectional microvilli, which makes them sensitive to linear polarized light.[10] The midband is also responsible for binocular distant vision.[11]
Although their eyes are incredibly complex among animals, G. chiragra are one of the few species of mantis shrimp that do not have polarized body markings.[10] This offers them one less form of communication, and it is thought that evolution of deadly weapons (see "Claws" above) was preferred to body signals because of their restricted habitat.[10]
Distribution and habitat
The species is widely distributed in the western Indo-Pacific.[3] It occurs in shallow water in the upper intertidal zone around boulders and coral heads where prey is available.[13] G. chiragra are burrowers, but usually do not construct their own shelters. Instead, they inhibit rocky cavities that are either natural or created by other animals such as mollusks.[1] However, they are equipped to erode the material of the burrow so that it perfectly fits their body shape.[1] Burrows serve many purposes, including protection, lookouts for finding prey, consuming prey, mating, and keeping eggs safe.[1] G. chiragra are active during the day and often close off the entrance to their shelter at night using bits of sand and rocks.[8]
References
- ^ a b c d e Manning, R.B. (1981). "Stomatopod Crustacea of Vietnam: the legacy of Raoul Serène". Crustacean Research, Special. 4: 71–75.
- ^ Gardiner, J (1903). "The Fauna and Geography of the Maldive and Laccadive Archipelagoes". Cambridge: at the University Press. 1: 444–445.
- ^ a b Moosa, Mohammad (2000). "Marine Biodiversity of the South China Sea: A Checklist of Stomatopod Crustacea" (PDF). The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. 8: 420.
- ^ "Gonodactylus chiragra". www.sealifebase.ca. Retrieved 2020-11-12.
- ^ Ahyong, Shane (2001). "Revision of the Australian Stomatopod Crustacea" (PDF). Records of the Australian Museum. 26: 67–71.
- ^ a b c Caldwell, Roy L.; Dingle, Hugh (1976). "Stomatopods" (PDF). Scientific American. 234 (1): 80–89. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0176-80. JSTOR 24950262 – via JSTOR.
- ^ Schiff, H (1989). "Visual input patterns correlated to behavior and habitat of the mantis shrimp Gonodactylus". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology. 94: 75–87. doi:10.1016/0300-9629(89)90788-3.
- ^ a b Caldwell, Roy. "Gonodactylus Chiragra". Roy's List of Stomatopods for the Aquarium.
- ^ Loew, E.R.; Lythgoe, J. (1985). "The ecology of color vision". Endeavor. 9 (4): 170–174. doi:10.1016/0160-9327(85)90073-0 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d e f Kleinlogel, S; Marshall, J. (2006). "Electrophysiological evidence for linear polarization sensitivity in the compound eyes of the stomatopod crustacean Gonodactylus chiragra" (PDF). The Journal of Experimental Biology. 209 (21): 4262–4272. doi:10.1242/jeb.02499. PMID 17050841. S2CID 7205109.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Schiff, Helga (2009). "Influence of different eye regions on striking, size discrimination and habituation in mantis shrimps". Italian Journal of Zoology. 63 (2): 139–148. doi:10.1080/11250009609356122.
- ^ Marshall, J; Cronin, T; Kleinlogel, S. (2007). "Stomatopod eye structure and function: A review". Arthropod Structure and Development. 36 (4): 420–448. doi:10.1016/j.asd.2007.01.006.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Ahyong, Shane (2004). "Stomatopod Crustacea from Anambas and Natuna Islands, South China Sea, Indonesia" (PDF). The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. 11: 62.
External links
- Photos of G chiragra on Roy's List of Stomatopods for the Aquarium
- Video demonstrating the quickness of G. chiragra