Initial Upper Paleolithic: Difference between revisions
पाटलिपुत्र (talk | contribs) Châtelperronian |
पाटलिपुत्र (talk | contribs) ref |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
[[File:Map of human fossils with an age of at least ~40,000 years that yielded genome-wide data and location of the Zlatý kůň fossil.webp|thumb|upright=1.5|Main initial Upper Paleolithic remains, and mocation of the [[Zlatý kůň]] fossil with an age of at least ~43,000 years, that yielded genome-wide data]] |
[[File:Map of human fossils with an age of at least ~40,000 years that yielded genome-wide data and location of the Zlatý kůň fossil.webp|thumb|upright=1.5|Main initial Upper Paleolithic remains, and mocation of the [[Zlatý kůň]] fossil with an age of at least ~43,000 years, that yielded genome-wide data.<ref>For another map with populations/ IUP assemblages, see: {{cite journal |last1=Hajdinjak |first1=Mateja |last2=Mafessoni |first2=Fabrizio |title=Initial Upper Palaeolithic humans in Europe had recent Neanderthal ancestry |journal=Nature |date=April 2021 |volume=592 |issue=7853 |pages=253–257 |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03335-3 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03335-3 |language=en |issn=1476-4687}}</ref>]] |
||
The '''Initial Upper Paleolithic''' (also '''IUP''', {{c.|50,000-40,000 BP}}) covers the first stage of the [[Upper Paleolithic]], during which modern human populations expanded throughout Eurasia. |
The '''Initial Upper Paleolithic''' (also '''IUP''', {{c.|50,000-40,000 BP}}) covers the first stage of the [[Upper Paleolithic]], during which modern human populations expanded throughout Eurasia. |
||
Revision as of 09:09, 15 April 2023
The Initial Upper Paleolithic (also IUP, c. 50,000-40,000 BP) covers the first stage of the Upper Paleolithic, during which modern human populations expanded throughout Eurasia.
Modern humans of the Upper Paleolithic are considered as forming the earliest culture of modern humans in Europe.[2][3] However, these people do not appear to have been the ancestors of later Europeans as the very few ancient DNA (aDNA) samples recovered from this period are not related to later samples.[4]
The Initial Upper Paleolithic corresponds to the spread of a particular techno-complex in Eurasia,[2] to which possibly relates the European Châtelperronian.[5] But the Aurignacian complex (Protoaurignacian and Early Aurignacian) with its famous Cave art seems to correspond to another, later, human wave which spread through the Levant area.[2]
These early Eurasians populations probably mated with Neanderthals in the period between 50,000 and 60,000 years ago, probably during the initial phase of their expansion in the Middle East carried, and they carried ~2–3% Neanderthal ancestry in their genomes. It is also considered that the early modern human coexisted with Neanderthals in Europe for a period of about 3,000–5,000 years.[6]
Among the earliest modern humans which have been directly dated to this period are:[7]
- the individual from 46,000 to 44,000 years ago in the Bacho Kiro cave, located in present-day Bulgaria;
- the 45,000-year-old Ust’-Ishim man (no continuity with later Eurasians);
- the 43,000-year-old Zlatý kůň woman (no continuity with later Eurasians);
- the Tianyuan man, who is more closely related to modern Asians and Native Americans;
- Oase 1, Oase 2 (no shared ancestry with later Eurasians);
- Fumane 2, circa 40,000 BP.
-
Skeletal remains from the Zlatý kůň woman -
Femur from the Ust'-Ishim man -
Forensic facial reconstruction of Oase 2 -
Blades from Kara-Bom, a probable Initial Upper Paleolithic site
.jpg)
References
- ^ For another map with populations/ IUP assemblages, see: Hajdinjak, Mateja; Mafessoni, Fabrizio (April 2021). "Initial Upper Palaeolithic humans in Europe had recent Neanderthal ancestry". Nature. 592 (7853): 253–257. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03335-3. ISSN 1476-4687.
- ^ a b c Hublin, Jean-Jacques; Sirakov, Nikolay (11 May 2020). "Initial Upper Palaeolithic Homo sapiens from Bacho Kiro Cave, Bulgaria" (PDF). Nature. 581 (7808): 299–302. Bibcode:2020Natur.581..299H. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2259-z. PMID 32433609. S2CID 218592678.
Archaeological and palaeontological evidence strongly suggest that the initial modern colonization of eastern Europe and central Asia should be related to the spread of techno-complexes assigned to the Initial Upper Palaeolithic. This first expansion may have started as early as 48 ka cal BP. The earliest phases of the Aurignacian complex (Protoaurignacian and Early Aurignacian) seem to represent another modern wave of migrations, starting in the Levant area. The expansion of this techno-complex throughout Europe completed the modern colonization of the continent.
- ^ Bower, Bruce (11 May 2020). "The earliest known humans in Europe may have been found in a Bulgarian cave". Science News.
- ^ Callaway, Ewen (1 March 2023). "Ancient genomes show how humans escaped Europe's deep freeze". Nature News.
- ^ Zwyns, Nicolas (20 June 2021). "The Initial Upper Paleolithic in Central and East Asia: Blade Technology, Cultural Transmission, and Implications for Human Dispersals". Journal of Paleolithic Archaeology. 4 (3): 19. doi:10.1007/s41982-021-00085-6. ISSN 2520-8217.
- ^ Prüfer, Kay; Posth, Cosimo (June 2021). "A genome sequence from a modern human skull over 45,000 years old from Zlatý kůň in Czechia". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 5 (6): 820–825. doi:10.1038/s41559-021-01443-x. ISSN 2397-334X.
- ^ Prüfer, Kay; Posth, Cosimo (June 2021). "A genome sequence from a modern human skull over 45,000 years old from Zlatý kůň in Czechia". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 5 (6): 820–825. doi:10.1038/s41559-021-01443-x. ISSN 2397-334X.
A female individual from Zlatý kůň, Czechia. We found that she belonged to a population that appears to have contributed genetically neither to later Europeans nor to Asians. (...) A complete genome has been produced from the ~45,000-year-old remains of Ust'-Ishim, a Siberian individual who showed no genetic continuity to later Eurasians. This contrasts with the ~40,000-year-old East Asian individual from Tianyuan whose genome is more closely related to many present-day Asians and Native Americans than to Europeans. From Europe, only the partial genome of an individual called Oase 1 and dated to ~40 ka has been recovered, and this showed no evidence of shared ancestry with later Europeans