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'''Diapleuridae''' is a family of glass sponges (class Hexactinellida) in the order [[Lychniscosida]].<ref name=":2">{{Citation |last=Reiswig |first=Henry M. |title=Family Diapleuridae Ijima, 1927 |date=2002 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0747-5_144 |work=Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges |pages=1383–1385 |editor-last=Hooper |editor-first=John N. A. |access-date=2023-05-02 |place=Boston, MA |publisher=Springer US |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-4615-0747-5_144 |isbn=978-1-4615-0747-5 |editor2-last=Van Soest |editor2-first=Rob W. M. |editor3-last=Willenz |editor3-first=Philippe}}</ref> The only living species, ''Scleroplegma lanterna'', is endemic to the waters around [[Cuba]] and [[Saint Croix|St. Croix]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]]. |
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'''''Diapleuridae''''' is a family of five extinct species of marine glass sponges found in the Caribbean Sea, Florida Straits, Banda Sea, and US Virgin Islands. A sixth species–''Diapleura hatoni''–is postulated to have existed around the same time as the other five, but there is limited research on it. ''Diapleuridae'' is part of class Hexactinellida and order Lyssacinosida.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Dohrmann |first1=Martin |last2=Janussen |first2=Dorte |last3=Reitner |first3=Joachim |last4=Collins |first4=Allen G. |last5=Wörheide |first5=Gert |date=2008-06-01 |editor-last=Anderson |editor-first=Frank |title=Phylogeny and Evolution of Glass Sponges (Porifera, Hexactinellida) |journal=Systematic Biology |language=en |volume=57 |issue=3 |pages=388–405 |doi=10.1080/10635150802161088 |pmid=18570034 |issn=1076-836X|doi-access=free }}</ref> These sponges lived during the Middle Epoch of the Eocene and were filter feeders that were attached to the benthos by a basal disc. The oldest recorded fossil of a species of ''Diapluridae'' is from 47.8 million years ago, with the most recent fossil dated 41.3 million years ago. |
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== Species == |
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These species lived on the benthos of the ocean in the epipelagic, between about 200 and 500 meters in depth. The individual sponge is roughly 30mm in height and 25mm in width, surrounded by a silica coating that creates the “glass” exterior.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Ijima |first=Isao |title=In The Hexactinellida of the Siboga Expedition |publisher=Brill Publishers |year=1927 |location=Leiden, Netherlands |pages=318–20 |language=English}}</ref> All species of this family were suspension feeders, primarily feeding on plankton and other suspended materials.<ref name=":0" /> As with all Porifera, ''Diaplueridae'' are thought to have consisted of a group of protists similar in nature to choanoflagellates within their central cavity to produce water currents that bring nutrient-rich water into the sponge to feed.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Atwater, Fautin |first=Dan, Daphne |date=2001 |title=Hexactinellida |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Hexactinellida/#:~:text=While%20hexactinellids%20possess%20no%20nerve,to%20eggs%20within%20the%20organism.}}</ref> Electrical currents are sent through the soft tissue of the sponge in replacement of a nerve structure.<ref name=":3" /> |
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* †''[[Coronispongia|Coronispongia confossa]]''? [Eocene]<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Frisone |first1=Viviana |last2=Pisera |first2=Andrzej |last3=Preto |first3=Nereo |date=2016-01-18 |title=A highly diverse siliceous sponge fauna (Porifera: Hexactinellida, Demospongiae) from the Eocene of north-eastern Italy: systematics and palaeoecology |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2015.1132015 |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=14 |issue=11 |pages=949–1002 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2015.1132015 |issn=1477-2019 |s2cid=87329356}}</ref> |
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Hexactinellida reproduction is asexual, although not much is known about how it works. Sperm is brought into the body cavity via water flow where it then fertilizes the egg. The resulting larvae differ from other sponges because they lack a flagella, making them sessile. The eggs are incubated and form spicules when they are released into the water column. The spiculed larvae settle in high densities on the ocean floor and grow to form the adult sponge.<ref name=":3" /> |
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* ''[[Scleroplegma|Scleroplegma lanterna]]'' |
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** (Synonym: ''Diapleura maasi'') |
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The sponge is firmly within class Hexactinellida–hexa meaning six and is attributed to the six (and occasionally four) silica spicules that make up the sponge's skeleton,<ref>{{Cite web |last=US Department of Commerce |first=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |title=What is a glass sponge? |url=https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/glass-sponge.html |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=oceanservice.noaa.gov |language=EN-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Frisone |first1=Viviana |last2=Pisera |first2=Andrzej |last3=Preto |first3=Nereo |date=2016-01-18 |title=A highly diverse siliceous sponge fauna (Porifera: Hexactinellida, Demospongiae) from the Eocene of north-eastern Italy: systematics and palaeoecology |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2015.1132015 |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=14 |issue=11 |pages=949–1002 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2015.1132015 |s2cid=87329356 |issn=1477-2019}}</ref> as well as its “triaxonic symmetry.”<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dohrmann |first1=Martin |last2=Kelley |first2=Christopher |last3=Kelly |first3=Michelle |last4=Pisera |first4=Andrzej |last5=Hooper |first5=John N. A. |last6=Reiswig |first6=Henry M. |date=2017-03-21 |title=An integrative systematic framework helps to reconstruct skeletal evolution of glass sponges (Porifera, Hexactinellida) |url=https://doi.org/10.1186/s12983-017-0191-3 |journal=Frontiers in Zoology |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=18 |doi=10.1186/s12983-017-0191-3 |issn=1742-9994 |pmc=5359874 |pmid=28331531}}</ref> Hexactinellida are different from other classes of sponges because of their more diverse set of morphological characteristic and complex skeletal structure.<ref name=":2"/> This class has an array of spicule types that vary among specific species.<ref name=":2" /> Most of what is known about these species comes from the knowledge of their class and order. Class Lyssacinoside is characterized by either their unfused spicules as adults or an atypical spicule framework.<ref>{{Citation |last=Reiswig |first=Henry M. |title=Order Lyssacinosida Zittel, 1877 |date=2002 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0747-5_145 |work=Systema Porifera |pages=1387 |place=Boston, MA |publisher=Springer US |doi=10.1007/978-1-4615-0747-5_145 |isbn=978-0-306-47260-2 |access-date=2022-04-20}}</ref> |
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The first specimens of the family Diapleuridae known to science were collected in the 1870s. [[Eduard Oscar Schmidt|Oscar Schmidt]], working in the Caribbean Sea, coined the type species ''Scleroplegma lanterna'' in 1879. The sponge was initially named ''Auloplegma lanterna'', until it was determined that the genus name ''[[Auloplegma]]'' was preoccupied by another sponge named in 1870. During his study, he noted the rough texture of the fossils as well as the conical shape of the species. In 1880, Schmidt named two more species (''Scleroplegma seriatum'' and ''Scleroplegma herculeum''),<ref>{{Citation |title=Nachträge und Berichtigungen zu Abtheilung I |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783111610825-020 |work=Theorie und Praxis des heutigen gemeinen preußischen Privatrechts auf der Grundlage des gemeinen deutschen Rechts Band I/Abt. 1 |year=1880 |place=Berlin, Boston |publisher=De Gruyter |doi=10.1515/9783111610825-020 |isbn=9783111610825 |access-date=2022-04-21}}</ref> though these species are probably not referable to the same genus or order.<ref name=":2" /> |
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An independent expedition was carried out by Dr. Isao Ijimi in the 1920s, during his cruise of the Caribbean Sea. This expedition culminated in his book ''The Hexactinellida of the Siboga Expedition'', which was published in 1927. In this book, he named and illustrated the new sponge species ''Diapleura maasi''.<ref name=":0" /> It was later determined that ''Diapleura maasi'' and ''Scleroplegma lanterna'' were the same sponge. Since ''Scleroplegma lanterna'' had [[Principle of priority|priority]], that species name stuck. Nevertheless, Ijimi's family Diapleuridae had no predecessor, so it was also retained as a valid name.<ref name=":2" /> |
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The species ''Coronispongia confossa'' are indigenous to their region and live between the middle and outer edges of shallow-water carbonate ramps with heterogeneous substrates.<ref name=":1" /> Along with this specific species, all five (and potentially six) species of ''Diaplueridae'' are autochthonous, although modes of attachment and depth as well as location of each sponge species varies.<ref name=":2" /> Today there are roughly 500 species of sponges under the class Hexactinellida which vary between 200 and 2,000 meters in depth,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bett |first1=B. J. |last2=Rice |first2=A. L. |date=November 1992 |title=The influenceof hexactinellid sponge ( Pheronema carpenteri ) spicules on the patchy distribution of macrobenthos in the porcupine seabight (bathyal ne atlantic) |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00785326.1992.10430372 |journal=Ophelia |language=en |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=217–226 |doi=10.1080/00785326.1992.10430372 |issn=0078-5326}}</ref> although no species of ''Diapleuridae'' remains. |
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== Ecology == |
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''Scleroplegma'' is a [[Benthic zone|benthic]] organism, living on the seafloor between about 204 and 585 meters in depth.<ref name=":2" /> The individual sponge is roughly 30mm in height and 25mm in width, with a "glassy" silica skeleton.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Ijima |first=Isao |title=In The Hexactinellida of the Siboga Expedition |publisher=Brill Publishers |year=1927 |location=Leiden, Netherlands |pages=318–20 |language=English}}</ref> Like all sponges, diapleurids are suspension feeders, primarily feeding on plankton and other suspended materials.<ref name=":0" /> |
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''Scleroplegma'' has “ridge-like tracts” of the skeleton running vertically about the fossil.<ref name=":0" /> The sponge has a smooth gastral cavity that varies in thickness. The skeleton consists of a “gastral-skeletal” with branching ridges surrounding it.<ref name=":0" /> The branches form a net-like structure of funnel-like calyxes.<ref name=":0" /> The excurrent and incurrent parts of the sponge are thought to be formed through the same tubule–unlike other species within the genus where both tubules are distinctly separate–and are thought to be the cause of the gaps within the tube wall of the sponge.<ref name=":0" /> |
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''Coronispongia confossa'', a fossil species indigenous to Italy, was named by Vivianna Frisone and her team in 2016. It would have inhabiting the middle and outer edges of shallow-water carbonate ramps with heterogeneous substrates.<ref name=":1" /> |
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Few expeditions have been done on ''Diapleuridae'' sponges, which attribute to the lack of information about the family. The first recorded study was done by a German scientist in the Caribbean Sea and US Virgin Islands in the late 1870s. Oscar Schmidt studied and coined two of the six species, ''Scleroplegma lanterna'' and ''Scleroplegma herculeum'' in 1879 and 1880 respectively. During his study, he noted the rough texture of the fossils as well as the conical shape of the species.<ref>{{Citation |title=Nachträge und Berichtigungen zu Abtheilung I |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783111610825-020 |work=Theorie und Praxis des heutigen gemeinen preußischen Privatrechts auf der Grundlage des gemeinen deutschen Rechts Band I/Abt. 1 |year=1880 |place=Berlin, Boston |publisher=De Gruyter |doi=10.1515/9783111610825-020 |isbn=9783111610825 |access-date=2022-04-21}}</ref> The most intensive research was carried out by Isao Ijimi in the 1920s on his cruise of the Caribbean Sea, his published works culminated in his book ''The Hexactinellida of the Siboga Expedition'' which was published in 1927. More recent work using museum samples includes that of Vivianna Frisone and her team during 2016 in Italy, where the species ''Coronispongia'' ''confossa'' was both identified and studied. |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Revision as of 02:49, 2 May 2023
| Diapleuridae | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Porifera |
| Class: | Hexactinellida |
| Order: | Lychniscosida |
| Family: | Diapleuridae |
Diapleuridae is a family of glass sponges (class Hexactinellida) in the order Lychniscosida.[1] The only living species, Scleroplegma lanterna, is endemic to the waters around Cuba and St. Croix in the Caribbean Sea.
Species
- †Coronispongia confossa? [Eocene][2]
- Scleroplegma lanterna
- (Synonym: Diapleura maasi)
History
The first specimens of the family Diapleuridae known to science were collected in the 1870s. Oscar Schmidt, working in the Caribbean Sea, coined the type species Scleroplegma lanterna in 1879. The sponge was initially named Auloplegma lanterna, until it was determined that the genus name Auloplegma was preoccupied by another sponge named in 1870. During his study, he noted the rough texture of the fossils as well as the conical shape of the species. In 1880, Schmidt named two more species (Scleroplegma seriatum and Scleroplegma herculeum),[3] though these species are probably not referable to the same genus or order.[1]
An independent expedition was carried out by Dr. Isao Ijimi in the 1920s, during his cruise of the Caribbean Sea. This expedition culminated in his book The Hexactinellida of the Siboga Expedition, which was published in 1927. In this book, he named and illustrated the new sponge species Diapleura maasi.[4] It was later determined that Diapleura maasi and Scleroplegma lanterna were the same sponge. Since Scleroplegma lanterna had priority, that species name stuck. Nevertheless, Ijimi's family Diapleuridae had no predecessor, so it was also retained as a valid name.[1]
Ecology
Scleroplegma is a benthic organism, living on the seafloor between about 204 and 585 meters in depth.[1] The individual sponge is roughly 30mm in height and 25mm in width, with a "glassy" silica skeleton.[4] Like all sponges, diapleurids are suspension feeders, primarily feeding on plankton and other suspended materials.[4]
Scleroplegma has “ridge-like tracts” of the skeleton running vertically about the fossil.[4] The sponge has a smooth gastral cavity that varies in thickness. The skeleton consists of a “gastral-skeletal” with branching ridges surrounding it.[4] The branches form a net-like structure of funnel-like calyxes.[4] The excurrent and incurrent parts of the sponge are thought to be formed through the same tubule–unlike other species within the genus where both tubules are distinctly separate–and are thought to be the cause of the gaps within the tube wall of the sponge.[4]
Coronispongia confossa, a fossil species indigenous to Italy, was named by Vivianna Frisone and her team in 2016. It would have inhabiting the middle and outer edges of shallow-water carbonate ramps with heterogeneous substrates.[2]
References
- ^ a b c d Reiswig, Henry M. (2002), Hooper, John N. A.; Van Soest, Rob W. M.; Willenz, Philippe (eds.), "Family Diapleuridae Ijima, 1927", Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 1383–1385, doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0747-5_144, ISBN 978-1-4615-0747-5, retrieved 2023-05-02
- ^ a b Frisone, Viviana; Pisera, Andrzej; Preto, Nereo (2016-01-18). "A highly diverse siliceous sponge fauna (Porifera: Hexactinellida, Demospongiae) from the Eocene of north-eastern Italy: systematics and palaeoecology". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 14 (11): 949–1002. doi:10.1080/14772019.2015.1132015. ISSN 1477-2019. S2CID 87329356.
- ^ "Nachträge und Berichtigungen zu Abtheilung I", Theorie und Praxis des heutigen gemeinen preußischen Privatrechts auf der Grundlage des gemeinen deutschen Rechts Band I/Abt. 1, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 1880, doi:10.1515/9783111610825-020, ISBN 9783111610825, retrieved 2022-04-21
- ^ a b c d e f g Ijima, Isao (1927). In The Hexactinellida of the Siboga Expedition. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Publishers. pp. 318–20.