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'''Fungal effector proteins''' or '''fungal effectors''' are proteins secreted by [[Pathogenic fungus|pathogenic fungi]] into a host organism in order to modulate the host's immune response.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bent|first1=A. F.|last2=Mackey|first2=D.|year=2007|title=Elicitors, effectors, and R genes: the new paradigm and a lifetime supply of questions|journal=Annual Review of Phytopathology|volume=45|pages=399–436|doi=10.1146/annurev.phyto.45.062806.094427|pmid=17506648 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Stergiopoulos|first1=I.|last2=de Wit|first2=P. J.|year=2009|title=Fungal effector proteins|journal=Annual Review of Phytopathology|volume=47|pages=233–263|doi=10.1146/annurev.phyto.112408.132637|pmid=19400631 }}</ref> |
'''Fungal effector proteins''' or '''fungal effectors''' are proteins secreted by [[Pathogenic fungus|pathogenic fungi]] into a host organism in order to modulate the host's immune response.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bent|first1=A. F.|last2=Mackey|first2=D.|year=2007|title=Elicitors, effectors, and R genes: the new paradigm and a lifetime supply of questions|journal=Annual Review of Phytopathology|volume=45|pages=399–436|doi=10.1146/annurev.phyto.45.062806.094427|pmid=17506648 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Stergiopoulos|first1=I.|last2=de Wit|first2=P. J.|year=2009|title=Fungal effector proteins|journal=Annual Review of Phytopathology|volume=47|pages=233–263|doi=10.1146/annurev.phyto.112408.132637|pmid=19400631 }}</ref> |
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== Fungal effectors of plant pathogenic fungi == |
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In the first stages of infection, conserved molecules from the fungal pathogen's cell wall, such as polysaccharides and [[chitin]], are recognised by membrane-localised pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on the plant host's side. Such conserved molecules are generally described as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) and the initial innate immune response that their recognition triggers is known as PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Selin |first=Carrie |last2=de Kievit |first2=Teresa R. |last3=Belmonte |first3=Mark F. |last4=Fernando |first4=W. G. Dilantha |date=2016-04-27 |title=Elucidating the Role of Effectors in Plant-Fungal Interactions: Progress and Challenges |url=http://journal.frontiersin.org/Article/10.3389/fmicb.2016.00600/abstract |journal=Frontiers in Microbiology |volume=7 |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2016.00600 |issn=1664-302X |pmc=PMC4846801 |pmid=27199930}}</ref> |
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In order to counteract PTI, fungal pathogens secrete effector proteins into the host, some of which may directly inhibit components of the innate immune response cascade. One example is the conserved effector NIS1, present in fungal pathogens from the [[Ascomycota|Ascomycot]]<nowiki/>a and [[Basidiomycota]] phyla. NIS1 blocks PAMP-triggered immune responses by interacting with the PRR-associated kinases BAK1 and BIK1 and preventing these kinases from interacting with their downstream partners.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Irieda |first=Hiroki |last2=Inoue |first2=Yoshihiro |last3=Mori |first3=Masashi |last4=Yamada |first4=Kohji |last5=Oshikawa |first5=Yuu |last6=Saitoh |first6=Hiromasa |last7=Uemura |first7=Aiko |last8=Terauchi |first8=Ryohei |last9=Kitakura |first9=Saeko |last10=Kosaka |first10=Ayumi |last11=Singkaravanit-Ogawa |first11=Suthitar |last12=Takano |first12=Yoshitaka |date=2019-01-08 |title=Conserved fungal effector suppresses PAMP-triggered immunity by targeting plant immune kinases |url=https://pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.1807297116 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=116 |issue=2 |pages=496–505 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1807297116 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=PMC6329965 |pmid=30584105}}</ref> To protect themselves from the actions of effector proteins, plants have evolved resistance proteins (R proteins), which may in turn recognise an effector and trigger a second tier of immune responses, known as [[effector-triggered immunity]] (ETI). |
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The pathogenic fungi in plants use two distinct effector secretion systems and each secretory pathway is specific to an effector family: |
The pathogenic fungi in plants use two distinct effector secretion systems and each secretory pathway is specific to an effector family: |
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Revision as of 14:35, 3 February 2023
Fungal effector proteins or fungal effectors are proteins secreted by pathogenic fungi into a host organism in order to modulate the host's immune response.[1][2]
Fungal effectors of plant pathogenic fungi
In the first stages of infection, conserved molecules from the fungal pathogen's cell wall, such as polysaccharides and chitin, are recognised by membrane-localised pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on the plant host's side. Such conserved molecules are generally described as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) and the initial innate immune response that their recognition triggers is known as PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI).[3]
In order to counteract PTI, fungal pathogens secrete effector proteins into the host, some of which may directly inhibit components of the innate immune response cascade. One example is the conserved effector NIS1, present in fungal pathogens from the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota phyla. NIS1 blocks PAMP-triggered immune responses by interacting with the PRR-associated kinases BAK1 and BIK1 and preventing these kinases from interacting with their downstream partners.[4] To protect themselves from the actions of effector proteins, plants have evolved resistance proteins (R proteins), which may in turn recognise an effector and trigger a second tier of immune responses, known as effector-triggered immunity (ETI).
The pathogenic fungi in plants use two distinct effector secretion systems and each secretory pathway is specific to an effector family:
- apoplastic effectors : proteins which stay into the apoplast, they are translocated and accumulated into a distinct compartment enclosing the growing hypha named the EIHM (extra-invasive hyphal membrane).
- cytoplasmic effectors : proteins which enter the host cytoplasm, they are accumulated into a complex plant-derived structure named the biotrophic interfacial complex (BIC) and they are later translocated across the EIHM inside the plant cell. It has been shown that cytoplasmic effectors can move through a few layers of plant cells, probably a way to prepare them for hyphal invasion.[5]
References
- ^ Bent, A. F.; Mackey, D. (2007). "Elicitors, effectors, and R genes: the new paradigm and a lifetime supply of questions". Annual Review of Phytopathology. 45: 399–436. doi:10.1146/annurev.phyto.45.062806.094427. PMID 17506648.
- ^ Stergiopoulos, I.; de Wit, P. J. (2009). "Fungal effector proteins". Annual Review of Phytopathology. 47: 233–263. doi:10.1146/annurev.phyto.112408.132637. PMID 19400631.
- ^ Selin, Carrie; de Kievit, Teresa R.; Belmonte, Mark F.; Fernando, W. G. Dilantha (2016-04-27). "Elucidating the Role of Effectors in Plant-Fungal Interactions: Progress and Challenges". Frontiers in Microbiology. 7. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.00600. ISSN 1664-302X. PMC 4846801. PMID 27199930.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Irieda, Hiroki; Inoue, Yoshihiro; Mori, Masashi; Yamada, Kohji; Oshikawa, Yuu; Saitoh, Hiromasa; Uemura, Aiko; Terauchi, Ryohei; Kitakura, Saeko; Kosaka, Ayumi; Singkaravanit-Ogawa, Suthitar; Takano, Yoshitaka (2019-01-08). "Conserved fungal effector suppresses PAMP-triggered immunity by targeting plant immune kinases". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (2): 496–505. doi:10.1073/pnas.1807297116. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 6329965. PMID 30584105.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ De Wit, Pierre J. G. M.; Mehrabi, Rahim; Van Den Burg, Harrold A.; Stergiopoulos, Ioannis (November 2009). "Fungal effector proteins: past, present and future". Molecular Plant Pathology. 10 (6): 735–747. doi:10.1111/j.1364-3703.2009.00591.x. PMC 6640362. PMID 19849781.