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Added to In ecology section and removed list of Indigenous scholars because it is misleading that there are only 5 Indigneous scholars and should not single out single people. also removed "folk science" from "see also" section as they are not the same thing nor related.
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{{main|traditional ecological knowledge}}<!--section should be expanded to summarize the "main" article-->
{{main|traditional ecological knowledge}}<!--section should be expanded to summarize the "main" article-->


Indigenous Science is often used by the term "traditional ecological knowledge" or "TEK". However, Indigenous science refers to a multi-contextual thought<ref>{{Cite book |last=Diana |first=Diaz, Sandra Demissew, Sebsebe Carabias, Julia Joly, Carlos Lonsdale, Mark Ash, Neville Larigauderie, Anne Adhikari, Jay Ram Arico, Salvatore Baldi, Andras Bartuska, Ann Baste, Ivar Andreas Bilgin, Adem Brondizio, Eduardo Chan, Kai M. A. Figueroa, Viviana Elsa Duraiappah, Anantha Fischer, Markus Hill, Rosemary Koetz, Thomas Leadley, Paul Lyver, Philip Mace, Georgina M. Martin-Lopez, Berta Okumura, Michiko Pacheco, Diego Pascual, Unai Perez, Edgar Selvin Reyers, Belinda Roth, Eva Saito, Osamu Scholes, Robert John Sharma, Nalini Tallis, Heather Thaman, Randolph Watson, Robert Yahara, Tetsukazu Hamid, Zakri Abdul Akosim, Callistus Al-Hafedh, Yousef Allahverdiyev, Rashad Amankwah, Edward Asah, Stanley T. Asfaw, Zemede Bartus, Gabor Brooks, L. Anathea Caillaux, Jorge Dalle, Gemedo Darnaedi, Dedy Driver, Amanda Erpul, Gunay Escobar-Eyzaguirre, Pablo Failler, Pierre Fouda, Ali Moustafa Mokhtar Fu, Bojie Gundimeda, Haripriya Hashimoto, Shizuka Homer, Floyd Lavorel, Sandra Lichtenstein, Gabriela Mala, William Armand Mandivenyi, Wadzanayi Matczak, Piotr Mbizvo, Carmel Mehrdadi, Mehrasa Metzger, Jean Paul Mikissa, Jean Bruno Moller, Henrik Mooney, Harold A. Mumby, Peter Nagendra, Harini Nesshover, Carsten Oteng-Yeboah, Alfred Apau Pataki, Gyoergy Roue, Marie Rubis, Jennifer Schultz, Maria Smith, Peggy Sumaila, Rashid Takeuchi, Kazuhiko Thomas, Spencer Verma, Madhu Yeo-Chang, Youn Zlatanova, |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1234230658 |title=The IPBES Conceptual Framework - connecting nature and people |date=2015 |publisher=Stockholms universitet, Stockholm Resilience Centre |oclc=1234230658}}</ref>. Whereas TEK refers to a term given by Western scientists to explain more regarding ecology, but is a good representation of a category of Indigenous science<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Snively |first=Gloria |last2=Corsiglia |first2=John |date=2000 |title=Discovering indigenous science: Implications for science education |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1098-237x(200101)85:1<6::aid-sce3>3.0.co;2-r |journal=Science Education |volume=85 |issue=1 |pages=6–34 |doi=10.1002/1098-237x(200101)85:1<6::aid-sce3>3.0.co;2-r |issn=0036-8326}}</ref>.
⚫
Indigenous science has helped to address ecological challenges including the restoration of [[salmon]],<ref name="Footen"/> management of [[seabird]] harvests,<ref name="Moller Berkes 2004"/> outbreaks of [[Orthohantavirus|hantavirus]],<ref name="Stumpff Hantavirus"/> and addressing [[wildfire]]s.<ref name="Stumpff Roses"/>

The study of Ecology focuses on the relationships and patterns between organisms in their environment<ref>{{Cite book |last=Odum |first=Eugene |title=Fundamentals of Ecology |publisher=Saunders Philadelphia |year=1971 |edition=Vol. 3}}</ref>, which is a fundamental aspect of Indigenous Science. Using the subject of ecology is a great place to start when looking to see the different pathways of bridging Indigenous science and Western science. However, since this knowledge is place-based, it is important to understand that the various knowledges can vary depending on the questions and answers needed<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alexander |first=Steven M. |last2=Provencher |first2=Jennifer F. |last3=Henri |first3=Dominique A. |last4=Nanayakkara |first4=Lushani |last5=Taylor |first5=Jessica J. |last6=Berberi |first6=Albana |last7=Lloren |first7=Jed Immanuel |last8=Johnson |first8=Jay T. |last9=Ballard |first9=Myrle |last10=Cooke |first10=Steven J. |date=2021-07 |title=Bridging Indigenous and Western sciences in freshwater research, monitoring, and management in Canada |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2688-8319.12085 |journal=Ecological Solutions and Evidence |language=en |volume=2 |issue=3 |doi=10.1002/2688-8319.12085 |issn=2688-8319}}</ref>. It is often seen in Western science, the combination of two sciences to create a new subject with a new form of understanding. For example, ethnobiology combines biology with ecology allowing ethnobotanists to utilize methods of Indigenous knowledge and botany for the purpose of identification and classification of species<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Johnson |first=Jay T. |last2=Howitt |first2=Richard |last3=Cajete |first3=Gregory |last4=Berkes |first4=Fikret |last5=Louis |first5=Renee Pualani |last6=Kliskey |first6=Andrew |date=2016-01-01 |title=Weaving Indigenous and sustainability sciences to diversify our methods |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-015-0349-x |journal=Sustainability Science |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1007/s11625-015-0349-x |issn=1862-4057}}</ref>. Using ecology can also be a great start when trying to understand the perspective of (w)holistic thought by thinking of impacts such as how the declining fish population effects nature, the food web, and coastal ecosystems<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Díaz |first=Sandra |last2=Demissew |first2=Sebsebe |last3=Carabias |first3=Julia |last4=Joly |first4=Carlos |last5=Lonsdale |first5=Mark |last6=Ash |first6=Neville |last7=Larigauderie |first7=Anne |last8=Adhikari |first8=Jay Ram |last9=Arico |first9=Salvatore |last10=Báldi |first10=András |last11=Bartuska |first11=Ann |last12=Baste |first12=Ivar Andreas |last13=Bilgin |first13=Adem |last14=Brondizio |first14=Eduardo |last15=Chan |first15=Kai MA |date=2015-06-01 |title=The IPBES Conceptual Framework — connecting nature and people |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187734351400116X |journal=Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability |series=Open Issue |language=en |volume=14 |pages=1–16 |doi=10.1016/j.cosust.2014.11.002 |issn=1877-3435}}</ref>.

⚫
Indigenous science has helped to address ecological challenges including the restoration of [[salmon]],<ref name="Footen" /> management of [[seabird]] harvests,<ref name="Moller Berkes 2004" /> outbreaks of [[Orthohantavirus|hantavirus]],<ref name="Stumpff Hantavirus" /> and addressing [[wildfire]]s.<ref name="Stumpff Roses" />


== In other sciences ==
== In other sciences ==
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As well as in ecology, Indigenous knowledge has been used in biological areas including [[Ethology|animal behaviour]], [[evolution]], [[physiology]], [[Life history theory|life history]], [[Morphology (biology)|morphology]], [[Conservation biology|wildlife conservation]], wildlife health, and [[taxonomy]].<ref name="Jessen Ban 2021">{{cite journal | last1=Jessen | first1=Tyler D | last2=Ban | first2=Natalie C | last3=Claxton | first3=Nicholas XEMŦOLTW | last4=Darimont | first4=Chris T | title=Contributions of Indigenous Knowledge to ecological and evolutionary understanding | journal=Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment | publisher=Wiley | volume=20 | issue=2 | date=15 November 2021 | issn=1540-9295 | doi=10.1002/fee.2435 | pages=93–101| s2cid=244164214 | doi-access=free }}<!--paper cites sources in all these areas--></ref>
As well as in ecology, Indigenous knowledge has been used in biological areas including [[Ethology|animal behaviour]], [[evolution]], [[physiology]], [[Life history theory|life history]], [[Morphology (biology)|morphology]], [[Conservation biology|wildlife conservation]], wildlife health, and [[taxonomy]].<ref name="Jessen Ban 2021">{{cite journal | last1=Jessen | first1=Tyler D | last2=Ban | first2=Natalie C | last3=Claxton | first3=Nicholas XEMŦOLTW | last4=Darimont | first4=Chris T | title=Contributions of Indigenous Knowledge to ecological and evolutionary understanding | journal=Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment | publisher=Wiley | volume=20 | issue=2 | date=15 November 2021 | issn=1540-9295 | doi=10.1002/fee.2435 | pages=93–101| s2cid=244164214 | doi-access=free }}<!--paper cites sources in all these areas--></ref>

== Indigenous science scholars ==

* [[Nancy C. Maryboy]]
* [[Karlie Noon]]
* [[Lydia Jennings]]
* [[Ian Saem Majnep]]
* [[Robin Wall Kimmerer]]


==See also==
==See also==


*
* [[Folk science]]


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 00:35, 17 April 2023

Indigenous science is the application and intersection of Indigenous knowledge and science. In ecology this is sometimes termed traditional ecological knowledge.[1][2][3] Indigenous science refers to the knowledge systems and practices of Indigenous peoples, which are deeply rooted in their cultural traditions and relationships understanding of an Indigenous Nations territory or place. Indigenous science is holistic It follows the same methods of Western science including (but not limited to): observation, prediction, interpretation, questioning.[4] Despite the knowledge and expertise that Indigenous science brings, it has often been devalued by the Western scientific establishment.[5] However, there has been a growing recognition in recent decades of the importance of incorporating Indigenous perspectives and knowledge systems into mainstream scientific practice, particularly in fields such as ecology and environmental management.[6][7]

Traditional and scientific

Indigenous knowledge and experiences have traditionally been passed down orally from generation to generation.[8][9] The concept of Indigenous science promotes the idea that every culture has its own science and understanding of the world.[10] This point of view has been employed by scientists and policy makers to adopt new paradigms for the interpretation and human management of natural processes.[11][12] While there are differences in the use of and structure between Indigenous science and scientific knowledge, Indigenous science has an empirical basis and has traditionally been used to predict and understand the world.[13][14][15]

In ecology

Main article: traditional ecological knowledge

Indigenous Science is often used by the term "traditional ecological knowledge" or "TEK". However, Indigenous science refers to a multi-contextual thought[16]. Whereas TEK refers to a term given by Western scientists to explain more regarding ecology, but is a good representation of a category of Indigenous science[17].

The study of Ecology focuses on the relationships and patterns between organisms in their environment[18], which is a fundamental aspect of Indigenous Science. Using the subject of ecology is a great place to start when looking to see the different pathways of bridging Indigenous science and Western science. However, since this knowledge is place-based, it is important to understand that the various knowledges can vary depending on the questions and answers needed[19]. It is often seen in Western science, the combination of two sciences to create a new subject with a new form of understanding. For example, ethnobiology combines biology with ecology allowing ethnobotanists to utilize methods of Indigenous knowledge and botany for the purpose of identification and classification of species[20]. Using ecology can also be a great start when trying to understand the perspective of (w)holistic thought by thinking of impacts such as how the declining fish population effects nature, the food web, and coastal ecosystems[21].

Indigenous science has helped to address ecological challenges including the restoration of salmon,[22] management of seabird harvests,[23] outbreaks of hantavirus,[24] and addressing wildfires.[25]

In other sciences

Climatology studies have made use of traditional knowledge (Qaujimajatuqangit) among the Inuit when studying long-term changes in sea ice.[26][27]

As well as in ecology, Indigenous knowledge has been used in biological areas including animal behaviour, evolution, physiology, life history, morphology, wildlife conservation, wildlife health, and taxonomy.[28]

See also

References

  1. ^ Cajete, Gregory (2000). Native science : natural laws of interdependence. Clear Light Publishers. ISBN 1-57416-035-4. OCLC 610678710.
  2. ^ Huntington, Henry P. (2000). "Using Traditional Ecological Knowledge in Science: Methods and Applications". Ecological Applications. 10 (5): 1270–1274. doi:10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[1270:UTEKIS]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1051-0761.
  3. ^ Cajete, Gregory A. (17 November 2020). "Indigenous Science, Climate Change, and Indigenous Community Building: A Framework of Foundational Perspectives for Indigenous Community Resilience and Revitalization". Sustainability. 12 (22): 9569. doi:10.3390/su12229569. ISSN 2071-1050.
  4. ^ Henri, Dominique A.; Provencher, Jennifer F.; Bowles, Ella; Taylor, Jessica J.; Steel, Jade; Chelick, Carmen; Popp, Jesse N.; Cooke, Steven J.; Rytwinski, Trina; McGregor, Deborah; Ford, Adam T.; Alexander, Steven M. (April 2021). "Weaving Indigenous knowledge systems and Western sciences in terrestrial research, monitoring and management in Canada: A protocol for a systematic map". Ecological Solutions and Evidence. 2 (2). doi:10.1002/2688-8319.12057. ISSN 2688-8319.
  5. ^ Kimmerer, Robin Wall (2013). Braiding sweetgrass (1st ed.). Minneapolis, Minnesota. ISBN 978-1-57131-335-5. OCLC 829743464.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  6. ^ Battiste, Marie (2005). Hsieh, Jolan (ed.). "Indigenous Knowledge: Foundations for First Nations". International Journal of Indigenous Education Scholarship. 1.
  7. ^ Berkes, Fikret (29 March 2012). Sacred Ecology (1st ed.). Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203123843. ISBN 978-1-136-34173-1.
  8. ^ Reynolds, Nathaniel; Romano, Marc (2013). "Traditional Ecological Knowledge: Reconstructing Historical Run Timing and Spawning Distribution of Eulachon through Tribal Oral History". Journal of Northwest Anthropology. 47 (1): 47–70.
  9. ^ Nimmo, Evelyn R.; Carvalho, Alessandra I. de; Laverdi, Robson; Lacerda, André E. B. (2020). "Oral history and traditional ecological knowledge in social innovation and smallholder sovereignty: a case study of erva-mate in Southern Brazil". Ecology and Society. 25 (4): art17. doi:10.5751/ES-11942-250417. ISSN 1708-3087. S2CID 228904326.
  10. ^ Ogawa, Masakata (1995). "Science education in a multiscience perspective". Science Education. 79 (5): 583–593. Bibcode:1995SciEd..79..583O. doi:10.1002/sce.3730790507. ISSN 0036-8326.
  11. ^ Colorado, Pam (1 January 1988). "Bridging Native and Western Science". Convergence. 21 (2). ProQuest 1437894282 – via ProQuest.
  12. ^ Johnson, Jay T.; Howitt, Richard; Cajete, Gregory; Berkes, Fikret; Louis, Renee Pualani; Kliskey, Andrew (2016). "Weaving Indigenous and sustainability sciences to diversify our methods". Sustainability Science. 11 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1007/s11625-015-0349-x. ISSN 1862-4065. S2CID 131199874.
  13. ^ Stevenson, Marc G. (1996). "Indigenous Knowledge in Environmental Assessment". Arctic. 49 (3): 278–291. doi:10.14430/arctic1203. ISSN 0004-0843. JSTOR 40512004.
  14. ^ Traditional ecological knowledge : concepts and cases. Julian Inglis, International Program on Traditional Ecological Knowledge, International Development Research Centre, International Association for the Study of Common Property. Meeting, Common Property Conference. Ottawa, Ont., Canada. 1993. ISBN 9780889366831. OCLC 137342338.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
  15. ^ Kadykalo, Andrew N.; Cooke, Steven J.; Young, Nathan (2021). "The role of western‐based scientific, Indigenous and local knowledge in wildlife management and conservation". People and Nature. 3 (3): 610–626. doi:10.1002/pan3.10194. ISSN 2575-8314. S2CID 233643643.
  16. ^ Diana, Diaz, Sandra Demissew, Sebsebe Carabias, Julia Joly, Carlos Lonsdale, Mark Ash, Neville Larigauderie, Anne Adhikari, Jay Ram Arico, Salvatore Baldi, Andras Bartuska, Ann Baste, Ivar Andreas Bilgin, Adem Brondizio, Eduardo Chan, Kai M. A. Figueroa, Viviana Elsa Duraiappah, Anantha Fischer, Markus Hill, Rosemary Koetz, Thomas Leadley, Paul Lyver, Philip Mace, Georgina M. Martin-Lopez, Berta Okumura, Michiko Pacheco, Diego Pascual, Unai Perez, Edgar Selvin Reyers, Belinda Roth, Eva Saito, Osamu Scholes, Robert John Sharma, Nalini Tallis, Heather Thaman, Randolph Watson, Robert Yahara, Tetsukazu Hamid, Zakri Abdul Akosim, Callistus Al-Hafedh, Yousef Allahverdiyev, Rashad Amankwah, Edward Asah, Stanley T. Asfaw, Zemede Bartus, Gabor Brooks, L. Anathea Caillaux, Jorge Dalle, Gemedo Darnaedi, Dedy Driver, Amanda Erpul, Gunay Escobar-Eyzaguirre, Pablo Failler, Pierre Fouda, Ali Moustafa Mokhtar Fu, Bojie Gundimeda, Haripriya Hashimoto, Shizuka Homer, Floyd Lavorel, Sandra Lichtenstein, Gabriela Mala, William Armand Mandivenyi, Wadzanayi Matczak, Piotr Mbizvo, Carmel Mehrdadi, Mehrasa Metzger, Jean Paul Mikissa, Jean Bruno Moller, Henrik Mooney, Harold A. Mumby, Peter Nagendra, Harini Nesshover, Carsten Oteng-Yeboah, Alfred Apau Pataki, Gyoergy Roue, Marie Rubis, Jennifer Schultz, Maria Smith, Peggy Sumaila, Rashid Takeuchi, Kazuhiko Thomas, Spencer Verma, Madhu Yeo-Chang, Youn Zlatanova, (2015). The IPBES Conceptual Framework - connecting nature and people. Stockholms universitet, Stockholm Resilience Centre. OCLC 1234230658.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ^ Snively, Gloria; Corsiglia, John (2000). <6::aid-sce3>3.0.co;2-r "Discovering indigenous science: Implications for science education". Science Education. 85 (1): 6–34. doi:10.1002/1098-237x(200101)85:1<6::aid-sce3>3.0.co;2-r. ISSN 0036-8326.
  18. ^ Odum, Eugene (1971). Fundamentals of Ecology (Vol. 3 ed.). Saunders Philadelphia.
  19. ^ Alexander, Steven M.; Provencher, Jennifer F.; Henri, Dominique A.; Nanayakkara, Lushani; Taylor, Jessica J.; Berberi, Albana; Lloren, Jed Immanuel; Johnson, Jay T.; Ballard, Myrle; Cooke, Steven J. (2021-07). "Bridging Indigenous and Western sciences in freshwater research, monitoring, and management in Canada". Ecological Solutions and Evidence. 2 (3). doi:10.1002/2688-8319.12085. ISSN 2688-8319. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  20. ^ Johnson, Jay T.; Howitt, Richard; Cajete, Gregory; Berkes, Fikret; Louis, Renee Pualani; Kliskey, Andrew (1 January 2016). "Weaving Indigenous and sustainability sciences to diversify our methods". Sustainability Science. 11 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1007/s11625-015-0349-x. ISSN 1862-4057.
  21. ^ Díaz, Sandra; Demissew, Sebsebe; Carabias, Julia; Joly, Carlos; Lonsdale, Mark; Ash, Neville; Larigauderie, Anne; Adhikari, Jay Ram; Arico, Salvatore; Báldi, András; Bartuska, Ann; Baste, Ivar Andreas; Bilgin, Adem; Brondizio, Eduardo; Chan, Kai MA (1 June 2015). "The IPBES Conceptual Framework — connecting nature and people". Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability. Open Issue. 14: 1–16. doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2014.11.002. ISSN 1877-3435.
  22. ^ Footen, Brian. "Darkness to Dawn: Columbia River Native Tribes' Science and Salmon Restoration Success". Native Case Studies. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
  23. ^ Moller, H.; Berkes, F.; Lyver, P. O. B.; Kislalioglu, M. (2004). "Combining science and traditional ecological knowledge: monitoring populations for co-management". Ecology and Society. 9 (3). doi:10.5751/ES-00675-090302. JSTOR 26267682.
  24. ^ Stumpff, Linda. "Hantavirus and the Navajo Nation: A Double Jeopardy Disease". Native Case Studies. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
  25. ^ Stumpff, Linda. "Your Tribal Land is Not Secure: Traditional Knowledge and Science Face Wildfire in the Valley of the Wild Roses". Native Case Studies. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
  26. ^ Nicholas, George (21 February 2018). "When Scientists "Discover" What Indigenous People Have Known For Centuries". Smithsonian. Retrieved 12 August 2022.
  27. ^ "Enabling Resiliency in the Face of Climate Change: SmartICE is an award-winning technological innovation for the North". SmartIce. Retrieved 12 August 2022. We are the worldʼs first climate change adaptation tool to integrate traditional knowledge of sea ice with advanced data acquisition and remote monitoring technology. Our system combines these approaches to provide invaluable, data-driven insights into sea ice thickness and local ice conditions, in near real-time.
  28. ^ Jessen, Tyler D; Ban, Natalie C; Claxton, Nicholas XEMŦOLTW; Darimont, Chris T (15 November 2021). "Contributions of Indigenous Knowledge to ecological and evolutionary understanding". Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 20 (2). Wiley: 93–101. doi:10.1002/fee.2435. ISSN 1540-9295. S2CID 244164214.
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