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Coordinates: 35°21′29″N 138°43′52″E / 35.3580°N 138.7310°E / 35.3580; 138.7310
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==Extent of eruption==
==Extent of eruption==
[[File:Mount Hoei from Jurigi.jpg|thumb|left|250px|[[Mount Fuji]], showing the [[Hōei]] crater]]
[[File:Mount Hoei from Jurigi.jpg|thumb|left|250px|[[Mount Fuji]], showing the [[Hōei]] crater]]
Three years before the eruption, rumbling began in 1704 from February 4 to February 7. One to two months prior to the eruption, earthquakes could be felt around the base of the volcano with magnitudes reaching as high as 5.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chesley|first1=C. J.|last2=La Femina|first2=P. C.|last3=Puskas|first3=C. M.|last4=Kobayashi|first4=D.|date=2012-12-01|title=The 1707 M8.7 Hoei Earthquake Triggered the Largest Historical Eruption of Mt. Fuji|journal=AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts|url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMNH11A1547C|volume=2012|pages=NH11A–1547|bibcode=2012AGUFMNH11A1547C}}</ref> Due to the short time between the earthquake and eruption, these events have been linked together.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Namiki |first=Atsuko |last2=Rivalta |first2=Eleonora |last3=Woith |first3=Heiko |last4=Walter |first4=Thomas R. |date=2016 |title=Sloshing of a bubbly magma reservoir as a mechanism of triggered eruptions |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0377027316300221 |journal=Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research |language=en |volume=320 |pages=156–171 |doi=10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2016.03.010}}</ref> The event was characterized as a [[Plinian eruption|plinian]] eruption, with [[pumice]], [[scoria]], and [[Volcanic ash|ash]] shot into the [[stratosphere]] and raining down far east of the volcano. It has been classified as an explosive eruption.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Aoki |first=Yosuke |last2=Tsunematsu |first2=Kae |last3=Yoshimoto |first3=Mitsuhiro |date=2019 |title=Recent progress of geophysical and geological studies of Mt. Fuji Volcano, Japan |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0012825218302046 |journal=Earth-Science Reviews |language=en |volume=194 |pages=264–282 |doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.05.003}}</ref> Landslides soon followed the eruption due to heavy rainfall and flooding in the area.
Three years before the eruption, rumbling began in 1704 from February 4 to February 7. One to two months prior to the eruption, earthquakes could be felt around the base of the volcano with magnitudes reaching as high as 5.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chesley|first1=C. J.|last2=La Femina|first2=P. C.|last3=Puskas|first3=C. M.|last4=Kobayashi|first4=D.|date=2012-12-01|title=The 1707 M8.7 Hoei Earthquake Triggered the Largest Historical Eruption of Mt. Fuji|journal=AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts|url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMNH11A1547C|volume=2012|pages=NH11A–1547|bibcode=2012AGUFMNH11A1547C}}</ref> Due to the short time between the earthquake and eruption, these events have been linked together.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Namiki |first=Atsuko |last2=Rivalta |first2=Eleonora |last3=Woith |first3=Heiko |last4=Walter |first4=Thomas R. |date=2016 |title=Sloshing of a bubbly magma reservoir as a mechanism of triggered eruptions |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0377027316300221 |journal=Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research |language=en |volume=320 |pages=156–171 |doi=10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2016.03.010}}</ref> The event was characterized as a [[Plinian eruption|plinian]] eruption, with [[pumice]], [[scoria]], and [[Volcanic ash|ash]] shot into the [[stratosphere]] and raining down far east of the volcano. It has been classified as an explosive eruption.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Aoki |first=Yosuke |last2=Tsunematsu |first2=Kae |last3=Yoshimoto |first3=Mitsuhiro |date=2019 |title=Recent progress of geophysical and geological studies of Mt. Fuji Volcano, Japan |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0012825218302046 |journal=Earth-Science Reviews |language=en |volume=194 |pages=264–282 |doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.05.003}}</ref> Landslides soon followed the eruption due to heavy rainfall and flooding in the area. It is suggested that two types of magma, silicic and basaltic magma, mixed together as a result of the earthquake.<ref name=":04">{{Cite journal |last=Namiki |first=Atsuko |last2=Rivalta |first2=Eleonora |last3=Woith |first3=Heiko |last4=Walter |first4=Thomas R. |date=2016 |title=Sloshing of a bubbly magma reservoir as a mechanism of triggered eruptions |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0377027316300221 |journal=Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research |language=en |volume=320 |pages=156–171 |doi=10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2016.03.010}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last=Hosono |first=Masaki |last2=Mitsui |first2=Yuta |last3=Ishibashi |first3=Hidemi |last4=Kataoka |first4=Jun |date=2016 |title=Elastostatic effects around a magma reservoir and pathway due to historic earthquakes: a case study of Mt. Fuji, Japan |url=https://doi.org/10.1186/s40645-016-0110-9 |journal=Progress in Earth and Planetary Science |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=33 |doi=10.1186/s40645-016-0110-9 |issn=2197-4284}}</ref>


The eruption happened on Mount Fuji's east–northeast<!--Look at the map!--> flank and formed three new volcanic vents, named No. 1, No. 2, and No. 3 Hōei vents. The catastrophe developed over several days; an initial earthquake with an explosion of cinders and ash were followed some days later with more forceful ejections of rocks and stones.<ref name="s197">Smith, Henry (1988). ''Hokusai: One Hundred Views of Mt. Fuji''. p. 197.</ref> The Hōei eruption is said to have caused the worst ash-fall disaster in Japanese history.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Miyaji|first1=Naomichi|last2=Kan'no|first2=Ayumi|last3=Kanamaru|first3=Tatsuo|last4=Mannen|first4=Kazutaka|date=2011-10-15|title=High-resolution reconstruction of the Hoei eruption (AD 1707) of Fuji volcano, Japan|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0377027311001879|journal=Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research|language=en|volume=207|issue=3|pages=113–129|doi=10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2011.06.013|bibcode=2011JVGR..207..113M|issn=0377-0273}}</ref>
The eruption happened on Mount Fuji's east–northeast<!--Look at the map!--> flank and formed three new volcanic vents, named No. 1, No. 2, and No. 3 Hōei vents. The catastrophe developed over several days; an initial earthquake with an explosion of cinders and ash were followed some days later with more forceful ejections of rocks and stones.<ref name="s197">Smith, Henry (1988). ''Hokusai: One Hundred Views of Mt. Fuji''. p. 197.</ref> The Hōei eruption is said to have caused the worst ash-fall disaster in Japanese history.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Miyaji|first1=Naomichi|last2=Kan'no|first2=Ayumi|last3=Kanamaru|first3=Tatsuo|last4=Mannen|first4=Kazutaka|date=2011-10-15|title=High-resolution reconstruction of the Hoei eruption (AD 1707) of Fuji volcano, Japan|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0377027311001879|journal=Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research|language=en|volume=207|issue=3|pages=113–129|doi=10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2011.06.013|bibcode=2011JVGR..207..113M|issn=0377-0273}}</ref>

Revision as of 23:42, 10 March 2023

Hōei eruption
VolcanoMount Fuji
Start dateDecember 16, 1707 (1707-12-16)[1]
End dateFebruary 24, 1708 (1708-02-24)[1]
TypePlinian eruption
LocationChūbu region, Honshu, Japan
35°21′29″N 138°43′52″E / 35.3580°N 138.7310°E / 35.3580; 138.7310
VEI5[1]
Map of volcanic ash fall during the Hoei eruption

The Hōei eruption of Mount Fuji started on December 16, 1707 (during the Hōei era, 23rd day of the 11th month of the 4th year) and ended on February 24, 1708. It was the last confirmed eruption of Mount Fuji, with three unconfirmed eruptions reported from 1708 to 1854.[2] It is well known for the immense ash-fall it produced over eastern Japan, and subsequent landslides and starvation across the country. Hokusai's One Hundred Views of Mount Fuji includes an image of the small crater at a secondary eruption site on the southwestern slope. The area where the eruption occurred is called Mount Hōei because it occurred in the fourth year of the Hōei era.[3] Today, the crater of the main eruption can be visited from the Fujinomiya or Gotemba Trails on Mount Fuji.

Extent of eruption

Mount Fuji, showing the Hōei crater

Three years before the eruption, rumbling began in 1704 from February 4 to February 7. One to two months prior to the eruption, earthquakes could be felt around the base of the volcano with magnitudes reaching as high as 5.[4] Due to the short time between the earthquake and eruption, these events have been linked together.[5] The event was characterized as a plinian eruption, with pumice, scoria, and ash shot into the stratosphere and raining down far east of the volcano. It has been classified as an explosive eruption.[6] Landslides soon followed the eruption due to heavy rainfall and flooding in the area. It is suggested that two types of magma, silicic and basaltic magma, mixed together as a result of the earthquake.[7][8]

The eruption happened on Mount Fuji's east–northeast flank and formed three new volcanic vents, named No. 1, No. 2, and No. 3 Hōei vents. The catastrophe developed over several days; an initial earthquake with an explosion of cinders and ash were followed some days later with more forceful ejections of rocks and stones.[3] The Hōei eruption is said to have caused the worst ash-fall disaster in Japanese history.[9]

Although it brought no lava flow, the Hōei eruption released some 800 million cubic metres (28×10^9 cu ft) of volcanic ash, which spread over vast areas around the volcano, even reaching Edo almost 100 kilometres (60 mi) away. Cinders and ash fell like rain in Izu, Kai, Sagami, and Musashi provinces, and ash-fall was recorded in Tokyo and Yokohama to the east of the volcano.[10][11] In Edo, the volcanic ash was several centimeters thick.[12] The released ash from the eruption fell to the earth and covered many crops in the area, stunting growth. There is no estimate for the number of deaths caused by the eruption. The eruption is rated a 5 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index.[2]

Effect on local population

The Hōei eruption, from 1707–1708, had a disastrous effect on the people living in the Fuji region. The tephra released from the volcano caused an agricultural decline, leading many in the Fuji area to die of starvation.[13][14]

Volcanic ash fell and widely covered the cultivated fields east of Mount Fuji. To recover the fields, farmers cast volcanic products out to dumping grounds making piles. The rain washed material from the dumping grounds into the rivers and made some of the rivers shallower, especially the Sakawa River, into which huge volumes of ash fell, resulting in temporary dams. Heavy rainfall on 7–8 August 1708, the year following the Hōei eruption, caused an avalanche of volcanic ash and mud, breaking the dams and flooding the Ashigara plain.[15]

Many of the casualties caused by the Hōei eruption were due to flooding, landslides, and famine following the event. The crops began to fail when the released ash descended upon the fields, leading to widespread starvation in the Edo (renamed Tokyo in 1869) area.[16] Due to debris that included large rocks, floodwater, and ash, people could not move easily to other places, which led to further casualties from hunger in the Edo area.[17]

Tectonic setting and the threat of more eruptions

Japan is located in the most geologically active region of Earth, called The Ring of Fire. This region is known for its many volcanic eruptions and earthquakes. The Hōei eruption was preceded by a massive magnitude 8.6 earthquake, just 49 days before the eruption.[18] Many volcanologists believe that this earthquake was likely the cause of the eruption.[19][failed verification]

Based on the internal pressure inside the volcano that scientists measured in 2012, speculation of a possible eruption is high. Damage is estimated to cost Japan over US$25 billion.[20] It is assumed that, much like the 1707 Hōei eruption, the volcano would almost certainly erupt if there was another earthquake such as the 1707 Hōei earthquake.[citation needed] A repeat of the 1707 Hōei eruption is also said to impact over 30 million people in the highly populated areas of eastern Tokyo, Kanagawa, Chiba and parts of Yamanashi, Saitama, and Shizuoka.[21] The volcano would most heavily affect Tokyo, and would likely cause power outages, water shortages, and malfunctions in the highly technical city.[22]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c "Fujisan". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2019-01-12.
  2. ^ a b "Fuji — Eruption History". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
  3. ^ a b Smith, Henry (1988). Hokusai: One Hundred Views of Mt. Fuji. p. 197.
  4. ^ Chesley, C. J.; La Femina, P. C.; Puskas, C. M.; Kobayashi, D. (2012-12-01). "The 1707 M8.7 Hoei Earthquake Triggered the Largest Historical Eruption of Mt. Fuji". AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts. 2012: NH11A–1547. Bibcode:2012AGUFMNH11A1547C.
  5. ^ Namiki, Atsuko; Rivalta, Eleonora; Woith, Heiko; Walter, Thomas R. (2016). "Sloshing of a bubbly magma reservoir as a mechanism of triggered eruptions". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 320: 156–171. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2016.03.010.
  6. ^ Aoki, Yosuke; Tsunematsu, Kae; Yoshimoto, Mitsuhiro (2019). "Recent progress of geophysical and geological studies of Mt. Fuji Volcano, Japan". Earth-Science Reviews. 194: 264–282. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.05.003.
  7. ^ Namiki, Atsuko; Rivalta, Eleonora; Woith, Heiko; Walter, Thomas R. (2016). "Sloshing of a bubbly magma reservoir as a mechanism of triggered eruptions". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 320: 156–171. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2016.03.010.
  8. ^ Hosono, Masaki; Mitsui, Yuta; Ishibashi, Hidemi; Kataoka, Jun (2016). "Elastostatic effects around a magma reservoir and pathway due to historic earthquakes: a case study of Mt. Fuji, Japan". Progress in Earth and Planetary Science. 3 (1): 33. doi:10.1186/s40645-016-0110-9. ISSN 2197-4284.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  9. ^ Miyaji, Naomichi; Kan'no, Ayumi; Kanamaru, Tatsuo; Mannen, Kazutaka (2011-10-15). "High-resolution reconstruction of the Hoei eruption (AD 1707) of Fuji volcano, Japan". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 207 (3): 113–129. Bibcode:2011JVGR..207..113M. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2011.06.013. ISSN 0377-0273.
  10. ^ Miyaji, Naomichi; Kan'no, Ayumi; Kanamaru, Tatsuo; and Mannen, Kazutaka. (2011). "High-resolution reconstruction of the Hoei eruption (AD 1707) of Fuji volcano, Japan." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 207. 113–129. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2011.06.013.
  11. ^ Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du japon, p. 416.
  12. ^ 18. Eruption disaster Archived March 25, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  13. ^ "Most Recent Eruption of Mount Fuji". National Geographic Society. 2020-07-21. Retrieved 2021-10-15.
  14. ^ Lamair, Laura; Hubert‐Ferrari, Aurélia; El Ouahabi, Meriam; Yamamoto, Shinya; Schmidt, Sabine; Vander Auwera, Jacqueline; Lepoint, Gilles; Boes, Evelien; Fujiwara, Osamu; Yokoyama, Yusuke; De Batist, Marc; Heyvaert, Vanessa M. A. (2019). "Late Holocene Changes in Erosion Patterns in a Lacustrine Environment: Landscape Stabilization by Volcanic Activity Versus Human Activity". Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. 20 (4): 1720–1733. doi:10.1029/2018GC008067. ISSN 1525-2027.
  15. ^ "A Premodern History of the Odowara". Zombie Zodiac. November 17, 2014. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  16. ^ T., Kaneko. "Fujisan" (PDF). Fujisan.
  17. ^ Myiaji, Naomichi (January 2002). "The 1707 Eruption of Fuji Volcano and Its Tephra".
  18. ^ "Mt Fuji volcano eruptions – eruptive history, info / VolcanoDiscovery". www.volcanodiscovery.com. Retrieved 2021-11-17.
  19. ^ Society, National Geographic (2020-07-21). "Most Recent Eruption of Mount Fuji". National Geographic Society. Retrieved 2021-11-17.
  20. ^ Clark, Liat. "Pressure in Mount Fuji is now higher than last eruption, warn experts". Wired. Retrieved 2022-12-16.
  21. ^ Review, Asia Insurance. "Volcanoes: Modelling the Unimaginable: The risk of catastrophic volcanic eruption". Asia Insurance Review. Retrieved 2021-11-04.
  22. ^ Osaki, Tomohiro (2020-01-03). "After 300 years, is majestic Mount Fuji 'on standby' for next eruption?". The Japan Times. Retrieved 2021-11-16.

External links

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