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== Introduction ==
#REDIRECT [[Environmental factor#Exposome]]
The exposome is a comprehensive concept used to describe the totality of environmental exposures that an individual encounters throughout their life, from conception to death. It encompasses both external and internal factors, including chemical, physical, biological, and social factors that may influence human health<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Wild |first=Christopher Paul |date=2005-08-01 |title=Complementing the Genome with an “Exposome”: The Outstanding Challenge of Environmental Exposure Measurement in Molecular Epidemiology |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.epi-05-0456 |journal=Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &amp; Prevention |volume=14 |issue=8 |pages=1847–1850 |doi=10.1158/1055-9965.epi-05-0456 |issn=1055-9965}}</ref>.


The study of the exposome has become an essential tool in understanding the complex interplay between [[genetics]] and [[Environmental factor|environmental factors]] in the development of diseases, with a particular focus on chronic conditions<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rappaport |first=Stephen M. |last2=Barupal |first2=Dinesh K. |last3=Wishart |first3=David |last4=Vineis |first4=Paolo |last5=Scalbert |first5=Augustin |date=2014-08 |title=The Blood Exposome and Its Role in Discovering Causes of Disease |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1308015 |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |volume=122 |issue=8 |pages=769–774 |doi=10.1289/ehp.1308015 |issn=0091-6765}}</ref>. The concept has been widely applied in fields such as epidemiology, toxicology, and public health, among others, and has led to significant advances<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Rappaport |first=Stephen M. |last2=Smith |first2=Martyn T. |date=2010-10-22 |title=Environment and Disease Risks |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1192603 |journal=Science |volume=330 |issue=6003 |pages=460–461 |doi=10.1126/science.1192603 |issn=0036-8075}}</ref> in our understanding of disease [[etiology]] and prevention.
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The exposome concept has gained significant attention in recent years<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=OTTINGER |first=MARY ANN. GEISELMAN, CULLEN |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1276932534 |title=ONE HEALTH AND THE EXPOSOME : human, wildlife, and ecosystem health. |date=2022 |publisher=ELSEVIER ACADEMIC PRESS |isbn=0-323-89873-4 |location=[S.l.] |oclc=1276932534}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Miller |first=Gary W. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1156991933 |title=The exposome : a new paradigm for the environment and health |date=2020 |isbn=978-0-12-814080-2 |edition=Second edition |location=London, United Kingdom |oclc=1156991933}}</ref>, as researchers have come to appreciate the intricate relationship between environmental exposures and human health. By considering the cumulative effect of multiple exposures, it provides a holistic approach to the study of [[Gene–environment interaction|gene-environment interactions]], allowing for a more accurate assessment<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Miller |first=Gary W. |last2=Jones |first2=Dean P. |date=2013-11-09 |title=The Nature of Nurture: Refining the Definition of the Exposome |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kft251 |journal=Toxicological Sciences |volume=137 |issue=1 |pages=1–2 |doi=10.1093/toxsci/kft251 |issn=1096-6080}}</ref> of disease risk and the identification of potential intervention strategies<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Vrijheid |first=Martine |last2=Slama |first2=Rémy |last3=Robinson |first3=Oliver |last4=Chatzi |first4=Leda |last5=Coen |first5=Muireann |last6=van den Hazel |first6=Peter |last7=Thomsen |first7=Cathrine |last8=Wright |first8=John |last9=Athersuch |first9=Toby J. |last10=Avellana |first10=Narcis |last11=Basagaña |first11=Xavier |last12=Brochot |first12=Celine |last13=Bucchini |first13=Luca |last14=Bustamante |first14=Mariona |last15=Carracedo |first15=Angel |date=2014-06 |title=The Human Early-Life Exposome (HELIX): Project Rationale and Design |url=https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/10.1289/ehp.1307204 |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |language=en |volume=122 |issue=6 |pages=535–544 |doi=10.1289/ehp.1307204 |issn=0091-6765 |pmc=PMC4048258 |pmid=24610234}}</ref>.
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[[Category:Biomarkers]]

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[[Category:Biotechnology]]
Research on the exposome has shown that environmental exposures can have a significant impact on an individual's health. Exposure to air pollution, for example, has been linked to an increased risk of respiratory disease, heart disease, and even premature death. Similarly, exposure to certain chemicals in consumer products has been linked to an increased risk of cancer and other health problems<ref name=":1" />. In addition to external factors, the internal exposome can also influence an individual's health outcomes. For example, genetics can play a role in how an individual's body processes and responds to environmental exposures,<ref name=":5" /> while the [[Gut microbiota|gut microbiome]] can affect an individual's immune system and overall health. As our understanding of the exposome continues to evolve, it is likely that we will gain new insights into the complex interplay between our environment and our health.
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[[Category:Chemical pathology]]

[[Category:Medical signs]]
In the following, we will delve into the historical development and definitions, ongoing initiatives, and methodologies associated with exposome research; as well as explore specific examples of how the exposome has been utilized across various fields, ultimately illustrating the significance of this concept in contemporary health research.
[[Category:Molecular biology]]

[[Category:Genetic epidemiology]]
== Historical development and definitions ==
[[Category:Occupational safety and health]]
The term "exposome" was first coined in 2005 by Dr. Christopher Wild,<ref name=":0" /> then-director of the [[International Agency for Research on Cancer]] (IARC), in a seminal paper published in Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. Wild's concept was initially proposed to complement the human genome, as he recognized the limitations of genetic research in explaining the etiology of chronic diseases. By suggesting a systematic approach to measuring environmental exposures, the exposome aimed to fill this knowledge gap<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wild |first=Christopher Paul |date=2012-01-31 |title=The exposome: from concept to utility |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyr236 |journal=International Journal of Epidemiology |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=24–32 |doi=10.1093/ije/dyr236 |issn=0300-5771}}</ref>.

Various definitions of the exposome have been proposed over time, but most emphasize three main components: the external exposome, the internal exposome, and the biological response<ref name=":4" />. The external exposome includes general external factors, such as air pollution, diet, and socioeconomic factors, as well as specific external factors like chemicals and radiation. The internal exposome comprises endogenous factors, such as hormones, inflammation, oxidative stress, and gut microbiota. Finally, the biological response refers to the complex interactions between the external and internal exposome factors and their influence on an individual's physiology and health<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rappaport |first=Stephen M. |last2=Barupal |first2=Dinesh K. |last3=Wishart |first3=David |last4=Vineis |first4=Paolo |last5=Scalbert |first5=Augustin |date=2014-08 |title=The Blood Exposome and Its Role in Discovering Causes of Disease |url=https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/10.1289/ehp.1308015 |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |language=en |volume=122 |issue=8 |pages=769–774 |doi=10.1289/ehp.1308015 |issn=0091-6765 |pmc=PMC4123034 |pmid=24659601}}</ref>.

== Past and ongoing global initiatives ==
There have been several research initiatives aimed to better understand the exposome. One such initiative was the "Enhanced exposure assessment and omic profiling for high priority environmental exposures in Europe"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Enhanced exposure assessment and omic profiling for high priority environmental exposures in Europe |url=https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/308610 |url-status=live}}</ref>, a program by the Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine in the UK. A current initiative is EXIMIOUS<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mapping Exposure-Induced Immune Effects: Connecting the Exposome and the Immunome |url=https://www.eximious-h2020.eu/ |url-status=live}}</ref> - a 5 year Research and Innovation Action funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 program, aimed at introducing a new approach to mapping exposure-induced immune effects by combining exposomics and immunomics in a unique toolbox. Another is the National Institutes of Health's Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) program<ref>{{Cite web |title=Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Program |url=https://www.nih.gov/research-training/environmental-influences-child-health-outcomes-echo-program |access-date=2023-04-03 |website=National Institutes of Health (NIH) |language=EN}}</ref>, which is studying the impact of these factors on children's health. We also have the Human Exposome Project<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Exposome Project |url=https://humanexposomeproject.com/ |url-status=live}}</ref>, a collaborative effort between researchers from around the world to develop tools and techniques to measure and analyze the exposome.

Furthermore, several European countries, including Sweden, France, Austria, and Czechia, have been actively involved in establishing dedicated research infrastructures for exposomics. In Sweden, the National Facility for Exposomics<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exposomics |url=https://www.scilifelab.se/units/exposomics/ |access-date=2023-04-03 |website=SciLifeLab |language=en-US}}</ref> was approved in November 2020 and is hosted by the University of Stockholm. The facility is currently operational in Solna, providing resources and expertise for exposomics research. France has also established a dedicated research infrastructure, France Exposome<ref>{{Cite web |title=Accueil {{!}} France Exposome |url=https://www.france-exposome.org/en |access-date=2023-04-03 |website=www.france-exposome.org}}</ref>, a new National Research Infrastructure that focuses on environmental health. It has been included in the 2021 roadmap for the research infrastructure of the Ministry of Higher Education and Research, indicating its significance in the country's research landscape.

Additionally, the [https://www.eirene-ri.eu/ Environmental Exposure Assessment Research Infrastructure] (EIRENE)<ref>{{Cite web |last=University |first=Masaryk |title=EIRENE Research Infrastructure |url=https://www.eirene-ri.eu/ |access-date=2023-04-03 |website=EIRENE |language=en}}</ref> is a collaborative effort consisting of 17 National Nodes representing around 50 institutions with complementary expertise. EIRENE aims to fill the gap in the European infrastructural landscape and pioneer the first EU infrastructure on the human exposome. The consortium has a geographically balanced network, covering Northern (Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden), Western (Belgium, France, Germany, Netherlands, UK), Southern (Greece, Italy, Slovenia, Spain), and Central and Eastern (Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia) Europe, as well as the US. The EIRENE RI team consists of scientists leading exposome research on an international level.

These initiatives reflect the growing recognition of the importance of exposomics research and the commitment of these countries to advancing the field. The establishment of dedicated research infrastructures ensures the availability of resources and expertise required to uncover crucial insights into the impact of exposomes<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Miller |first=Gary W. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/877107600 |title=The exposome : a primer : the ex-POZE-ohm : a pr i m'-er : the environmental equivalent of the genome |date=2014 |isbn=978-0-12-417218-0 |location=Oxford |oclc=877107600}}</ref> on human health.

== Methodologies in Exposome Research ==
The study of the exposome requires a multi-disciplinary approach that combines advances in exposure assessment, bioinformatics, and systems biology. As such, researchers have developed a range of key methodologies to measure and analyze the exposome – from exposure assessment techniques, analytical tools, to computational approaches.

These methods are designed to capture and analyze the diverse and dynamic nature of environmental exposures across a person's lifespan.

==== Exposure Assessment techniques ====
The assessment of environmental exposures is a critical aspect of exposome research. Traditional methods, such as questionnaires and environmental monitoring, provide useful information on external factors but may not adequately capture the complexity and variability of exposures over time<ref name=":5" />.

Consequently, researchers have increasingly turned to personal monitoring devices, such as wearable sensors, personal monitoring devices, and smartphone applications, which can collect real-time data on an individual's exposure to various environmental factors, such as air pollution, noise, and ultraviolet radiation<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Patel |first=Chirag J |last2=Ioannidis |first2=John P A |date=2014-06-12 |title=Placing epidemiological results in the context of multiplicity and typical correlations of exposures |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2014-204195 |journal=Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health |volume=68 |issue=11 |pages=1096–1100 |doi=10.1136/jech-2014-204195 |issn=0143-005X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nieuwenhuijsen |first=Mark J. |last2=Donaire-Gonzalez |first2=David |last3=Rivas |first3=Ioar |last4=de Castro |first4=Montserrat |last5=Cirach |first5=Marta |last6=Hoek |first6=Gerard |last7=Seto |first7=Edmund |last8=Jerrett |first8=Michael |last9=Sunyer |first9=Jordi |date=2015-02-09 |title=Variability in and Agreement between Modeled and Personal Continuously Measured Black Carbon Levels Using Novel Smartphone and Sensor Technologies |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es505362x |journal=Environmental Science &amp; Technology |volume=49 |issue=5 |pages=2977–2982 |doi=10.1021/es505362x |issn=0013-936X}}</ref>. The data collected by these devices can help researchers understand how personal behaviors and [[Microenvironment (ecology)|microenvironments]] contribute to overall exposome profiles<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Steinle |first=Susanne |last2=Reis |first2=Stefan |last3=Sabel |first3=Clive Eric |date=2013-01 |title=Quantifying human exposure to air pollution—Moving from static monitoring to spatio-temporally resolved personal exposure assessment |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.10.098 |journal=Science of The Total Environment |volume=443 |pages=184–193 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.10.098 |issn=0048-9697}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morawska |first=Lidia |last2=Thai |first2=Phong K. |last3=Liu |first3=Xiaoting |last4=Asumadu-Sakyi |first4=Akwasi |last5=Ayoko |first5=Godwin |last6=Bartonova |first6=Alena |last7=Bedini |first7=Andrea |last8=Chai |first8=Fahe |last9=Christensen |first9=Bryce |last10=Dunbabin |first10=Matthew |last11=Gao |first11=Jian |last12=Hagler |first12=Gayle S.W. |last13=Jayaratne |first13=Rohan |last14=Kumar |first14=Prashant |last15=Lau |first15=Alexis K.H. |date=2018-07 |title=Applications of low-cost sensing technologies for air quality monitoring and exposure assessment: How far have they gone? |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2018.04.018 |journal=Environment International |volume=116 |pages=286–299 |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2018.04.018 |issn=0160-4120}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Steinle |first=Susanne |last2=Reis |first2=Stefan |last3=Sabel |first3=Clive E. |last4=Semple |first4=Sean |last5=Twigg |first5=Marsailidh M. |last6=Braban |first6=Christine F. |last7=Leeson |first7=Sarah R. |last8=Heal |first8=Mathew R. |last9=Harrison |first9=David |last10=Lin |first10=Chun |last11=Wu |first11=Hao |date=2015-03 |title=Personal exposure monitoring of PM 2.5 in indoor and outdoor microenvironments |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.12.003 |journal=Science of The Total Environment |volume=508 |pages=383–394 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.12.003 |issn=0048-9697}}</ref>.

==== Biomarkers and High-throughput technologies ====
Biomarkers (measurable indicators of biological processes or conditions) play an essential role in characterizing the internal exposome and biological response. This approach involves the measurement of chemicals or their metabolites in biological specimens such as blood, urine, or tissues<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=NEEDHAM |first=LARRY L |last2=SEXTON |first2=KEN |date=2000-11-01 |title=Introduction and overview: Assessing children's exposure to hazardous environmental chemicals: an overview of selected research challenges and complexities |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jea.7500142 |journal=Journal of Exposure Science &amp; Environmental Epidemiology |volume=10 |issue=S6 |pages=611–629 |doi=10.1038/sj.jea.7500142 |issn=1559-0631}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barr |first=Dana B. |last2=Wilder |first2=Lynn C. |last3=Caudill |first3=Samuel P. |last4=Gonzalez |first4=Amanda J. |last5=Needham |first5=Lance L. |last6=Pirkle |first6=James L. |date=2005-02 |title=Urinary Creatinine Concentrations in the U.S. Population: Implications for Urinary Biologic Monitoring Measurements |url=https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/10.1289/ehp.7337 |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |language=en |volume=113 |issue=2 |pages=192–200 |doi=10.1289/ehp.7337 |issn=0091-6765 |pmc=PMC1277864 |pmid=15687057}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=Rattray |first=Nicholas J. W. |last2=Deziel |first2=Nicole C. |last3=Wallach |first3=Joshua D. |last4=Khan |first4=Sajid A. |last5=Vasiliou |first5=Vasilis |last6=Ioannidis |first6=John P. A. |last7=Johnson |first7=Caroline H. |date=2018-01-26 |title=Beyond genomics: understanding exposotypes through metabolomics |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40246-018-0134-x |journal=Human Genomics |volume=12 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s40246-018-0134-x |issn=1479-7364}}</ref>. Advances in high-throughput -omics technologies such as [[genomics]], [[Transcriptomics technologies|transcriptomics]], [[proteomics]], and [[metabolomics]], have revolutionized our ability to measure thousands of biomarkers simultaneously. This can provide a detailed snapshot of an individual's molecular profile at a given time, as well as a comprehensive view of the individual's biological response to environmental exposures<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last=Dennis |first=Kristine K. |last2=Marder |first2=Elizabeth |last3=Balshaw |first3=David M. |last4=Cui |first4=Yuxia |last5=Lynes |first5=Michael A. |last6=Patti |first6=Gary J. |last7=Rappaport |first7=Stephen M. |last8=Shaughnessy |first8=Daniel T. |last9=Vrijheid |first9=Martine |last10=Barr |first10=Dana Boyd |date=2017-04 |title=Biomonitoring in the Era of the Exposome |url=https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/10.1289/EHP474 |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |language=en |volume=125 |issue=4 |pages=502–510 |doi=10.1289/EHP474 |issn=0091-6765 |pmc=PMC5381997 |pmid=27385067}}</ref>. These technologies yield a direct and quantitative assessment of an individual's exposure to specific compounds and have been increasingly incorporated into exposome research and epidemiological studies<ref name=":9" />.

==== Geographic Information Systems (GIS) ====
[[Geographic information system|GIS]] tools can be used to estimate an individual's exposure to environmental factors based on spatial data, such as air pollution or proximity to hazardous waste sites<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Juarez |first=Paul |last2=Matthews-Juarez |first2=Patricia |last3=Hood |first3=Darryl |last4=Im |first4=Wansoo |last5=Levine |first5=Robert |last6=Kilbourne |first6=Barbara |last7=Langston |first7=Michael |last8=Al-Hamdan |first8=Mohammad |last9=Crosson |first9=William |last10=Estes |first10=Maurice |last11=Estes |first11=Sue |last12=Agboto |first12=Vincent |last13=Robinson |first13=Paul |last14=Wilson |first14=Sacoby |last15=Lichtveld |first15=Maureen |date=2014-12-11 |title=The Public Health Exposome: A Population-Based, Exposure Science Approach to Health Disparities Research |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph111212866 |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=11 |issue=12 |pages=12866–12895 |doi=10.3390/ijerph111212866 |issn=1660-4601}}</ref>. GIS-based exposure assessment has been applied in numerous epidemiological studies to investigate the relationship between environmental exposures and health outcomes<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nuckols |first=John R. |last2=Ward |first2=Mary H. |last3=Jarup |first3=Lars |date=2004-06 |title=Using Geographic Information Systems for Exposure Assessment in Environmental Epidemiology Studies |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.6738 |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |volume=112 |issue=9 |pages=1007–1015 |doi=10.1289/ehp.6738 |issn=0091-6765}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jerrett |first=Michael |last2=Burnett |first2=Richard T. |last3=Ma |first3=Renjun |last4=Pope |first4=C Arden |last5=Krewski |first5=Daniel |last6=Newbold |first6=K Bruce |last7=Thurston |first7=George |last8=Shi |first8=Yuanli |last9=Finkelstein |first9=Norm |last10=Calle |first10=Eugenia E. |last11=Thun |first11=Michael J. |date=2005-11 |title=Spatial Analysis of Air Pollution and Mortality in Los Angeles |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ede.0000181630.15826.7d |journal=Epidemiology |volume=16 |issue=6 |pages=727–736 |doi=10.1097/01.ede.0000181630.15826.7d |issn=1044-3983}}</ref>.

==== Computational approaches ====
The vast amounts of data generated by exposome research require advanced computational methods for storage, analysis, and interpretation. [[Machine learning]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ohanyan |first=Haykanush |last2=Portengen |first2=Lützen |last3=Huss |first3=Anke |last4=Traini |first4=Eugenio |last5=Beulens |first5=Joline W.J. |last6=Hoek |first6=Gerard |last7=Lakerveld |first7=Jeroen |last8=Vermeulen |first8=Roel |date=2022-01 |title=Machine learning approaches to characterize the obesogenic urban exposome |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2021.107015 |journal=Environment International |volume=158 |pages=107015 |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2021.107015 |issn=0160-4120}}</ref> and other data mining techniques<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schoene |first=Annika M. |last2=Basinas |first2=Ioannis |last3=van Tongeren |first3=Martie |last4=Ananiadou |first4=Sophia |date=2022-07-13 |title=A Narrative Literature Review of Natural Language Processing Applied to the Occupational Exposome |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148544 |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=19 |issue=14 |pages=8544 |doi=10.3390/ijerph19148544 |issn=1660-4601}}</ref> have emerged as valuable tools for identifying patterns and relationships within complex exposome data sets. Furthermore, systems biology approaches, which integrate data from multiple -omics platforms<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Patel |first=Chirag J. |last2=Bhattacharya |first2=Jayanta |last3=Butte |first3=Atul J. |date=2010-05-20 |title=An Environment-Wide Association Study (EWAS) on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0010746 |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=5 |issue=5 |pages=e10746 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0010746 |issn=1932-6203}}</ref> can help elucidate the complex interactions between exposures and biological pathways that contribute to disease development<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Noor |first=Elad |last2=Cherkaoui |first2=Sarah |last3=Sauer |first3=Uwe |date=2019-06 |title=Biological insights through omics data integration |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coisb.2019.03.007 |journal=Current Opinion in Systems Biology |volume=15 |pages=39–47 |doi=10.1016/j.coisb.2019.03.007 |issn=2452-3100}}</ref>.

== Applications in Epidemiology, Toxicology, and Public Health ==

==== Epidemiology ====
Exposome research has had a significant impact on the field of epidemiology, providing new insights into the complex relationships between environmental exposures, genetic factors, and human health<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1057472095 |title=Unraveling the exposome : a practical view |date=2019 |others=Sonia Dagnino, Anthony Macherone |isbn=3-319-89321-1 |location=Cham, Switzerland |oclc=1057472095}}</ref>. By comprehensively assessing the totality of exposures, epidemiologists can better understand the etiology of chronic diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative disorders, and identify modifiable risk factors that may be targets for intervention<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vineis |first=Paolo |last2=Husgafvel-Pursiainen |first2=Kirsti |date=2005-08-25 |title=Air pollution and cancer: biomarker studies in human populations † |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgi216 |journal=Carcinogenesis |volume=26 |issue=11 |pages=1846–1855 |doi=10.1093/carcin/bgi216 |issn=1460-2180}}</ref>.

Large-scale exposome projects, such as the Human Early-Life Exposome (HELIX) project<ref name=":5" /> and the European Exposome Cluster, have been established to investigate these relationships and generate new knowledge on disease etiology and prevention<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nieuwenhuijsen |first=Mark |last2=Ristovska |first2=Gordana |last3=Dadvand |first3=Payam |date=2017-10-19 |title=WHO Environmental Noise Guidelines for the European Region: A Systematic Review on Environmental Noise and Adverse Birth Outcomes |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14101252 |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=14 |issue=10 |pages=1252 |doi=10.3390/ijerph14101252 |issn=1660-4601}}</ref>.

==== Toxicology ====
The exposome has also influenced the field of toxicology, leading to the development of new methods for assessing the cumulative effects of multiple environmental exposures on human health. By integrating exposure data with molecular profiling techniques<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Escher |first=Beate I. |last2=Hackermüller |first2=Jörg |last3=Polte |first3=Tobias |last4=Scholz |first4=Stefan |last5=Aigner |first5=Achim |last6=Altenburger |first6=Rolf |last7=Böhme |first7=Alexander |last8=Bopp |first8=Stephanie K. |last9=Brack |first9=Werner |last10=Busch |first10=Wibke |last11=Chadeau-Hyam |first11=Marc |last12=Covaci |first12=Adrian |last13=Eisenträger |first13=Adolf |last14=Galligan |first14=James J. |last15=Garcia-Reyero |first15=Natalia |date=2017-02 |title=From the exposome to mechanistic understanding of chemical-induced adverse effects |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2016.11.029 |journal=Environment International |volume=99 |pages=97–106 |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2016.11.029 |issn=0160-4120}}</ref>, toxicologists can better understand the mechanisms through which environmental chemicals and other factors contribute to adverse health outcomes. This knowledge can inform the development of more effective strategies for chemical risk assessment and regulation<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rappaport |first=Stephen M |date=2010-11-17 |title=Implications of the exposome for exposure science |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jes.2010.50 |journal=Journal of Exposure Science &amp; Environmental Epidemiology |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=5–9 |doi=10.1038/jes.2010.50 |issn=1559-0631}}</ref>.

==== Public Health ====
Public health research and practice have greatly benefited from the insights gained through exposome research. By elucidating the complex interactions between environmental exposures and human health, the exposome framework can inform the design of targeted interventions to reduce disease risk and promote health equity<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Buck Louis |first=Germaine M. |last2=Sundaram |first2=Rajeshwari |date=2012-09-11 |title=Exposome: time for transformative research |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sim.5496 |journal=Statistics in Medicine |volume=31 |issue=22 |pages=2569–2575 |doi=10.1002/sim.5496 |issn=0277-6715}}</ref>.

Moreover, the development of exposome-based tools, such as biomonitoring and personal exposure monitoring devices, can help public health practitioners better track population exposures<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Liu |first=Ken |date=2021-01-01 |title=Chemical contact tracing for exposomics |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/exposome/osac001 |journal=Exposome |volume=1 |issue=1 |doi=10.1093/exposome/osac001 |issn=2635-2265}}</ref> and evaluate the effectiveness of interventions.

== Challenges and Future Directions in Exposome Research ==
Despite significant advances in exposome research, several challenges remain, including the development of more accurate exposure assessment techniques, the identification of novel biomarkers, and the management of large- scale and complex data sets<ref name=":3" />.

==== Exposure Assessment ====
One of the main challenges in exposome research is the accurate assessment of exposures across an individual's lifetime<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=Oliver |last2=Vrijheid |first2=Martine |date=2015-03-28 |title=The Pregnancy Exposome |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40572-015-0043-2 |journal=Current Environmental Health Reports |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=204–213 |doi=10.1007/s40572-015-0043-2 |issn=2196-5412}}</ref>. While recent technological advancements have improved our ability to measure environmental exposures in real-time, there is still a need for methods that can retrospectively assess historical exposures<ref name=":2" />, particularly in the context of chronic disease research<ref>{{Cite journal |last=X |first=Andrianou |last2=P |first2=Charisiadis |last3=K |first3=Makris |date=2019-10 |title=The urban exposome framework and a proof-of-concept study |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ee9.0000608732.36531.e1 |journal=Environmental Epidemiology |volume=3 |pages=257–258 |doi=10.1097/01.ee9.0000608732.36531.e1 |issn=2474-7882}}</ref>.

==== Biomarker Identification ====
Another challenge lies in the identification of novel and informative biomarkers that can provide insights into the biological pathways underlying exposure-disease relationships<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dennis |first=Kristine K. |last2=Marder |first2=Elizabeth |last3=Balshaw |first3=David M. |last4=Cui |first4=Yuxia |last5=Lynes |first5=Michael A. |last6=Patti |first6=Gary J. |last7=Rappaport |first7=Stephen M. |last8=Shaughnessy |first8=Daniel T. |last9=Vrijheid |first9=Martine |last10=Barr |first10=Dana Boyd |date=2017-04 |title=Biomonitoring in the Era of the Exposome |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp474 |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |volume=125 |issue=4 |pages=502–510 |doi=10.1289/ehp474 |issn=0091-6765}}</ref>. While omics technologies have greatly expanded the number of measurable biomarkers, researchers must still determine<ref>{{Citation |last=Vrijheid |first=Martine |title=Building an Early Life Exposome by Integrating Multiple Birth Cohorts: HELIX |date=2018-10-05 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89321-1_15 |work=Unraveling the Exposome |pages=393–404 |access-date=2023-04-03 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |isbn=978-3-319-89320-4 |last2=Maitre |first2=Lea}}</ref> which of these markers are most relevant to specific health outcomes and how they may be affected by various exposures.

==== Data Management ====
Exposome research generates vast amounts of complex data<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Patel |first=Chirag J. |last2=Ioannidis |first2=John P. A. |date=2014-06-04 |title=Studying the Elusive Environment in Large Scale |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.4129 |journal=JAMA |volume=311 |issue=21 |pages=2173 |doi=10.1001/jama.2014.4129 |issn=0098-7484}}</ref>, posing challenges related to data storage, analysis, and interpretation. As the field continues to grow, the development of standardized data formats, data sharing platforms, and advanced computational methods for data integration will be crucial<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Noor |first=Elad |last2=Cherkaoui |first2=Sarah |last3=Sauer |first3=Uwe |date=2019-06 |title=Biological insights through omics data integration |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coisb.2019.03.007 |journal=Current Opinion in Systems Biology |volume=15 |pages=39–47 |doi=10.1016/j.coisb.2019.03.007 |issn=2452-3100}}</ref> to maximizing the potential of exposome research.

== Conclusion ==
The field of exposome research is relatively new, rapidly evolving, and is still being developed and refined<ref name=":6" /> by researchers in a variety of fields, including epidemiology, environmental health, and genomics. Understanding the exposome is important because it can help researchers identify the environmental factors that contribute to disease, and develop strategies for prevention and treatment.

The exposome concept presents several challenges for researchers. One of the main challenges is the complexity and diversity of exposures that individuals experience throughout their lifetime<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rappaport |first=Stephen M. |date=2011-01 |title=Implications of the exposome for exposure science |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/jes201050 |journal=Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology |language=en |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=5–9 |doi=10.1038/jes.2010.50 |issn=1559-064X}}</ref>. There are thousands of chemicals in the environment<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Wild |first=Christopher P. |last2=Scalbert |first2=Augustin |last3=Herceg |first3=Zdenko |date=2013-05-16 |title=Measuring the exposome: A powerful basis for evaluating environmental exposures and cancer risk |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/em.21777 |journal=Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis |volume=54 |issue=7 |pages=480–499 |doi=10.1002/em.21777 |issn=0893-6692}}</ref>, and individuals are exposed to different combinations of chemicals depending on their location, occupation, and lifestyles<ref name=":4" />. Besides this, a lack of standardized methods for measuring exposures is also challenging<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vrijheid |first=Martine |date=2014-09-01 |title=The exposome: a new paradigm to study the impact of environment on health |url=https://thorax.bmj.com/content/69/9/876 |journal=Thorax |language=en |volume=69 |issue=9 |pages=876–878 |doi=10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-204949 |issn=0040-6376 |pmid=24906490}}</ref>. Traditional approaches to measuring environmental exposures have relied on individual exposure assessments, which are often expensive and time-consuming<ref name=":10" />. New technologies, such as high-throughput methods for measuring multiple exposures simultaneously<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jia |first=Shenglan |last2=Xu |first2=Tengfei |last3=Huan |first3=Tao |last4=Chong |first4=Maria |last5=Liu |first5=Min |last6=Fang |first6=Wenjuan |last7=Fang |first7=Mingliang |date=2019-04-03 |title=Chemical Isotope Labeling Exposome (CIL-EXPOSOME): One High-Throughput Platform for Human Urinary Global Exposome Characterization |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b00285 |journal=Environmental Science &amp; Technology |volume=53 |issue=9 |pages=5445–5453 |doi=10.1021/acs.est.9b00285 |issn=0013-936X}}</ref>, are being developed<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nguyen |first=Vy Kim |last2=Middleton |first2=Lauren Y. M. |last3=Huang |first3=Lei |last4=Zhao |first4=Neil |last5=Verly |first5=Eliseu |last6=Kvasnicka |first6=Jacob |last7=Sagers |first7=Luke |last8=Patel |first8=Chirag J |last9=Colacino |first9=Justin |date=2023-02-08 |title=Harmonized US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1988-2018 for high throughput exposome-health discovery |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2023.02.06.23284573 |access-date=2023-04-03 |website=dx.doi.org}}</ref> to address this challenge.

Understanding exposomes has significant implications for public health<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vermeulen |first=Roel |last2=Schymanski |first2=Emma L. |last3=Barabási |first3=Albert-László |last4=Miller |first4=Gary W. |date=2020-01-24 |title=The exposome and health: Where chemistry meets biology |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aay3164 |journal=Science |volume=367 |issue=6476 |pages=392–396 |doi=10.1126/science.aay3164 |issn=0036-8075}}</ref> and the development of more effective strategies for prevention and treatment of disease<ref name=":11" />. For example, if research shows that exposure to a certain chemical is linked to an increased risk of cancer<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=Priscilla |last2=Dempsey |first2=Karen |date=2017-10 |title=Teaching epidemiology (4th edition) |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1753-6405.12615 |journal=Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health |volume=41 |issue=5 |pages=549 |doi=10.1111/1753-6405.12615 |issn=1326-0200}}</ref>, policymakers can take steps to regulate or ban the use of that chemical<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Siroux |first=Valérie |last2=Agier |first2=Lydiane |last3=Slama |first3=Rémy |date=2016-05-31 |title=The exposome concept: a challenge and a potential driver for environmental health research |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/16000617.0034-2016 |journal=European Respiratory Review |volume=25 |issue=140 |pages=124–129 |doi=10.1183/16000617.0034-2016 |issn=0905-9180}}</ref>.

In addition to informing public health policies, the study of the exposome can also help individuals make more informed choices about their own health<ref name=":1" />. By understanding the environmental factors that contribute to disease, individuals can take steps to reduce their exposure to harmful substances and improve their overall health<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":12" />.

The exposome concept holds great promise<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dennis |first=Kristine K. |last2=Auerbach |first2=Scott S. |last3=Balshaw |first3=David M. |last4=Cui |first4=Yuxia |last5=Fallin |first5=Margaret Daniele |last6=Smith |first6=Martyn T. |last7=Spira |first7=Avrum |last8=Sumner |first8=Susan |last9=Miller |first9=Gary W. |date=2016-10 |title=The Importance of the Biological Impact of Exposure to the Concept of the Exposome |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp140 |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |volume=124 |issue=10 |pages=1504–1510 |doi=10.1289/ehp140 |issn=0091-6765}}</ref> for advancing our understanding of the complex interplay between environmental exposures and human health<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vineis |first=P. |last2=Chadeau-Hyam |first2=M. |last3=Gmuender |first3=H. |last4=Gulliver |first4=J. |last5=Herceg |first5=Z. |last6=Kleinjans |first6=J. |last7=Kogevinas |first7=M. |last8=Kyrtopoulos |first8=S. |last9=Nieuwenhuijsen |first9=M. |last10=Phillips |first10=D.H. |last11=Probst-Hensch |first11=N. |last12=Scalbert |first12=A. |last13=Vermeulen |first13=R. |last14=Wild |first14=C.P. |date=2017-03 |title=The exposome in practice: Design of the EXPOsOMICS project |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.08.001 |journal=International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health |volume=220 |issue=2 |pages=142–151 |doi=10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.08.001 |issn=1438-4639}}</ref>. As researchers continue to refine exposure assessment methods, identify novel biomarkers, and develop sophisticated computational approaches, the exposome framework is poised to revolutionize the fields of epidemiology, toxicology, and public health<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Louis |first=G. M. Buck |last2=Schisterman |first2=E.F. |last3=Sweeney |first3=A.M. |last4=Gore-Langton |first4=R. |last5=Lynch |first5=C.D. |last6=Sundaram |first6=R. |date=2010-09 |title=Preconception recruitment of couples desiring pregnancy – case for the exposome |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.07.890 |journal=Fertility and Sterility |volume=94 |issue=4 |pages=S229 |doi=10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.07.890 |issn=0015-0282}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=Oliver |last2=Vrijheid |first2=Martine |date=2015-03-28 |title=The Pregnancy Exposome |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40572-015-0043-2 |journal=Current Environmental Health Reports |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=204–213 |doi=10.1007/s40572-015-0043-2 |issn=2196-5412}}</ref>.

== References ==
<references />
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[[Category:Epidemiology]]
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[[Category:Public health]]
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[[Category:Omics]]
[[Category:Toxicology]]
[[Category:Toxicology]]
{{short description|Theoretical totality of human environmental exposures}}

Revision as of 07:00, 3 April 2023

Introduction

The exposome is a comprehensive concept used to describe the totality of environmental exposures that an individual encounters throughout their life, from conception to death. It encompasses both external and internal factors, including chemical, physical, biological, and social factors that may influence human health[1].

The study of the exposome has become an essential tool in understanding the complex interplay between genetics and environmental factors in the development of diseases, with a particular focus on chronic conditions[2]. The concept has been widely applied in fields such as epidemiology, toxicology, and public health, among others, and has led to significant advances[3] in our understanding of disease etiology and prevention.

The exposome concept has gained significant attention in recent years[4][5], as researchers have come to appreciate the intricate relationship between environmental exposures and human health. By considering the cumulative effect of multiple exposures, it provides a holistic approach to the study of gene-environment interactions, allowing for a more accurate assessment[6] of disease risk and the identification of potential intervention strategies[7].

Research on the exposome has shown that environmental exposures can have a significant impact on an individual's health. Exposure to air pollution, for example, has been linked to an increased risk of respiratory disease, heart disease, and even premature death. Similarly, exposure to certain chemicals in consumer products has been linked to an increased risk of cancer and other health problems[3]. In addition to external factors, the internal exposome can also influence an individual's health outcomes. For example, genetics can play a role in how an individual's body processes and responds to environmental exposures,[7] while the gut microbiome can affect an individual's immune system and overall health. As our understanding of the exposome continues to evolve, it is likely that we will gain new insights into the complex interplay between our environment and our health.

In the following, we will delve into the historical development and definitions, ongoing initiatives, and methodologies associated with exposome research; as well as explore specific examples of how the exposome has been utilized across various fields, ultimately illustrating the significance of this concept in contemporary health research.

Historical development and definitions

The term "exposome" was first coined in 2005 by Dr. Christopher Wild,[1] then-director of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), in a seminal paper published in Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. Wild's concept was initially proposed to complement the human genome, as he recognized the limitations of genetic research in explaining the etiology of chronic diseases. By suggesting a systematic approach to measuring environmental exposures, the exposome aimed to fill this knowledge gap[8].

Various definitions of the exposome have been proposed over time, but most emphasize three main components: the external exposome, the internal exposome, and the biological response[6]. The external exposome includes general external factors, such as air pollution, diet, and socioeconomic factors, as well as specific external factors like chemicals and radiation. The internal exposome comprises endogenous factors, such as hormones, inflammation, oxidative stress, and gut microbiota. Finally, the biological response refers to the complex interactions between the external and internal exposome factors and their influence on an individual's physiology and health[9].

Past and ongoing global initiatives

There have been several research initiatives aimed to better understand the exposome. One such initiative was the "Enhanced exposure assessment and omic profiling for high priority environmental exposures in Europe"[10], a program by the Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine in the UK. A current initiative is EXIMIOUS[11] - a 5 year Research and Innovation Action funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 program, aimed at introducing a new approach to mapping exposure-induced immune effects by combining exposomics and immunomics in a unique toolbox. Another is the National Institutes of Health's Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) program[12], which is studying the impact of these factors on children's health. We also have the Human Exposome Project[13], a collaborative effort between researchers from around the world to develop tools and techniques to measure and analyze the exposome.

Furthermore, several European countries, including Sweden, France, Austria, and Czechia, have been actively involved in establishing dedicated research infrastructures for exposomics. In Sweden, the National Facility for Exposomics[14] was approved in November 2020 and is hosted by the University of Stockholm. The facility is currently operational in Solna, providing resources and expertise for exposomics research. France has also established a dedicated research infrastructure, France Exposome[15], a new National Research Infrastructure that focuses on environmental health. It has been included in the 2021 roadmap for the research infrastructure of the Ministry of Higher Education and Research, indicating its significance in the country's research landscape.

Additionally, the Environmental Exposure Assessment Research Infrastructure (EIRENE)[16] is a collaborative effort consisting of 17 National Nodes representing around 50 institutions with complementary expertise. EIRENE aims to fill the gap in the European infrastructural landscape and pioneer the first EU infrastructure on the human exposome. The consortium has a geographically balanced network, covering Northern (Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden), Western (Belgium, France, Germany, Netherlands, UK), Southern (Greece, Italy, Slovenia, Spain), and Central and Eastern (Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia) Europe, as well as the US. The EIRENE RI team consists of scientists leading exposome research on an international level.

These initiatives reflect the growing recognition of the importance of exposomics research and the commitment of these countries to advancing the field. The establishment of dedicated research infrastructures ensures the availability of resources and expertise required to uncover crucial insights into the impact of exposomes[17] on human health.

Methodologies in Exposome Research

The study of the exposome requires a multi-disciplinary approach that combines advances in exposure assessment, bioinformatics, and systems biology. As such, researchers have developed a range of key methodologies to measure and analyze the exposome – from exposure assessment techniques, analytical tools, to computational approaches.

These methods are designed to capture and analyze the diverse and dynamic nature of environmental exposures across a person's lifespan.

Exposure Assessment techniques

The assessment of environmental exposures is a critical aspect of exposome research. Traditional methods, such as questionnaires and environmental monitoring, provide useful information on external factors but may not adequately capture the complexity and variability of exposures over time[7].

Consequently, researchers have increasingly turned to personal monitoring devices, such as wearable sensors, personal monitoring devices, and smartphone applications, which can collect real-time data on an individual's exposure to various environmental factors, such as air pollution, noise, and ultraviolet radiation[18][19]. The data collected by these devices can help researchers understand how personal behaviors and microenvironments contribute to overall exposome profiles[20][21][22].

Biomarkers and High-throughput technologies

Biomarkers (measurable indicators of biological processes or conditions) play an essential role in characterizing the internal exposome and biological response. This approach involves the measurement of chemicals or their metabolites in biological specimens such as blood, urine, or tissues[23][24][25]. Advances in high-throughput -omics technologies such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, have revolutionized our ability to measure thousands of biomarkers simultaneously. This can provide a detailed snapshot of an individual's molecular profile at a given time, as well as a comprehensive view of the individual's biological response to environmental exposures[26]. These technologies yield a direct and quantitative assessment of an individual's exposure to specific compounds and have been increasingly incorporated into exposome research and epidemiological studies[25].

Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

GIS tools can be used to estimate an individual's exposure to environmental factors based on spatial data, such as air pollution or proximity to hazardous waste sites[27]. GIS-based exposure assessment has been applied in numerous epidemiological studies to investigate the relationship between environmental exposures and health outcomes[28][29].

Computational approaches

The vast amounts of data generated by exposome research require advanced computational methods for storage, analysis, and interpretation. Machine learning[30] and other data mining techniques[31] have emerged as valuable tools for identifying patterns and relationships within complex exposome data sets. Furthermore, systems biology approaches, which integrate data from multiple -omics platforms[32] can help elucidate the complex interactions between exposures and biological pathways that contribute to disease development[33].

Applications in Epidemiology, Toxicology, and Public Health

Epidemiology

Exposome research has had a significant impact on the field of epidemiology, providing new insights into the complex relationships between environmental exposures, genetic factors, and human health[34]. By comprehensively assessing the totality of exposures, epidemiologists can better understand the etiology of chronic diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative disorders, and identify modifiable risk factors that may be targets for intervention[35].

Large-scale exposome projects, such as the Human Early-Life Exposome (HELIX) project[7] and the European Exposome Cluster, have been established to investigate these relationships and generate new knowledge on disease etiology and prevention[36].

Toxicology

The exposome has also influenced the field of toxicology, leading to the development of new methods for assessing the cumulative effects of multiple environmental exposures on human health. By integrating exposure data with molecular profiling techniques[37], toxicologists can better understand the mechanisms through which environmental chemicals and other factors contribute to adverse health outcomes. This knowledge can inform the development of more effective strategies for chemical risk assessment and regulation[38].

Public Health

Public health research and practice have greatly benefited from the insights gained through exposome research. By elucidating the complex interactions between environmental exposures and human health, the exposome framework can inform the design of targeted interventions to reduce disease risk and promote health equity[39].

Moreover, the development of exposome-based tools, such as biomonitoring and personal exposure monitoring devices, can help public health practitioners better track population exposures[40] and evaluate the effectiveness of interventions.

Challenges and Future Directions in Exposome Research

Despite significant advances in exposome research, several challenges remain, including the development of more accurate exposure assessment techniques, the identification of novel biomarkers, and the management of large- scale and complex data sets[5].

Exposure Assessment

One of the main challenges in exposome research is the accurate assessment of exposures across an individual's lifetime[41]. While recent technological advancements have improved our ability to measure environmental exposures in real-time, there is still a need for methods that can retrospectively assess historical exposures[4], particularly in the context of chronic disease research[42].

Biomarker Identification

Another challenge lies in the identification of novel and informative biomarkers that can provide insights into the biological pathways underlying exposure-disease relationships[43]. While omics technologies have greatly expanded the number of measurable biomarkers, researchers must still determine[44] which of these markers are most relevant to specific health outcomes and how they may be affected by various exposures.

Data Management

Exposome research generates vast amounts of complex data[45], posing challenges related to data storage, analysis, and interpretation. As the field continues to grow, the development of standardized data formats, data sharing platforms, and advanced computational methods for data integration will be crucial[46] to maximizing the potential of exposome research.

Conclusion

The field of exposome research is relatively new, rapidly evolving, and is still being developed and refined[17] by researchers in a variety of fields, including epidemiology, environmental health, and genomics. Understanding the exposome is important because it can help researchers identify the environmental factors that contribute to disease, and develop strategies for prevention and treatment.

The exposome concept presents several challenges for researchers. One of the main challenges is the complexity and diversity of exposures that individuals experience throughout their lifetime[47]. There are thousands of chemicals in the environment[48], and individuals are exposed to different combinations of chemicals depending on their location, occupation, and lifestyles[6]. Besides this, a lack of standardized methods for measuring exposures is also challenging[49]. Traditional approaches to measuring environmental exposures have relied on individual exposure assessments, which are often expensive and time-consuming[26]. New technologies, such as high-throughput methods for measuring multiple exposures simultaneously[50], are being developed[51] to address this challenge.

Understanding exposomes has significant implications for public health[52] and the development of more effective strategies for prevention and treatment of disease[39]. For example, if research shows that exposure to a certain chemical is linked to an increased risk of cancer[53], policymakers can take steps to regulate or ban the use of that chemical[54].

In addition to informing public health policies, the study of the exposome can also help individuals make more informed choices about their own health[3]. By understanding the environmental factors that contribute to disease, individuals can take steps to reduce their exposure to harmful substances and improve their overall health[6][18][23][48].

The exposome concept holds great promise[55] for advancing our understanding of the complex interplay between environmental exposures and human health[56]. As researchers continue to refine exposure assessment methods, identify novel biomarkers, and develop sophisticated computational approaches, the exposome framework is poised to revolutionize the fields of epidemiology, toxicology, and public health[57][58].

References

  1. ^ a b Wild, Christopher Paul (2005-08-01). "Complementing the Genome with an "Exposome": The Outstanding Challenge of Environmental Exposure Measurement in Molecular Epidemiology". Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. 14 (8): 1847–1850. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-05-0456. ISSN 1055-9965.
  2. ^ Rappaport, Stephen M.; Barupal, Dinesh K.; Wishart, David; Vineis, Paolo; Scalbert, Augustin (2014-08). "The Blood Exposome and Its Role in Discovering Causes of Disease". Environmental Health Perspectives. 122 (8): 769–774. doi:10.1289/ehp.1308015. ISSN 0091-6765. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  3. ^ a b c Rappaport, Stephen M.; Smith, Martyn T. (2010-10-22). "Environment and Disease Risks". Science. 330 (6003): 460–461. doi:10.1126/science.1192603. ISSN 0036-8075.
  4. ^ a b OTTINGER, MARY ANN. GEISELMAN, CULLEN (2022). ONE HEALTH AND THE EXPOSOME : human, wildlife, and ecosystem health. [S.l.]: ELSEVIER ACADEMIC PRESS. ISBN 0-323-89873-4. OCLC 1276932534.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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