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The '''Moltrasio Formation''' also known as the '''Lombardische Kieselkalk Formation''' is a geological [[Formation (geology)|formation]] in Italy. This Formation mostly developed in the Lower or Middle Sinemurian stage of the Lower Jurassic, where on the [[Lombardian basin]] tectonic activity modified the current marine and terrestrial habitats.<ref name=muttoni>Muttoni, G., Erba, E., Kent, D. V., & Bachtadse, V. (2005). Mesozoic Alpine facies deposition as a result of past latitudinal plate motion. Nature, 434(7029), 59-63.</ref> Here it developed a series of marine-related depositional settings, represented by an outcrop of 550–600 m of grey [[Calcarenite]]s and [[Calcilutite]]s with chert lenses and marly interbeds, that recovers the [[Sedrina Formation|Sedrina]], Moltrasio and [[Domaro Formation]]s.<ref name=muttoni/> This was mostly due to the post-Triassic crisis, that was linked locally to tectonics.<ref name=jadoul1>Jadoul, F., & Galli, M. T. (2008). The Hettangian shallow water carbonates after the Triassic-Jurassic biocalcification crisis: The Albenza Formation in the western Southern Alps. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 114(3), 453-470.</ref> The Moltrasio Formation is considered a continuation of the Sedrina Limestone and the [[Hettangian]] [[Albenza Formation]], and was probably a shallow water succession, developed on the passive margin of the westernmost Southern Alps.<ref name=jadoul1/><ref>Sarti, M., Bosellini, A., & Winterer, E. L. (1992). Basin Geometry and Architecture of a Tethyan Passive Margin, Southern Alps, Italy: Implications for Rifting Mechanisms: Chapter 13: African and Mediterranean Margins.</ref> It is known due to the exquisite preservation observed on the Outcrop in [[Osteno]], where several kinds of marine biota have been recovered.<ref name=PinnaA>Pinna, G. (1985). Exceptional preservation in the Jurassic of Osteno. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences, 311(1148), 171-180.</ref>
The '''Moltrasio Formation''' also known as the '''Lombardische Kieselkalk Formation''' is a geological [[Formation (geology)|formation]] in Italy. This Formation mostly developed in the Lower or Middle Sinemurian stage of the Lower Jurassic, where on the [[Lombardian basin]] tectonic activity modified the current marine and terrestrial habitats.<ref name=muttoni>{{cite journal |last1=Muttoni |first1=G. |last2=Erba |first2=E. |last3=Kent |first3=D. V. |last4=Bachtadse |first4=V. |title=Mesozoic Alpine facies deposition as a result of past latitudinal plate motion |journal=Nature |date=2005 |volume=434 |issue=7029 |pages=59-63 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature03378}}</ref> Here it developed a series of marine-related depositional settings, represented by an outcrop of 550–600 m of grey [[Calcarenite]]s and [[Calcilutite]]s with chert lenses and marly interbeds, that recovers the [[Sedrina Formation|Sedrina]], Moltrasio and [[Domaro Formation]]s.<ref name=muttoni/> This was mostly due to the post-Triassic crisis, that was linked locally to tectonics.<ref name=jadoul1>{{cite journal |last1=Jadoul |first1=F. |last2=Galli |first2=M. T. |title=The Hettangian shallow water carbonates after the Triassic-Jurassic biocalcification crisis: The Albenza Formation in the western Southern Alps |journal=Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia |date=2008 |volume=114 |issue=3 |pages=453-470 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257482739_The_hettangian_shallow_water_carbonates_after_the_triassicjurassic_biocalcification_crisis_The_albenza_formation_in_the_Western_Southern_ALPS |access-date=2 May 2023}}</ref> The Moltrasio Formation is considered a continuation of the Sedrina Limestone and the [[Hettangian]] [[Albenza Formation]], and was probably a shallow water succession, developed on the passive margin of the westernmost Southern Alps.<ref name=jadoul1/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sarti |first1=M. |last2=Bosellini |first2=A. |last3=Winterer |first3=E. L. |title=Basin Geometry and Architecture of a Tethyan Passive Margin, Southern Alps, Italy: Implications for Rifting Mechanisms: Chapter 13: African and Mediterranean Margins |journal=AAPG Special Volumes |date=1992 |volume=115 |issue=5 |pages=241-258 |url=https://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/history2/data/a115/a115/0001/0200/0241.htm |access-date=2 May 2023}}</ref> It is known due to the exquisite preservation observed on the Outcrop in [[Osteno]], where several kinds of marine biota have been recovered.<ref name=PinnaA>{{cite journal |last1=Pinna |first1=G. |title=Exceptional preservation in the Jurassic of Osteno. |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Biological Sciences |date=1985 |volume=311 |issue=1148 |pages=171-180 |url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.1985.0149 |access-date=2 May 2023}}</ref>


==Fossils==
==Fossils==
=== Exceptional fossilization ===
=== Exceptional fossilization ===
Apart from the [[Eocene]] of [[Monte Bolca]], the Sinemurian of Osteno is the only fossil deposit in Italy in which soft bodies are preserved. The Osteno site was discovered in 1964. It was recovered from a series of {{convert|6|m|ft}} package of fine laminated, gray, spongiolitic, micritic [[limestone]].<ref name=Pinna200>Pinna, G. (2000). Die Fossillagerstätte im Sinemurium (Lias) von Osteno, Italien. In Europäische Fossillagerstätten (pp. 91-136). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.</ref> ''[[Coroniceras|Coroniceras bisulcatum]]'' allowed to date the outcrop as the Bucklandi zone, lower [[Sinemurian]].<ref name=Pinna200/> The outcrop is a good documentation of a particularly complete fauna and flora of the Lower Jurassic which is not exactly common in the Southern Alps.<ref name=Pinna200/> The Osteno outcrop, part of the formation, is worldwide known due to the exceptional preservation of mostly marine biota, including rare fossilized components, helping to understand the ecosystems of the local Sinemurian margin of the [[Monte Generoso Basin]].<ref name=Tang>Tang, C. M. (2002). Osteno: Jurassic Preservation. Exceptional Fossil Preservation: A Unique View on the Evolution of Marine Life, 251.</ref> The high local variety of fossils found is most likely due to unique conditions of preservation, where phosphatized soft tissues have not been observed in any fish or polychaetes, but they are common in crustaceans (33%) and also occur in a smaller percentage of teuthids (14%).<ref>Wilby, P. R., & Briggs, D. E. (1997). Taxonomic trends in the resolution of detail preserved in fossil phosphatized soft tissues. Geobios, 30, 493-502.</ref> Soft part preservation through phosphatization in this deposit includes the muscles and branchia of [[Crustacea]]ns, fish tissues, and the digestive tracts of [[Coeloidea|coleoids]], [[Polychaeta|polychaetes]], and [[Nematoda|nematodes]]. These fossils are interpreted as having been preserved in a stagnant, restricted basin with anoxic conditions likely within the sediment pore waters.<ref name=PinnaA/>
Apart from the [[Eocene]] of [[Monte Bolca]], the Sinemurian of Osteno is the only fossil deposit in Italy in which soft bodies are preserved. The Osteno site was discovered in 1964. It was recovered from a series of {{convert|6|m|ft}} package of fine laminated, gray, spongiolitic, micritic [[limestone]].<ref name=Pinna200>{{cite journal |last1=Pinna |first1=G. |title=Die Fossillagerstätte im Sinemurium (Lias) von Osteno, Italien |journal=Europäische Fossillagerstätten, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg |date=2000 |volume=3 |issue=7 |pages=91-136 |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-57198-5_13 |access-date=2 May 2023}}</ref> ''[[Coroniceras|Coroniceras bisulcatum]]'' allowed to date the outcrop as the Bucklandi zone, lower [[Sinemurian]].<ref name=Pinna200/> The outcrop is a good documentation of a particularly complete fauna and flora of the Lower Jurassic which is not exactly common in the Southern Alps.<ref name=Pinna200/> The Osteno outcrop, part of the formation, is worldwide known due to the exceptional preservation of mostly marine biota, including rare fossilized components, helping to understand the ecosystems of the local Sinemurian margin of the [[Monte Generoso Basin]].<ref name=Tang>{{cite book |last1=Bottjer |first1=D. J. |last2=Etter |first2=W. |last3=Tang |first3=C. M. |last4=Hagadorn |first4=J. W. |title=Exceptional fossil preservation: a unique view on the evolution of marine life |date=2002 |publisher=Columbia University Press |page=421 |url=http://cup.columbia.edu/book/exceptional-fossil-preservation/9780231102551 |access-date=2 May 2023}}</ref> The high local variety of fossils found is most likely due to unique conditions of preservation, where phosphatized soft tissues have not been observed in any fish or polychaetes, but they are common in crustaceans (33%) and also occur in a smaller percentage of teuthids (14%).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wilby |first1=P. R., |last2=Briggs |first2=D. E. |title=Taxonomic trends in the resolution of detail preserved in fossil phosphatized soft tissues |journal=Geobios |date=1997 |volume=30 |issue=8 |pages=493-502 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016699597800563 |access-date=2 May 2023}}</ref> Soft part preservation through phosphatization in this deposit includes the muscles and branchia of [[Crustacea]]ns, fish tissues, and the digestive tracts of [[Coeloidea|coleoids]], [[Polychaeta|polychaetes]], and [[Nematoda|nematodes]]. These fossils are interpreted as having been preserved in a stagnant, restricted basin with anoxic conditions likely within the sediment pore waters.<ref name=PinnaA/>


{{clearboth}}
{{clearboth}}
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''[[Eophasma]]''<ref name=Nematode>Arduini, P., Pinna, G., & Teruzzi, G. (1983). ''Eophasma jurassicum ngn sp.'', a new fossil nematode of the Sinemurian of Osteno in Lombardy. Atti della Società italiana di scienze naturali e del museo civico di storia naturale di Milano, 124(1-2), 61-64.</ref><ref name=PinnaA/><ref name=Pinna200/>
''[[Eophasma]]''<ref name=Pinna200/><ref name=Nematode>{{cite journal |last1=Arduini |first1=P. |last2=Pinna |first2=G. |last3=Teruzzi |first3=G. |title=Eophasma jurassicum ngn sp.'', a new fossil nematode of the Sinemurian of Osteno in Lombardy |journal=Atti della Società italiana di scienze naturali e del museo civico di storia naturale di Milano |date=1983 |volume=124 |issue=1-2 |pages=61-64}}</ref>
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''Eophasma jurasicum''
''Eophasma jurasicum''
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Osteno Outcrop.<ref name=Nematode/>
Osteno Outcrop.<ref name=Nematode/>
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A [[nematode]], type member of the family [[Eophasmidae]] inside [[Desmoscolecida]].<ref>Poinar, G. O. (2011). The Evolutionary History of Nematodes: As revealed in stone, amber and mummies. Nematology Monographs and Perspectives. 9. Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/9789047428664. {{ISBN|9789047428664}}.</ref> A rare find, since nematode fossils are absent in most Mesozoic marine rocks.<ref name=Nematode/>
A [[nematode]], type member of the family [[Eophasmidae]] inside [[Desmoscolecida]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Poinar |first1=G.O. |title=The Evolutionary History of Nematodes: As revealed in stone, amber and mummies. |date=2011 |publisher=Nematology Monographs and Perspectives. 9. Brill Publishers |isbn=9789047428664}}</ref> A rare find, since nematode fossils are absent in most Mesozoic marine rocks.<ref name=Nematode/>
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[[File:Eophasma jurasicum.JPG|200px]]
[[File:Eophasma jurasicum.JPG|200px]]
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''[[Melanoraphia]]''<ref name=Annelid>Arduini, P., Pinna, G., & TERRUZZI, G. (1982). ''Melanoraphia maculata ngn sp.'', a new fossil polychaete of the Sinemurian of Osteno in Lombardy. Atti della Società italiana di scienze naturali e del museo civico di storia naturale di Milano, 123(4), 462-468.</ref><ref name=PinnaA/><ref name=Pinna200/>
''[[Melanoraphia]]''<ref name=PinnaA/><ref name=Pinna200/><ref name=Annelid>{{cite journal |last1=Arduini |first1=P. |last2=Pinna |first2=G. |last3=Teruzzi |first3=G. |title=Melanoraphia maculata ngn sp.'', a new fossil polychaete of the Sinemurian of Osteno in Lombardy |journal=Atti della Società italiana di scienze naturali e del museo civico di storia naturale di Milano |date=1982 |volume=123 |issue=4 |pages=462-468 |url=https://biostor.org/reference/267295 |access-date=2 May 2023}}</ref>
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''Melanoraphia maculata''
''Melanoraphia maculata''
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''[[Aeger]]''<ref name=Cruste>Pinna, G. 1967. Decouverte d’une nouvelle faune a crustaces du Sinemurien inferieur dans la region du Lac Ceresio (Lombardie, Italie). Atti Soc. It. Sci. nat. Museo Milano 106, 183—185.</ref><ref name=Aeger>Garassino, A., & Teruzzi, G. (1990). The genus ''Aeger'' Münster, 1839 in the Sinemurian of Osteno in Lombardy (Crustacea, Decapoda). Atti della società italiana di scienze naturali e del museo civico di storia naturale di Milano, 131(5), 105-136.</ref><ref name=PinnaA/><ref name=Pinna200/>
''[[Aeger]]''<ref name=PinnaA/><ref name=Pinna200/><ref name=Cruste>{{cite journal |last1=Pinna |first1=G. |title=Decouverte d’une nouvelle faune a crustaces du Sinemurien inferieur dans la region du Lac Ceresio (Lombardie, Italie) |journal=Atti Soc. It. Sci. nat. Museo Milano |date=1967 |volume=106 |issue=4 |pages=183-185}}</ref><ref name=Aeger>{{cite journal |last1=Garassino |first1=A. |last2=Teruzzi |first2=G. |title=The genus ''Aeger'' Münster, 1839 in the Sinemurian of Osteno in Lombardy (Crustacea, Decapoda) |journal=Atti della società italiana di scienze naturali e del museo civico di storia naturale di Milano |date=1990 |volume=131 |issue=5 |pages=105-136 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/325031 |access-date=2 May 2023}}</ref>
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*''Aeger foesteri''
*''Aeger foesteri''
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''[[Coleia]]''<ref name=Cruste/><ref name=Coelia>Pinna, G. 1969. Due nuovi esemplari di Coleia vialiii Pinna, del Sinemuriano inferiore di Osteno in Lombardia (Crustacea Decapoda). Ann. Mus. St. nat. Genova 77, 626—632</ref><ref name=PinnaA/><ref>Teruzzi, G. (1990). The genus «Coleia» Broderip, 1835 (Crustacea, Decapoda) in the Sinemurian of Osteno in Lombardy. Atti della Società italiana di Scienze naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia naturale di Milano, 131(4), 85-104.</ref><ref name=Shark1>Duffin, C. J. (1998). ''Ostenoselache stenosoma ngn sp.'', a new neoselachian shark from the Sinemurian (Early Jurassic) of Osteno (Lombardy, Italy). Società Italiana di Scienze Naturali; Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano.</ref><ref name=Pinna200/>
''[[Coleia]]''<ref name=PinnaA/><ref name=Pinna200/><ref name=Cruste/><ref name=Coelia>{{cite journal |last1=Pinna |first1=G. |title=Due nuovi esemplari di Coleia vialiii Pinna, del Sinemuriano inferiore di Osteno in Lombardia (Crustacea Decapoda) |journal=Ann. Mus. St. nat. Genova |date=1969 |volume=77 |issue=12 |pages=626-632}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Teruzzi |first1=G. |title=The genus «Coleia» Broderip, 1835 (Crustacea, Decapoda) in the Sinemurian of Osteno in Lombardy |journal=Atti della Società italiana di Scienze naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia naturale di Milano |date=1990 |volume=131 |issue=4 |pages=85-104 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317827805_The_genus_Coleia_Broderip_1835_Crustacea_Decapoda_in_the_Sinemurian_of_Osteno_in_Lombardy |access-date=2 May 2023}}</ref><ref name=Shark1>{{cite journal |last1=Duffin |first1=C. J. |title=Ostenoselache stenosoma ngn sp., a new neoselachian shark from the Sinemurian (Early Jurassic) of Osteno (Lombardy, Italy) |journal=Società Italiana di Scienze Naturali |date=1998 |volume=9 |issue=7 |pages=1-27 |url=http://mmtk.ginras.ru/pdf/DUFFIN,%20C.J.%201998.pdf |access-date=2 May 2023}}</ref>
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*''Coleia vialiii''
*''Coleia vialiii''
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[[File:Coleia viallii osteno.JPG|200px]]
[[File:Coleia viallii osteno.JPG|200px]]
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''[[Pseudoglyphea]]''<ref name=Cruste/><ref name=Coelia/><ref name=PinnaA/><ref name=Shark1/><ref name=Pinna200/>
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''[[Eryma]]''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Devillez |first1=J. |last2=Charbonnier |first2=S. |title=Review of the Early and Middle Jurassic erymid lobsters (Crustacea: Decapoda) [Révision des Érymides (Crustacea: Decapoda) du Jurassique inférieur et moyen] |journal=Bulletin de la Société géologique de France |date=2019 |volume=190 |issue=1 |pages=121-134 |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/sgf/bsgf/article/190/1/6/572059/Review-of-the-Early-and-Middle-Jurassic-erymid |access-date=2 May 2023}}</ref>
*''Pseudoglyphea amylochelis''
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*''Eryma sinemuriana''
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*Multiple complete specimens
*Multiple complete specimens
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Osteno Outcrop.<ref name=Aeger/>
Osteno Outcrop.<ref name=Aeger/>
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A [[Decapoda|decapod]], member of the family [[Litogastroidae]]. Probably a bottom dweller predatory crustacean.<ref name=Coelia/>
A [[Decapoda|decapod]], type member of the family [[Erymidae]]. The species was originally identified as ''Pustulina sinemuriana''.<ref name=Eryma2/>
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''[[Mecochirus]]''<ref name=Cruste/><ref name=Eryma>Garassino A . 1996. The family Erymidac Van Straelen. 1924 and the superfamily Glypheoidea Zittel, ISSS in the Sincmurian of Osteno in Lombardy (Crustacea. Decapoda). Aai soc. it. Sci.rwt. Museo civ. stor. mu. Milano. Milano.135 (11): 333-373.</ref><ref name=Coelia/><ref name=PinnaA/><ref name=Shark1/><ref name=Pinna200/>
''[[Mecochirus]]''<ref name=Eryma>{{cite journal |last1=Garassino |first1=A . |title=The family Erymidae Van Straelen, 1924 and the superfamily Glypheoidea Zittel, 1885 in the Sinemurian of Osteno in Lombardy |journal=Aai soc. it. Sci.rwt. Museo civ. stor. mu. Milano. Milano |date=1996 |volume=135 |issue=11 |pages=333-373}}</ref>
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*''Mecochirus germari''
*''Mecochirus germari''
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A [[Decapoda|decapod]], member of the family [[Mecochiridae]]. Rather rare compared to other local crustacean genera.
A [[Decapoda|decapod]], member of the family [[Mecochiridae]]. Rather rare compared to other local crustacean genera.
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|''[[Ostenosculda]]''<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2023 |title=Another piece in the puzzle of mantis shrimp evolution – fossils from the Early Jurassic Osteno Lagerstätte of Northern Italy |url=https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/en/periodiques/comptes-rendus-palevol/22/2 |journal=Comptes Rendus Palevol |language=en |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=17–31}}</ref>
|''Ostenosculda teruzzii''
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A [[mantis shrimp]]
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''[[Palaeastacus]]''<ref name=Cruste/><ref name=Eryma/><ref name=Coelia/><ref name=Shark1/><ref name=Eryma2>Devillez, J., & Charbonnier, S. (2017). The genus ''Eryma'' Meyer, 1840 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Erymidae): new synonyms, systematic and stratigraphic implicationsLe genre Eryma Meyer, 1840 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Erymidae): nouveaux synonymes, implications systématique et stratigraphique. Bulletin de la Société géologique de France, 188(3).</ref>
''[[Palaeastacus]]''<ref name=Eryma/><ref name=Eryma2>{{cite journal |last1=Devillez |first1=J. |last2=Charbonnier |first2=S. |title=The genus ''Eryma'' Meyer, 1840 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Erymidae): new synonyms, systematic and stratigraphic implicationsLe genre Eryma Meyer, 1840 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Erymidae): nouveaux synonymes, implications systématique et stratigraphique |journal=Bulletin de la Société géologique de France |date=2017 |volume=188 |issue=3 |pages=1-15 |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/sgf/bsgf/article/188/3/15/521307/The-genus-Eryma-Meyer-1840-Crustacea-Decapoda |access-date=2 May 2023}}</ref>
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*''Palaeastacus meyeri''
*''Palaeastacus meyeri''
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''[[Pseudoglyphea]]''<ref name=PinnaA/><ref name=Cruste/><ref name=Shark1/>
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*''Pseudoglyphea amylochelis''
''[[Eryma]]''<ref name=Cruste/><ref name=Eryma/><ref name=Coelia/><ref name=Shark1/><ref name=Eryma2/><ref>Devillez, J., & Charbonnier, S. (2019). Review of the Early and Middle Jurassic erymid lobsters (Crustacea: Decapoda) Révision des Érymides (Crustacea: Decapoda) du Jurassique inférieur et moyen. Bulletin de la Société géologique de France, 190(1).</ref>
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*''Eryma sinemuriana''
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*Multiple complete specimens
*Multiple complete specimens
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Osteno Outcrop.<ref name=Aeger/>
Osteno Outcrop.<ref name=Aeger/>
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A [[Decapoda|decapod]], type member of the family [[Erymidae]]. The species was originally identified as ''Pustulina sinemuriana''.<ref name=Eryma2/>
A [[Decapoda|decapod]], member of the family [[Litogastroidae]]. Probably a bottom dweller predatory crustacean.<ref name=Coelia/>
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|''Teruzzicheles popeyei''
|''Teruzzicheles popeyei''
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|A decapod belonging to the family [[Polychelidae]]
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|''[[Ostenosculda]]''<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2023 |title=Another piece in the puzzle of mantis shrimp evolution – fossils from the Early Jurassic Osteno Lagerstätte of Northern Italy |url=https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/en/periodiques/comptes-rendus-palevol/22/2 |journal=Comptes Rendus Palevol |language=en |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=17–31}}</ref>
|''Ostenosculda teruzzii''
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A decapod belonging to the family [[Polychelidae]]
|A [[mantis shrimp]]
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''[[Ostenolimulus]]''<ref name=OstenoL>Lamsdell, J. C.; Teruzzi, G.; Pasini, G.; Garassino, A. (2021). "A new limulid (Chelicerata, Xiphosurida) from the Lower Jurassic (Sinemurian) of Osteno, NW Italy". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 300 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1127/njgpa/2021/0974.</ref>
''[[Ostenolimulus]]''<ref name=OstenoL>{{Cite journal|last1=Lamsdell |first1=J. C. |last2=Teruzzi |first2=G. |last3=Pasini |first3=G. |last4=Garassino |first4=A. |title=A new limulid (Chelicerata, Xiphosurida) from the Lower Jurassic (Sinemurian) of Osteno, NW Italy |year=2021 |journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen |volume=300 |issue=1 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1127/njgpa/2021/0974 |s2cid=234814276 }}</ref>
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*''Ostenolimulus latus''
*''Ostenolimulus latus''
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''[[Ostenocaris]]''<ref name=ostenocar>Arduini, P., Pinna, G., & Teruzzi, G. (1984). ''Ostenocaris nom. nov. pro Ostenia''. Atli del/a Societcl Iraliwzn di Sc: ienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano, Miiano. l25, 1-2.</ref><ref name=PinnaA/><ref name=Pinna200/><ref name=Ardu82>Arduini, P., Pinna, G., & Teruzzi, G. (1982). Il giacimento sinemuriano di Osteno in Lombardia. Palaeontology, Essential of Historical Geology. Mucchi, Modena, 495-522.</ref>
''[[Ostenocaris]]''<ref name=PinnaA/><ref name=Pinna200/><ref name=ostenocar>{{cite journal |last1=Arduini |first1=P. |last2=Pinna |first2=G. |last3=Teruzzi, |first3=G. |title=''Ostenocaris nom. nov. pro Ostenia'' |journal=Atli del/a Societcl Iraliwzn di Sc: ienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano, Miiano |date=1984 |volume=125 |issue=1-2 |page=48 |url=https://biostor.org/reference/267789}}</ref><ref name=Ardu82>{{cite journal |last1=Arduini |first1=P. |last2=Pinna |first2=G. |last3=Teruzzi |first3=G. |title=Il giacimento sinemuriano di Osteno in Lombardia |journal=Palaeontology, Essential of Historical Geology. Mucchi, Modena |date=1982 |volume=134 |issue=2 |pages=495-522}}</ref>
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''Ostenocaris cypriformis''
''Ostenocaris cypriformis''
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Osteno Outcrop.<ref name=ostenocar/>
Osteno Outcrop.<ref name=ostenocar/>
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A [[Thylacocephala|thylacocephalan]], type member of the family [[Ostenocarididae]] inside [[Conchyliocarida]].<ref>Pinna, G., Arduini, P., Pesarini, C. & Teruzzi, G. 1982 Thylacocephala: una nuova classe di crostacei fossili. AttiSoc. It. Sci. nat. Museo Milano 123, 469-482</ref> Originally Interpreted as a bizarre Cirriped.<ref name=Cirripe>ÐÐ PINNA, G., & TERUZZI, G. (1980). A new and unusual lower Jurassic cirripede from Osteno in Lombardy: ''Ostenia cypriformis ngn sp.'' (preliminary note). Atti della SocietaÁ Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano, 121, 360-370.</ref> ''Ostenocaris'' is the most common fossil of the formation, and the main identified thylacocephalan from the formation. In the first interpretations, the genus was shown as a filter-feeding organism, which used the cephalic sac as a burrowing organ to ensure adhesion to the substrate.<ref name=Cirripe/> Based on the presence of Coprolites associated to the genus, with abundant masses of alimentary residues (hooks of cephalopods, vertebrates, remains of Crustacea) in the stomach of these organisms, ''Ostenocaris cypriformis'' was probably a necrophagous organism, and the cephalic sac can be tentatively interpreted as being a burrowing organ employed during the search for food, or as an organ of locomotion with intrinsic motility.<ref>Pinna, G., Arduini, P., Pesarini, C., & Teruzzi, G. (1985). Some controversial aspects of the morphology and anatomy of ''Ostenocaris cypriformis'' (Crustacea, Thylacocephala). Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of The Royal Society of Edinburgh, 76(2-3), 373-379.</ref>
A [[Thylacocephala|thylacocephalan]], type member of the family [[Ostenocarididae]] inside [[Conchyliocarida]]. Originally Interpreted as a bizarre Cirriped. ''Ostenocaris'' is the most common fossil of the formation, and the main identified thylacocephalan from the formation. In the first interpretations, the genus was shown as a filter-feeding organism, which used the cephalic sac as a burrowing organ to ensure adhesion to the substrate. Based on the presence of Coprolites associated to the genus, with abundant masses of alimentary residues (hooks of cephalopods, vertebrates, remains of Crustacea) in the stomach of these organisms, ''Ostenocaris cypriformis'' was probably a necrophagous organism, and the cephalic sac can be tentatively interpreted as being a burrowing organ employed during the search for food, or as an organ of locomotion with intrinsic motility.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pinna |first1=G. |last2=Arduini |first2=P. |last3=Pesarini |first3=C. |last4=Teruzzi |first4=G. |title=Some controversial aspects of the morphology and anatomy of ''Ostenocaris cypriformis'' (Crustacea, Thylacocephala) |journal=Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of The Royal Society of Edinburgh |date=1985 |volume=76 |issue=2-3 |pages=373-379 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/earth-and-environmental-science-transactions-of-royal-society-of-edinburgh/article/abs/some-controversial-aspects-of-the-morphology-and-anatomy-of-ostenocaris-cypriformis-crustacea-thylacocephala/F8AAAC4984486CE91A7EA317614B6F31 |access-date=2 May 2023}}</ref>
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[[File:Ostenocaris cypriformis.JPG|200px]]
[[File:Ostenocaris cypriformis.JPG|200px]]
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''[[Coroniceras]]''<ref name=PinnaA/><ref name=Shark1/><ref name=Pinna200/>
''[[Angulaticeras]]''<ref name=PinnaA/><ref name=Pinna200/><ref name=Shark1/>
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*''Coroniceras bisulcatum''
*''Angulaticeras sp.''
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*Shells
*Shells
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Osteno outcrop.<ref name=PinnaA/><ref name=Pinna200/>
Osteno outcrop.<ref name=PinnaA/><ref name=Pinna200/>
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An [[Ammonitida|ammonitidan]], member of the family [[Arietitidae]] inside [[Psiloceratoidea]]. It was less common than other ammonites, although index for some locations.
An [[Ammonitida|ammonitidan]], member of the family [[Schlotheimiidae]] inside [[Psiloceratoidea]]. It was not the most abundant ammonite, but was rather common.
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''[[Oxynoticeras]]''<ref name=PinnaA/><ref name=Pinna200/>
''[[Coroniceras]]''<ref name=PinnaA/><ref name=Pinna200/><ref name=Shark1/>
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*''Oxynoticeras oxynotum''
*''Coroniceras bisulcatum''
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*Shells
*Shells
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Osteno outcrop.<ref name=PinnaA/><ref name=Pinna200/>
Osteno outcrop.<ref name=PinnaA/><ref name=Pinna200/>
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An [[Ammonitida|ammonitidan]], type member of the family [[Oxynoticeratidae]] inside [[Ammonitida]]. It was not the most abundant ammonite, but was rather common.
An [[Ammonitida|ammonitidan]], member of the family [[Arietitidae]] inside [[Psiloceratoidea]]. It was less common than other ammonites, although index for some locations.
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''[[Angulaticeras]]''<ref name=PinnaA/><ref name=Shark1/><ref name=Pinna200/>
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*''Angulaticeras sp.''
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*Shells
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Osteno outcrop.<ref name=PinnaA/><ref name=Pinna200/>
''[[Ectocentrites]]''<ref name=PinnaA/><ref name=Pinna200/><ref name=Shark1/>
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An [[Ammonitida|ammonitidan]], member of the family [[Schlotheimiidae]] inside [[Psiloceratoidea]]. It was not the most abundant ammonite, but was rather common.
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''[[Ectocentrites]]''<ref name=PinnaA/><ref name=Shark1/><ref name=Pinna200/>
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*''Ectocentrites sp.''
*''Ectocentrites sp.''
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''[[Ostenoteuthis]]''<ref name=PinnaA/><ref>Pinna, Ð. 1972. Rinvenimento di un raro cefalopode coleoideo nel giacimento sinemuriano di Osteno in Lombardia. Atti de la SocietaÁ Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano, 113, 141±149.</ref><ref name=Coeloid>Garassino, A., & Donovan, D. T. (2000). A new family of coleoids from the Lower Jurassic of Osteno, Northern Italy. Palaeontology, 43(6), 1019-1038.</ref><ref name=Shark1/><ref name=Pinna200/>
''[[Ostenoteuthis]]''<ref name=PinnaA/><ref name=Pinna200/><ref name=Shark1/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pinna |first1=Ð. |title=Rinvenimento di un raro cefalopode coleoideo nel giacimento sinemuriano di Osteno in Lombardia |journal=Atti de la SocietaÁ Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano |date=1972 |volume=113 |issue=1 |pages=141-149}}</ref><ref name=Coeloid>{{cite journal |last1=Garassino |first1=A. |last2=Donovan |first2=D. T. |title=A new family of coleoids from the Lower Jurassic of Osteno, Northern Italy |journal=Palaeontology |date=2000 |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=1019-1038 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229813495_A_New_Family_Of_Coleoids_From_The_Lower_Jurassic_Of_Osteno_Northern_Italy |access-date=2 May 2023}}</ref>
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*''Ostenoteuthis siroi''
*''Ostenoteuthis siroi''
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[[File:Ostenoteuthis siroi.jpg|200px]]
[[File:Ostenoteuthis siroi.jpg|200px]]
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''[[Oxynoticeras]]''<ref name=PinnaA/><ref name=Pinna200/>
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*''Oxynoticeras oxynotum''
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*Shells
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Osteno outcrop.<ref name=PinnaA/><ref name=Pinna200/>
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An [[Ammonitida|ammonitidan]], type member of the family [[Oxynoticeratidae]] inside [[Ammonitida]]. It was not the most abundant ammonite, but was rather common.
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''[[Uncinoteuthis]]''<ref name=Coeloid/><ref name=Pinna200/>
''[[Uncinoteuthis]]''<ref name=Pinna200/><ref name=Coeloid/>
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*''Uncinoteuthis cuvieri''
*''Uncinoteuthis cuvieri''
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''[[Palaeocoma]]''<ref name=Shark1/><ref name=Pinna200/>
''[[Palaeocoma]]''<ref name=Pinna200/><ref name=Shark1/>
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*''Palaeocoma milleri''
*''Palaeocoma milleri''
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''[[Megaderaion]]''<ref name=WormA>Arduini, P. (1981). ''Megaderaion sinemuriense ngn sp.'', a new fossil enteropneust of the Sinemurian of Osteno in Lombardy.</ref>
''[[Megaderaion]]''<ref name=WormA>{{cite journal |last1=Arduini |first1=P. |last2=Pinna |first2=G. |last3=Teruzzi |first3=G. |title=Megaderaion sinemuriense n. g. n. sp., a new fossil enteropneust of the Sinemurian of Osteno in Lombardy |journal=Atti della Società Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale in Milano |date=1981 |volume=122 |issue=2 |pages=104-108 |url=https://biostor.org/reference/267277 |access-date=2 May 2023}}</ref>
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''Megaderaion sinemuriense''
''Megaderaion sinemuriense''
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! Images
! Images
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''[[Ostenoselache]]''<ref name=Shark1/><ref name=Pinna200/>
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[[Hybodontiformes]]<ref name=Squal/>
''Ostenoselache stenosoma''
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Hybodontiformes indet
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*Multiple specimens
*Multiple specimens
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Osteno Outcrop.<ref name=Shark1/>
Osteno Outcrop.<ref name=Shark1/>
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A shark, member of the family [[Hybodontiformes]].
An [[Eusclachii|euselachiian]], type member of the family [[Ostenoselachidae]] inside [[Elasmobranchii]]. A unique genus of shark, only found in the Osteno Formation. With an elongated eel-shaped morphology, the specimens found measure at least 240&nbsp;mm in length, with a neurocranium with a long, complex rostrum.<ref name=Shark1/> It has been suggested it was an animal able to produce electric shocks, probably to kill prey.<ref name=Shark1/>
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[[File:Ostenoselache stenosoma.JPG|200px]]
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[[Myriacanthidae]]<ref name=Squal/>
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Myriacanthidae indet
''[[Squaloraja]]''<ref name=Squal>Duffin, C. J. (1991). A myriacanthid holocephalan (Chondrichthyes) from the Sinemurian (Lower Jurassic) of Osteno (Lombardy, Italy). Atti della Società italiana di scienze naturali e del museo civico di storia naturale di Milano, 132(23), 293-308.</ref><ref name=Shark1/>
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''Squaloraja polyspondyla''
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*Multiple specimens
*Multiple specimens
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Osteno Outcrop.<ref name=Shark1/>
Osteno Outcrop.<ref name=Shark1/>
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A [[Chimaeriformes|chimaerid]], type member of the family [[Squalorajidae]] inside [[Squalorajoidei]]. This genus belongs to a lineage of ray-like chimaeras.
A [[Chimaeriformes|chimaerid]], member of the family [[Myriacanthidae]] inside [[Chimaeriformes]].
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[[File:Squaloraja polyspondyla.JPG|200px]]
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[[Myriacanthidae]]<ref name=Squal/>
''[[Ostenoselache]]''<ref name=Pinna200/><ref name=Shark1/>
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''Ostenoselache stenosoma''
Myriacanthidae indet
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*Multiple specimens
*Multiple specimens
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Osteno Outcrop.<ref name=Shark1/>
Osteno Outcrop.<ref name=Shark1/>
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An [[Eusclachii|euselachiian]], type member of the family [[Ostenoselachidae]] inside [[Elasmobranchii]]. A unique genus of shark, only found in the Osteno Formation. With an elongated eel-shaped morphology, the specimens found measure at least 240&nbsp;mm in length, with a neurocranium with a long, complex rostrum.<ref name=Shark1/> It has been suggested it was an animal able to produce electric shocks, probably to kill prey.<ref name=Shark1/>
A [[Chimaeriformes|chimaerid]], member of the family [[Myriacanthidae]] inside [[Chimaeriformes]].
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[[File:Ostenoselache stenosoma.JPG|200px]]
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''[[Palaeospinax]]''<ref name=Shark1/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Duffin |first1=C. J. |title=‘’Palaeospinax pinnai n. sp.’’, a new Palaeospinacid shark from the Sinemuvian (Lower Jurassic) of Osteno (Lombardy, Italy) |journal=Atti della Società italiana di scienze naturali e del museo civico di storia naturale di Milano |date=1987 |volume=128 |issue=1 |pages=185-202}}</ref>
[[Hybodontiformes]]<ref name=Squal/>
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''Palaeospinax pinnai''
Hybodontiformes indet
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*Multiple specimens
*Multiple specimens
Line 456: Line 458:
Osteno Outcrop.<ref name=Shark1/>
Osteno Outcrop.<ref name=Shark1/>
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A shark, member of the family [[Hybodontiformes]].
A Shark, type member of the family [[Palaeospinacidae]] inside [[Synechodontiformes]]. Open water swimmer.
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''[[Palaeospinax]]''<ref>Duffin, C. J. (1987). ‘’Palaeospinax pinnai n. sp.’’, a new Palaeospinacid shark from the Sinemuvian (Lower Jurassic) of Osteno (Lombardy, Italy). Atti della Società italiana di scienze naturali e del museo civico di storia naturale di Milano, 128(1-2), 185-202.</ref><ref name=Shark1/>
''[[Squaloraja]]''<ref name=Shark1/><ref name=Squal>{{cite journal |last1=Duffin |first1=C. J. |title=A myriacanthid holocephalan (Chondrichthyes) from the Sinemurian (Lower Jurassic) of Osteno (Lombardy, Italy) |journal=Atti della Società italiana di scienze naturali e del museo civico di storia naturale di Milano |date=1991 |volume=132 |issue=23 |pages=293-308 |url=https://biostor.org/reference/267139 |access-date=3 May 2023}}</ref>
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''Squaloraja polyspondyla''
''Palaeospinax pinnai''
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*Multiple specimens
*Multiple specimens
Line 468: Line 470:
Osteno Outcrop.<ref name=Shark1/>
Osteno Outcrop.<ref name=Shark1/>
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A Shark, type member of the family [[Palaeospinacidae]] inside [[Synechodontiformes]]. Open water swimmer.
A [[Chimaeriformes|chimaerid]], type member of the family [[Squalorajidae]] inside [[Squalorajoidei]]. This genus belongs to a lineage of ray-like chimaeras.
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[[File:Squaloraja polyspondyla.JPG|200px]]
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''[[Cosmolepis]]''<ref name=Shark1/><ref name=Fish>{{cite journal |last1=Duffin |first1=C. J. |last2=Patterson |first2=C. |title=I Pesci Fossili di Osteno: una Nuova Finestra sulla Vita del Giurassico Inferiore |journal=Paleocronache |date=1993 |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=18-38 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259952765_I_Pesci_fossili_di_Osteno_una_nuova_finestra_sulla_vita_del_Giurassico_inferiore |access-date=3 May 2023}}</ref>
''[[Cosmolepis]]''<ref name=Shark1/><ref name=Fish>DUFFIN, C.J. & PATTERSON, C. (in press): The Jurassic fishes of Osteno. Palaeocronache. Milano</ref><ref name=Pinna200/>
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''Cosmolepis ornatus''
''Cosmolepis ornatus''
Line 495: Line 498:
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''[[Pteroniscus]]''<ref name=Shark1/><ref name=Fish/><ref name=Pinna200/>
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''[[Dapedium]]''<ref name=Pinna200/><ref name=Shark1/><ref name=Fish/>
''Pteroniscus sp.''
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''Dapedium sp.''
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*Multiple specimens
*Multiple specimens
Line 504: Line 507:
Osteno Outcrop.<ref name=Fish/>
Osteno Outcrop.<ref name=Fish/>
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A primitive [[Actinopterygii|actinopterygiian]], member of the order [[Palaeonisciformes]]. A complicated genus, whose modern status is rather dubious.
A primitive [[Actinopterygii|actinopterygiian]], type member of the family [[Dapediidae]] inside [[Holostei]]. Probably a Coral Environment wanderer.
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''[[Peripeltopleurus]]''<ref name=Shark1/><ref name=Fish/><ref name=Pinna200/>
''[[Furo]]''<ref name=Pinna200/><ref name=Shark1/><ref name=Fish/>
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''Peripeltopleurus sp.''
''Furo sp.''
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*Multiple specimens
*Multiple specimens
Line 516: Line 519:
Osteno Outcrop.<ref name=Fish/>
Osteno Outcrop.<ref name=Fish/>
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A primitive [[Actinopterygii|actinopterygiian]], member of the family [[Peltopleuridae]] inside [[Neopterygii]]. A genus related with the Epicontinental deposition
A primitive [[Actinopterygii|actinopterygiian]], type member of the family [[Furidae]] inside [[Ionoscopiformes]]. Open water swimmer, probably forming schools.
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''[[Dapedium]]''<ref name=Shark1/><ref name=Fish/><ref name=Pinna200/>
''[[Pholidophorus]]''<ref name=Pinna200/><ref name=Shark1/><ref name=Fish/>
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''Dapedium sp.''
''Pholidophorus bechei''
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*Multiple specimens
*Multiple specimens
Line 528: Line 531:
Osteno Outcrop.<ref name=Fish/>
Osteno Outcrop.<ref name=Fish/>
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A primitive [[Actinopterygii|actinopterygiian]], type member of the family [[Dapediidae]] inside [[Holostei]]. Probably a Coral Environment wanderer.
A primitive [[Actinopterygii|actinopterygiian]], type member of the family [[Pholidophoridae]] inside [[Teleostei]]. Open water swimmer, probably forming schools. It is the main fish recovered on the formation.
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[[File:Pholidophorus NT.jpg|200px]]
|-
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''[[Furo]]''<ref name=Shark1/><ref name=Fish/><ref name=Pinna200/>
''[[Pholidolepis]]''<ref name=Pinna200/><ref name=Shark1/><ref name=Fish/>
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''Furo sp.''
''Pholidolepis sp.''
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*Multiple specimens
*Multiple specimens
Line 540: Line 544:
Osteno Outcrop.<ref name=Fish/>
Osteno Outcrop.<ref name=Fish/>
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A primitive [[Actinopterygii|actinopterygiian]], type member of the family [[Furidae]] inside [[Ionoscopiformes]]. Open water swimmer, probably forming schools.
A primitive [[Actinopterygii]]an, member of the family [[Pholidophoridae]] inside [[Teleostei]]. Open water swimmer, probably forming schools.
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''[[Pholidophorus]]''<ref name=Shark1/><ref name=Fish/><ref name=Pinna200/>
''[[Peripeltopleurus]]''<ref name=Pinna200/><ref name=Shark1/><ref name=Fish/>
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''Peripeltopleurus sp.''
''Pholidophorus bechei''
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*Multiple specimens
*Multiple specimens
Line 552: Line 556:
Osteno Outcrop.<ref name=Fish/>
Osteno Outcrop.<ref name=Fish/>
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A primitive [[Actinopterygii|actinopterygiian]], type member of the family [[Pholidophoridae]] inside [[Teleostei]]. Open water swimmer, probably forming schools. It is the main fish recovered on the formation.
A primitive [[Actinopterygii|actinopterygiian]], member of the family [[Peltopleuridae]] inside [[Neopterygii]]. A genus related with the Epicontinental deposition
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[[File:Pholidophorus NT.jpg|200px]]
|-
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''[[Pteroniscus]]''<ref name=Pinna200/><ref name=Shark1/><ref name=Fish/>
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''Pteroniscus sp.''
''[[Pholidolepis]]''<ref name=Shark1/><ref name=Fish/><ref name=Pinna200/>
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''Pholidolepis sp.''
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*Multiple specimens
*Multiple specimens
Line 565: Line 568:
Osteno Outcrop.<ref name=Fish/>
Osteno Outcrop.<ref name=Fish/>
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A primitive [[Actinopterygii]]an, member of the family [[Pholidophoridae]] inside [[Teleostei]]. Open water swimmer, probably forming schools.
A primitive [[Actinopterygii|actinopterygiian]], member of the order [[Palaeonisciformes]]. A complicated genus, whose modern status is rather dubious.
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Line 606: Line 609:
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|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
''[[Brachyphyllum]]''<ref name=Pinna200/><ref name=Flora/>
''[[Equisitites]]''<ref name=Flora>BONCI, M. C., & VANNUCCI, G. (1986). I vegetali sinemuriani di Osteno (Lombardia). Atti della Società italiana di scienze naturali e del museo civico di storia naturale di Milano, 127(1-2), 107-127.</ref><ref name=Pinna200/>
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*''Brachyphyllum sp. A''
''Equisitites bunburyanus''
*''Brachyphyllum sp. B''
*''Brachyphyllum sp. C''
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Fronds
*Stems
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Osteno Outcrop.<ref name=Fish/>
Osteno Outcrop.<ref name=Fish/>
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
A [[Horsetail]], member of the family [[Equisetaceae]] inside [[Equisetales]]. A freshwater-related plant, that grew as fast as modern bamboo on tropical settings.
A [[Coniferophyta|coniferophytan]], member of the family [[Cheirolepidiaceae]] inside [[Pinopsida]].
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
|-
|-
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
''[[Equisitites]]''<ref name=Pinna200/><ref name=Flora>{{cite journal |last1=Bonci |first1=M. C. |last2=Vanucci |first2=G. |title=I vegetali sinemuriani di Osteno (Lombardia) |journal=Atti della Società italiana di scienze naturali e del museo civico di storia naturale di Milano |date=1986 |volume=127 |issue=2 |pages=107-127}}</ref>
''[[Pachypteris]]''<ref name=Flora/><ref name=Pinna200/>
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
''Equisitites bunburyanus''
''Pachypteris cf. rhomboidalis''
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Stems
*Fronds
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Osteno Outcrop.<ref name=Fish/>
Osteno Outcrop.<ref name=Fish/>
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
A tree fern, member of the family [[Umkomasiaceae]] inside [[Peltaspermales]]. Fronds of large tree ferns, related to humid ecosystems.
A [[Horsetail]], member of the family [[Equisetaceae]] inside [[Equisetales]]. A freshwater-related plant, that grew as fast as modern bamboo on tropical settings.
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
|-
|-
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
''[[Otozamites]]''<ref name=Flora/><ref name=Pinna200/>
''[[Otozamites]]''<ref name=Pinna200/><ref name=Flora/>
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*''Otozamites bunburyanus''
*''Otozamites bunburyanus''
Line 643: Line 648:
|-
|-
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
''[[Zamites]]''<ref name=Flora/><ref name=Pinna200/>
''[[Pachypteris]]''<ref name=Pinna200/><ref name=Flora/>
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
''Pachypteris cf. rhomboidalis''
''Zamites sp.''
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Fronds
*Fronds
Line 651: Line 656:
Osteno Outcrop.<ref name=Fish/>
Osteno Outcrop.<ref name=Fish/>
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
A [[Spermatopsida|spermatopsidan]], member of the family [[Bennettitales]] inside [[Bennettitopsida]]. Cycad-like flora, common on dry settings.
A tree fern, member of the family [[Umkomasiaceae]] inside [[Peltaspermales]]. Fronds of large tree ferns, related to humid ecosystems.
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
[[File:Bennettitales Zamites Wedel.jpg|200px]]
|-
|-
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
''[[Williamsonia (plant)|Williamsonia]]''<ref name=Flora/><ref name=Pinna200/>
''[[Pagiophyllum]]''<ref name=Pinna200/><ref name=Flora/>
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
''Williamsonia sp.''
*''Pagiophyllum sp. A''
*''Pagiophyllum sp. B''
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Fronds
*Fronds
Line 664: Line 669:
Osteno Outcrop.<ref name=Fish/>
Osteno Outcrop.<ref name=Fish/>
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
A [[Spermatopsida|spermatopsidan]], member of the family [[Bennettitales]] inside [[Bennettitopsida]]. Cycad-like flora, common on dry settings.
A [[Coniferophyta|coniferophytan]], member of the family [[Araucariaceae]] inside [[Pinopsida]].
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
[[File:Williamsonia life restoration - MUSE.jpg|200px]]
|-
|-
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
''[[Pagiophyllum]]''<ref name=Flora/><ref name=Pinna200/>
''[[Williamsonia (plant)|Williamsonia]]''<ref name=Pinna200/><ref name=Flora/>
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*''Pagiophyllum sp. A''
''Williamsonia sp.''
*''Pagiophyllum sp. B''
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Fronds
*Fronds
Line 678: Line 681:
Osteno Outcrop.<ref name=Fish/>
Osteno Outcrop.<ref name=Fish/>
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
A [[Coniferophyta|coniferophytan]], member of the family [[Araucariaceae]] inside [[Pinopsida]].
A [[Spermatopsida|spermatopsidan]], member of the family [[Bennettitales]] inside [[Bennettitopsida]]. Cycad-like flora, common on dry settings.
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
[[File:Williamsonia life restoration - MUSE.jpg|200px]]
|-
|-
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
''[[Brachyphyllum]]''<ref name=Flora/><ref name=Pinna200/>
''[[Zamites]]''<ref name=Pinna200/><ref name=Flora/>
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*''Brachyphyllum sp. A''
''Zamites sp.''
*''Brachyphyllum sp. B''
*''Brachyphyllum sp. C''
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Fronds
*Fronds
Line 692: Line 694:
Osteno Outcrop.<ref name=Fish/>
Osteno Outcrop.<ref name=Fish/>
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
A [[Coniferophyta|coniferophytan]], member of the family [[Cheirolepidiaceae]] inside [[Pinopsida]].
A [[Spermatopsida|spermatopsidan]], member of the family [[Bennettitales]] inside [[Bennettitopsida]]. Cycad-like flora, common on dry settings.
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
[[File:Bennettitales Zamites Wedel.jpg|200px]]
|-
|-
|}
|}

Revision as of 00:11, 3 May 2023

Moltrasio Formation
Stratigraphic range: Middle Sinemurian-Lower Pliensbachian
~196–188 Ma
Outcrop
TypeGeological formation
Unit ofMonte Generoso Basin
Sub-unitsOsteno Outcrop
UnderliesDomaro Formation
OverliesSedrina Limestone
Lithology
PrimaryLimestone
Location
Coordinates46°00′N 9°06′E / 46.0°N 9.1°E / 46.0; 9.1
Approximate paleocoordinates33°12′N 15°36′E / 33.2°N 15.6°E / 33.2; 15.6
RegionLombardy
Country Italy
Type section
Named forMoltrasio
Named byAntonio Stoppani[1]
Year defined1857
Moltrasio Formation is located in Italy
Moltrasio Formation
Moltrasio Formation (Italy)
Moltrasio Formation is located in Lombardy
Moltrasio Formation
Moltrasio Formation (Lombardy)

The Moltrasio Formation also known as the Lombardische Kieselkalk Formation is a geological formation in Italy. This Formation mostly developed in the Lower or Middle Sinemurian stage of the Lower Jurassic, where on the Lombardian basin tectonic activity modified the current marine and terrestrial habitats.[2] Here it developed a series of marine-related depositional settings, represented by an outcrop of 550–600 m of grey Calcarenites and Calcilutites with chert lenses and marly interbeds, that recovers the Sedrina, Moltrasio and Domaro Formations.[2] This was mostly due to the post-Triassic crisis, that was linked locally to tectonics.[3] The Moltrasio Formation is considered a continuation of the Sedrina Limestone and the Hettangian Albenza Formation, and was probably a shallow water succession, developed on the passive margin of the westernmost Southern Alps.[3][4] It is known due to the exquisite preservation observed on the Outcrop in Osteno, where several kinds of marine biota have been recovered.[5]

Fossils

Exceptional fossilization

Apart from the Eocene of Monte Bolca, the Sinemurian of Osteno is the only fossil deposit in Italy in which soft bodies are preserved. The Osteno site was discovered in 1964. It was recovered from a series of 6 metres (20 ft) package of fine laminated, gray, spongiolitic, micritic limestone.[6] Coroniceras bisulcatum allowed to date the outcrop as the Bucklandi zone, lower Sinemurian.[6] The outcrop is a good documentation of a particularly complete fauna and flora of the Lower Jurassic which is not exactly common in the Southern Alps.[6] The Osteno outcrop, part of the formation, is worldwide known due to the exceptional preservation of mostly marine biota, including rare fossilized components, helping to understand the ecosystems of the local Sinemurian margin of the Monte Generoso Basin.[7] The high local variety of fossils found is most likely due to unique conditions of preservation, where phosphatized soft tissues have not been observed in any fish or polychaetes, but they are common in crustaceans (33%) and also occur in a smaller percentage of teuthids (14%).[8] Soft part preservation through phosphatization in this deposit includes the muscles and branchia of Crustaceans, fish tissues, and the digestive tracts of coleoids, polychaetes, and nematodes. These fossils are interpreted as having been preserved in a stagnant, restricted basin with anoxic conditions likely within the sediment pore waters.[5]

Nematoida

Genus Species Material Location Notes Images

Eophasma[6][9]

Eophasma jurasicum

  • A complete specimen

Osteno Outcrop.[9]

A nematode, type member of the family Eophasmidae inside Desmoscolecida.[10] A rare find, since nematode fossils are absent in most Mesozoic marine rocks.[9]

Annelida

Genus Species Material Location Notes Images

Melanoraphia[5][6][11]

Melanoraphia maculata

  • A nearly complete specimen

Osteno Outcrop.[11]

A polychaete, member of the group Phyllodocemorpha with incertade sedis assignation. This polychaete was probably an open swimmer more than a subtrate dweller.[11]

Crustacea

Genus Species Material Location Notes Images

Aeger[5][6][12][13]

  • Aeger foesteri
  • Aeger muensteri
  • Aeger robustus
  • Aeger rostrospinatus
  • Aeger elongatus
  • Aeger macropus
  • Multiple specimens, complete and incomplete

Osteno Outcrop.[13]

A decapod, type member of the family Aegeridae. This genus is the most abundant local crustacean, and was a shrimp-like creature that was probably necrophagous.[13]

Coleia[5][6][12][14][15][16]

  • Coleia vialiii
  • Coleia medilerranea
  • Coleia cf. antiqua
  • Coleia pinnnai
  • Multiple complete specimens

Osteno Outcrop.[13]

A decapod, type member of the family Coleiidae. Probably a bottom dweller predatory crustacean.[14]

Eryma[17]

  • Eryma sinemuriana
  • Multiple complete specimens

Osteno Outcrop.[13]

A decapod, type member of the family Erymidae. The species was originally identified as Pustulina sinemuriana.[18]

Mecochirus[19]

  • Mecochirus germari
  • Multiple complete specimens

Osteno Outcrop.[13]

A decapod, member of the family Mecochiridae. Rather rare compared to other local crustacean genera.

Ostenosculda[20] Ostenosculda teruzzii

A mantis shrimp

Palaeastacus[19][18]

  • Palaeastacus meyeri
  • Multiple complete specimens

Osteno Outcrop.[13]

A decapod, member of the family Erymidae. The species was originally included in the genus Eryma as E. meyeri, although the specimens reveal morphological characters diagnostic of Palaeastacus.[18]

Pseudoglyphea[5][12][16]

  • Pseudoglyphea amylochelis
  • Multiple complete specimens

Osteno Outcrop.[13]

A decapod, member of the family Litogastroidae. Probably a bottom dweller predatory crustacean.[14]

Teruzzicheles[21] Teruzzicheles popeyei

A decapod belonging to the family Polychelidae

Xiphosurida

Genus Species Material Location Notes Images

Ostenolimulus[22]

  • Ostenolimulus latus
  • A nearly complete specimen

Osteno Outcrop.[22]

A horseshoe crab, member of the family Limulidae. This genus represents the oldest Jurassic limulid and only the second xiphosuran known from Italy.[22] Also indicates that this family were a diverse and widespread clade during the Jurassic.[22]

Thylacocephala

Genus Species Material Location Notes Images

Ostenocaris[5][6][23][24]

Ostenocaris cypriformis

  • Multiple specimens, complete and incomplete

Osteno Outcrop.[23]

A thylacocephalan, type member of the family Ostenocarididae inside Conchyliocarida. Originally Interpreted as a bizarre Cirriped. Ostenocaris is the most common fossil of the formation, and the main identified thylacocephalan from the formation. In the first interpretations, the genus was shown as a filter-feeding organism, which used the cephalic sac as a burrowing organ to ensure adhesion to the substrate. Based on the presence of Coprolites associated to the genus, with abundant masses of alimentary residues (hooks of cephalopods, vertebrates, remains of Crustacea) in the stomach of these organisms, Ostenocaris cypriformis was probably a necrophagous organism, and the cephalic sac can be tentatively interpreted as being a burrowing organ employed during the search for food, or as an organ of locomotion with intrinsic motility.[25]

Cephalopoda

Genus Species Material Location Notes Images

Arietites[5][6]

  • Arietites bucklandi
  • Shells

Osteno outcrop.[5][6]

An ammonitidan, type member of the family Arietitidae inside Psiloceratoidea. The main ammonite identified locally.

Angulaticeras[5][6][16]

  • Angulaticeras sp.
  • Shells

Osteno outcrop.[5][6]

An ammonitidan, member of the family Schlotheimiidae inside Psiloceratoidea. It was not the most abundant ammonite, but was rather common.

Coroniceras[5][6][16]

  • Coroniceras bisulcatum
  • Shells

Osteno outcrop.[5][6]

An ammonitidan, member of the family Arietitidae inside Psiloceratoidea. It was less common than other ammonites, although index for some locations.

Ectocentrites[5][6][16]

  • Ectocentrites sp.
  • Shells

Osteno outcrop.[5][6]

An ammonitidan, member of the family Lytoceratidae inside Lytoceratina. It was not the most abundant ammonite, but was rather common.

Ostenoteuthis[5][6][16][26][27]

  • Ostenoteuthis siroi
  • A complete specimen with soft tissue

Osteno outcrop.[5][6]

A coleoid, type member of the family Ostenoteuthidae. A unique group of coeloids, only found at this location. Coleoids with ten arms each bearing pairs of hooks, Ostenoteuthis measure between 18 and 30 cm length.[27]

Oxynoticeras[5][6]

  • Oxynoticeras oxynotum
  • Shells

Osteno outcrop.[5][6]

An ammonitidan, type member of the family Oxynoticeratidae inside Ammonitida. It was not the most abundant ammonite, but was rather common.

Uncinoteuthis[6][27]

  • Uncinoteuthis cuvieri
  • A complete specimen with soft tissue

Osteno outcrop.[5][6]

A coleoid, member of the family Ostenoteuthidae. A unique group of coeloids, only found at this location.[27]

Echinoderms

Genus Species Material Location Notes Images

Palaeocoma[6][16]

  • Palaeocoma milleri
  • Multiple specimens

Mount Campo dei Fiori.[6]

An ophiuridan, member of the family Ophiodermatidae inside Ophiodermatina. Extant tropical species like Ophioderma are benthic predators and scavengers that show the same short spines seen in Palaeocoma.[6]

Hemichordata

Genus Species Material Location Notes Images

Megaderaion[28]

Megaderaion sinemuriense

  • A nearly complete specimen with soft tissue

Osteno Outcrop.[28]

An acorn worm, member of the family Harrimaniidae inside Enteropneusta. It was a large sized member of its family. This genus probably lived linked to sand bottoms, where it made burrows to hide and find food.[28]

Chondrichthyes

Genus Species Material Location Notes Images

Hybodontiformes[29]

Hybodontiformes indet

  • Multiple specimens

Osteno Outcrop.[16]

A shark, member of the family Hybodontiformes.

Myriacanthidae[29]

Myriacanthidae indet

  • Multiple specimens

Osteno Outcrop.[16]

A chimaerid, member of the family Myriacanthidae inside Chimaeriformes.

Ostenoselache[6][16]

Ostenoselache stenosoma

  • Multiple specimens

Osteno Outcrop.[16]

An euselachiian, type member of the family Ostenoselachidae inside Elasmobranchii. A unique genus of shark, only found in the Osteno Formation. With an elongated eel-shaped morphology, the specimens found measure at least 240 mm in length, with a neurocranium with a long, complex rostrum.[16] It has been suggested it was an animal able to produce electric shocks, probably to kill prey.[16]

Palaeospinax[16][30]

Palaeospinax pinnai

  • Multiple specimens

Osteno Outcrop.[16]

A Shark, type member of the family Palaeospinacidae inside Synechodontiformes. Open water swimmer.

Squaloraja[16][29]

Squaloraja polyspondyla

  • Multiple specimens

Osteno Outcrop.[16]

A chimaerid, type member of the family Squalorajidae inside Squalorajoidei. This genus belongs to a lineage of ray-like chimaeras.

Actinopterygii

Genus Species Material Location Notes Images

Cosmolepis[16][31]

Cosmolepis ornatus

  • Multiple specimens

Osteno Outcrop.[31]

A primitive actinopterygiian, member of the order Palaeonisciformes. A late surviving representative of the family.

Dapedium[6][16][31]

Dapedium sp.

  • Multiple specimens

Osteno Outcrop.[31]

A primitive actinopterygiian, type member of the family Dapediidae inside Holostei. Probably a Coral Environment wanderer.

Furo[6][16][31]

Furo sp.

  • Multiple specimens

Osteno Outcrop.[31]

A primitive actinopterygiian, type member of the family Furidae inside Ionoscopiformes. Open water swimmer, probably forming schools.

Pholidophorus[6][16][31]

Pholidophorus bechei

  • Multiple specimens

Osteno Outcrop.[31]

A primitive actinopterygiian, type member of the family Pholidophoridae inside Teleostei. Open water swimmer, probably forming schools. It is the main fish recovered on the formation.

Pholidolepis[6][16][31]

Pholidolepis sp.

  • Multiple specimens

Osteno Outcrop.[31]

A primitive Actinopterygiian, member of the family Pholidophoridae inside Teleostei. Open water swimmer, probably forming schools.

Peripeltopleurus[6][16][31]

Peripeltopleurus sp.

  • Multiple specimens

Osteno Outcrop.[31]

A primitive actinopterygiian, member of the family Peltopleuridae inside Neopterygii. A genus related with the Epicontinental deposition

Pteroniscus[6][16][31]

Pteroniscus sp.

  • Multiple specimens

Osteno Outcrop.[31]

A primitive actinopterygiian, member of the order Palaeonisciformes. A complicated genus, whose modern status is rather dubious.

Sarcopterygii

Genus Species Material Location Notes Images

Undina[5][6]

Undina (Holophagus) cf. gulo

  • Scales

Osteno Outcrop.[31]

A Coelacanth, member of the family Latimeriidae inside Coelacanthiformes. Isolated scales of coelacanths analogous to the genus Holophagus are quite frequent on the Osteno deposits. A series of teeth can also be identified to this genus.

Plants

Genus Species Material Location Notes Images

Brachyphyllum[6][32]

  • Brachyphyllum sp. A
  • Brachyphyllum sp. B
  • Brachyphyllum sp. C
  • Fronds

Osteno Outcrop.[31]

A coniferophytan, member of the family Cheirolepidiaceae inside Pinopsida.

Equisitites[6][32]

Equisitites bunburyanus

  • Stems

Osteno Outcrop.[31]

A Horsetail, member of the family Equisetaceae inside Equisetales. A freshwater-related plant, that grew as fast as modern bamboo on tropical settings.

Otozamites[6][32]

  • Otozamites bunburyanus
  • Otozamites sp.
  • Fronds

Osteno Outcrop.[31]

A spermatopsidan, member of the family Bennettitales inside Bennettitopsida. Cycad-like flora, common on dry settings.

Pachypteris[6][32]

Pachypteris cf. rhomboidalis

  • Fronds

Osteno Outcrop.[31]

A tree fern, member of the family Umkomasiaceae inside Peltaspermales. Fronds of large tree ferns, related to humid ecosystems.

Pagiophyllum[6][32]

  • Pagiophyllum sp. A
  • Pagiophyllum sp. B
  • Fronds

Osteno Outcrop.[31]

A coniferophytan, member of the family Araucariaceae inside Pinopsida.

Williamsonia[6][32]

Williamsonia sp.

  • Fronds

Osteno Outcrop.[31]

A spermatopsidan, member of the family Bennettitales inside Bennettitopsida. Cycad-like flora, common on dry settings.

Zamites[6][32]

Zamites sp.

  • Fronds

Osteno Outcrop.[31]

A spermatopsidan, member of the family Bennettitales inside Bennettitopsida. Cycad-like flora, common on dry settings.

See also

References

  1. ^ Stoppani A. (1857). Studi geologici e paleontologici sulla Lombardia. 461 pp. Tipografia Turati, Milano
  2. ^ a b Muttoni, G.; Erba, E.; Kent, D. V.; Bachtadse, V. (2005). "Mesozoic Alpine facies deposition as a result of past latitudinal plate motion". Nature. 434 (7029): 59–63.
  3. ^ a b Jadoul, F.; Galli, M. T. (2008). "The Hettangian shallow water carbonates after the Triassic-Jurassic biocalcification crisis: The Albenza Formation in the western Southern Alps". Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia. 114 (3): 453–470. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
  4. ^ Sarti, M.; Bosellini, A.; Winterer, E. L. (1992). "Basin Geometry and Architecture of a Tethyan Passive Margin, Southern Alps, Italy: Implications for Rifting Mechanisms: Chapter 13: African and Mediterranean Margins". AAPG Special Volumes. 115 (5): 241–258. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Pinna, G. (1985). "Exceptional preservation in the Jurassic of Osteno". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Biological Sciences. 311 (1148): 171–180. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an Pinna, G. (2000). "Die Fossillagerstätte im Sinemurium (Lias) von Osteno, Italien". Europäische Fossillagerstätten, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. 3 (7): 91–136. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
  7. ^ Bottjer, D. J.; Etter, W.; Tang, C. M.; Hagadorn, J. W. (2002). Exceptional fossil preservation: a unique view on the evolution of marine life. Columbia University Press. p. 421. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
  8. ^ Wilby, P. R.,; Briggs, D. E. (1997). "Taxonomic trends in the resolution of detail preserved in fossil phosphatized soft tissues". Geobios. 30 (8): 493–502. Retrieved 2 May 2023.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ a b c Arduini, P.; Pinna, G.; Teruzzi, G. (1983). "Eophasma jurassicum ngn sp., a new fossil nematode of the Sinemurian of Osteno in Lombardy". Atti della Società italiana di scienze naturali e del museo civico di storia naturale di Milano. 124 (1–2): 61–64.
  10. ^ Poinar, G.O. (2011). The Evolutionary History of Nematodes: As revealed in stone, amber and mummies. Nematology Monographs and Perspectives. 9. Brill Publishers. ISBN 9789047428664.
  11. ^ a b c Arduini, P.; Pinna, G.; Teruzzi, G. (1982). "Melanoraphia maculata ngn sp., a new fossil polychaete of the Sinemurian of Osteno in Lombardy". Atti della Società italiana di scienze naturali e del museo civico di storia naturale di Milano. 123 (4): 462–468. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
  12. ^ a b c Pinna, G. (1967). "Decouverte d'une nouvelle faune a crustaces du Sinemurien inferieur dans la region du Lac Ceresio (Lombardie, Italie)". Atti Soc. It. Sci. nat. Museo Milano. 106 (4): 183–185.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h Garassino, A.; Teruzzi, G. (1990). "The genus Aeger Münster, 1839 in the Sinemurian of Osteno in Lombardy (Crustacea, Decapoda)". Atti della società italiana di scienze naturali e del museo civico di storia naturale di Milano. 131 (5): 105–136. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
  14. ^ a b c Pinna, G. (1969). "Due nuovi esemplari di Coleia vialiii Pinna, del Sinemuriano inferiore di Osteno in Lombardia (Crustacea Decapoda)". Ann. Mus. St. nat. Genova. 77 (12): 626–632.
  15. ^ Teruzzi, G. (1990). "The genus «Coleia» Broderip, 1835 (Crustacea, Decapoda) in the Sinemurian of Osteno in Lombardy". Atti della Società italiana di Scienze naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia naturale di Milano. 131 (4): 85–104. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Duffin, C. J. (1998). "Ostenoselache stenosoma ngn sp., a new neoselachian shark from the Sinemurian (Early Jurassic) of Osteno (Lombardy, Italy)" (PDF). Società Italiana di Scienze Naturali. 9 (7): 1–27. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
  17. ^ Devillez, J.; Charbonnier, S. (2019). "Review of the Early and Middle Jurassic erymid lobsters (Crustacea: Decapoda) [Révision des Érymides (Crustacea: Decapoda) du Jurassique inférieur et moyen]". Bulletin de la Société géologique de France. 190 (1): 121–134. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
  18. ^ a b c Devillez, J.; Charbonnier, S. (2017). "The genus Eryma Meyer, 1840 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Erymidae): new synonyms, systematic and stratigraphic implicationsLe genre Eryma Meyer, 1840 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Erymidae): nouveaux synonymes, implications systématique et stratigraphique". Bulletin de la Société géologique de France. 188 (3): 1–15. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
  19. ^ a b Garassino, A . (1996). "The family Erymidae Van Straelen, 1924 and the superfamily Glypheoidea Zittel, 1885 in the Sinemurian of Osteno in Lombardy". Aai soc. it. Sci.rwt. Museo civ. stor. mu. Milano. Milano. 135 (11): 333–373.
  20. ^ "Another piece in the puzzle of mantis shrimp evolution – fossils from the Early Jurassic Osteno Lagerstätte of Northern Italy". Comptes Rendus Palevol. 22 (2): 17–31. 2023.
  21. ^ Audo, Denis; Charbonnier, Sylvain (2022-12-28). "Teruzzicheles popeyei, an early Sinemurian polychelid lobster from the Osteno Lagerstätte (Italy)". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 306 (3): 187–194. doi:10.1127/njgpa/2022/1103. ISSN 0077-7749.
  22. ^ a b c d Lamsdell, J. C.; Teruzzi, G.; Pasini, G.; Garassino, A. (2021). "A new limulid (Chelicerata, Xiphosurida) from the Lower Jurassic (Sinemurian) of Osteno, NW Italy". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 300 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1127/njgpa/2021/0974. S2CID 234814276.
  23. ^ a b Arduini, P.; Pinna, G.; Teruzzi,, G. (1984). "Ostenocaris nom. nov. pro Ostenia". Atli del/a Societcl Iraliwzn di Sc: ienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano, Miiano. 125 (1–2): 48.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
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  25. ^ Pinna, G.; Arduini, P.; Pesarini, C.; Teruzzi, G. (1985). "Some controversial aspects of the morphology and anatomy of Ostenocaris cypriformis (Crustacea, Thylacocephala)". Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of The Royal Society of Edinburgh. 76 (2–3): 373–379. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
  26. ^ Pinna, Ð. (1972). "Rinvenimento di un raro cefalopode coleoideo nel giacimento sinemuriano di Osteno in Lombardia". Atti de la SocietaÁ Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano. 113 (1): 141–149.
  27. ^ a b c d Garassino, A.; Donovan, D. T. (2000). "A new family of coleoids from the Lower Jurassic of Osteno, Northern Italy". Palaeontology. 43 (6): 1019–1038. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
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  29. ^ a b c Duffin, C. J. (1991). "A myriacanthid holocephalan (Chondrichthyes) from the Sinemurian (Lower Jurassic) of Osteno (Lombardy, Italy)". Atti della Società italiana di scienze naturali e del museo civico di storia naturale di Milano. 132 (23): 293–308. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  30. ^ Duffin, C. J. (1987). "Palaeospinax pinnai n. sp., a new Palaeospinacid shark from the Sinemuvian (Lower Jurassic) of Osteno (Lombardy, Italy)". Atti della Società italiana di scienze naturali e del museo civico di storia naturale di Milano. 128 (1): 185–202.
  31. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Duffin, C. J.; Patterson, C. (1993). "I Pesci Fossili di Osteno: una Nuova Finestra sulla Vita del Giurassico Inferiore". Paleocronache. 34 (2): 18–38. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
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