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{{multiple issues|{{refimprove|date=January 2022}}
{{multiple issues|{{refimprove|date=January 2022}}
{{Original research|date=September 2007}}}}
{{Original research|date=September 2007}}}}
'''Urban wilderness''' is vacant property in urban areas that is reverted to its original biome and repurposed for recreation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zefferman |first1=Emily P. |last2=McKinney |first2=Michael L. |last3=Cianciolo |first3=Thomas |last4=Fritz |first4=Bridgette I. |date=2018-01-01 |title=Knoxville's urban wilderness: Moving toward sustainable multifunctional management |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1618866716305441 |journal=Urban Forestry & Urban Greening |series=Wild urban ecosystems: challenges and opportunities for urban development |language=en |volume=29 |pages=357–366 |doi=10.1016/j.ufug.2017.09.002 |issn=1618-8667}}</ref> This is part of the [[New Urbanism]] movement that seeks to combine greenery in urban planning.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Forman |first=Richard T. T. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/236162008 |title=Urban regions : ecology and planning beyond the city |date=2008 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-511-40977-6 |location=Cambridge, UK |oclc=236162008}}</ref> Urban wilderness is also seen as a way to use abandoned land from city shrinkage.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Burkholder |first=Sean |date=2012-06-05 |title=The New Ecology of Vacancy: Rethinking Land Use in Shrinking Cities |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=4 |issue=6 |pages=1154–1172 |doi=10.3390/su4061154 |issn=2071-1050|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Johnson |first1=Michael P. |last2=Hollander |first2=Justin |last3=Hallulli |first3=Alma |date=2014-10-01 |title=Maintain, demolish, re-purpose: Policy design for vacant land management using decision models |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264275113000681 |journal=Cities |series=Vacant land: The new urban green? |language=en |volume=40 |pages=151–162 |doi=10.1016/j.cities.2013.05.005 |issn=0264-2751}}</ref> This concept is especially popular in Europe<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/b138211 |title=Wild Urban Woodlands |year=2005 |language=en |doi=10.1007/b138211|isbn=3-540-23912-X |editor-last1=Kowarik |editor-last2=Körner |editor-first1=Ingo |editor-first2=Stefan }}</ref> and the United States.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://permanent.fdlp.gov/gpo105804/gtr_nrs168.pdf |title=Chicago Wilderness Region Urban Forest Vulnerability Assessment and Synthesis: A Report from the Urban Forestry Climate Change Response Framework Chicago Wilderness Pilot Project |date=April 2017 |publisher=[[United States Forest Service]] |year=2017 |language=EN}}</ref>
'''Urban wilderness''' refers to informal green spaces within urban areas that distant enough from urbanized areas so that human activities cannot be registered<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Zefferman |first=Emily P. |last2=McKinney |first2=Michael L. |last3=Cianciolo |first3=Thomas |last4=Fritz |first4=Bridgette I. |date=2018-01-01 |title=Knoxville’s urban wilderness: Moving toward sustainable multifunctional management |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1618866716305441 |journal=Urban Forestry & Urban Greening |series=Wild urban ecosystems: challenges and opportunities for urban development |language=en |volume=29 |pages=357–366 |doi=10.1016/j.ufug.2017.09.002 |issn=1618-8667}}</ref>. Urban wilderness areas within cities have been shown to beneficially impact the public's perception of wilderness and nature, making this an important element to future city planning<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Diemer |first=Mathias |last2=Held |first2=Martin |last3=Hofmeister |first3=Sabine |title=Urban Wilderness in Central Europe: Rewilding at the Urban Fringe |url=https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=4f6d428eeadbb2998f178221a0853357f39d58cb |journal=International Journal of Wilderness |publication-date=December 2003 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=7-11}}</ref>


== Overview ==
== Overview ==
Key traits of urban wilderness that differentiate it from lawns and other forms of plantings are:
Key traits of urban wilderness that differentiate it from other urban green spaces:


# Involves green spaces that are far enough removed from the urban areas so human actions cannot be noticed<ref name=":2">{{Citation |last=Maleki |first=Shadi |title=Social Demand for Urban Wilderness in Purgatory |date=2022 |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-01980-7_20 |work=Human-Nature Interactions |pages=247–260 |editor-last=Misiune |editor-first=Ieva |access-date=2023-05-16 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-01980-7_20 |isbn=978-3-031-01979-1 |last2=Julian |first2=Jason P. |last3=Weaver |first3=Russell C. |last4=Lopez |first4=Christina |last5=Kraft |first5=Mike |editor2-last=Depellegrin |editor2-first=Daniel |editor3-last=Egarter Vigl |editor3-first=Lukas}}</ref>.
# [[Biodiversity]] - a wide range of species, both of plants and animals{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}<ref>{{Cite web |author-link=United Nations Environment Programme |date=February 2010 |title=What is biodiversity? |url=https://www.unesco.pl/fileadmin/user_upload/pdf/BIODIVERSITY_FACTSHEET.pdf |access-date=March 4, 2023 |website=What is biodiversity?}}</ref>
# Supports [[biodiversity]] - Urban wilderness efforts aim to enhance/improve a regions' local biodiversity through careful management plans<ref name=":0" />.
# Minimal maintenance required for viability - plants that can survive without frequent watering, can withstand local pollution levels, and do not depend on infusions of fertilizers or other periodic soil amendments, often called [[xeriscaping]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/794702270 |title=Growing greener cities : urban sustainability in the twenty-first century |date=2008 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |others=Susan M. Wachter, Eugenie Ladner Birch |isbn=978-0-8122-0409-4 |location=Philadelphia |oclc=794702270}}</ref>
# A high degree of self-regulation - vegetation can survive with minimal interference or management by humans<ref name=":2" />.
# Deep beds - deep soil allowing the creation of mature root growth, [[protection from drought]] and destructive temperature changes, and the development of a healthy colony of microorganisms, worms, and other beneficial small lifeforms{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}
# Native species - use of local plant varieties rather than [[exotic species|exotic species{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}
# Unstructured aesthetic - plants are allowed to grow as they wish, where they wish, with minimal space devoted to paved walkways, trimmed grass, or other artificial environments{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}
# Tolerance of ground cover and thick undergrowth - healthy ecosystems depend on "messy" micro-environments like decaying logs, thick brush, and muddy ground.{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}


Urban wilderness has been created by programs as varied as the [[New York City Parks Department]]'s Green Streets program (which converts median strips and other [[habitat (ecology)|micro-environments]] into planted areas) and small programs in such places as [[Davis, California]] and [[Portland, Oregon]] to reintroduce native species.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Greenstreets Program |url=https://portal.311.nyc.gov/article/?kanumber=KA-01554 |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=portal.311.nyc.gov}}</ref>
Various urban wilderness areas have been established throughout the world. Examples include the Knoxville Urban Wilderness in Knoxville, TN<ref name=":0" />, Purgatory Creek Natural Area in San Marcos, TX<ref name=":2" />, the [[Danube-Auen National Park]] in Vienna and Lower Austria<ref name=":1" />, the [[Turkey Mountain Urban Wilderness Area]] in Tulsa, OK, and the Milwaukee River Greenway in Milwaukee, WI<ref>{{Cite web |title=Milwaukee River Greenway |url=https://www.riverrevitalizationfoundation.org/milwaukee-river-greenway/ |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=River Revitalization Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref>.


==History==
==History==

Revision as of 12:33, 16 May 2023

Urban wilderness refers to informal green spaces within urban areas that distant enough from urbanized areas so that human activities cannot be registered[1]. Urban wilderness areas within cities have been shown to beneficially impact the public's perception of wilderness and nature, making this an important element to future city planning[2]

Overview

Key traits of urban wilderness that differentiate it from other urban green spaces:

  1. Involves green spaces that are far enough removed from the urban areas so human actions cannot be noticed[3].
  2. Supports biodiversity - Urban wilderness efforts aim to enhance/improve a regions' local biodiversity through careful management plans[1].
  3. A high degree of self-regulation - vegetation can survive with minimal interference or management by humans[3].

Various urban wilderness areas have been established throughout the world. Examples include the Knoxville Urban Wilderness in Knoxville, TN[1], Purgatory Creek Natural Area in San Marcos, TX[3], the Danube-Auen National Park in Vienna and Lower Austria[2], the Turkey Mountain Urban Wilderness Area in Tulsa, OK, and the Milwaukee River Greenway in Milwaukee, WI[4].

History

The nineteenth and twentieth centuries saw the urbanization of cities. Jacob Riis and other reformers fought for parks in urban areas.[5]

While many societies had traditions of intense urban plantings, such as the rooftops of pre-conquistador Mexico City, these traditions did not reemerge on a larger scale in the industrialized world until the creation of naturalistic urban parks, such as the ones by Calvert Vaux[6] and Frederick Law Olmsted.[7]

More recently, groups such as squatters and Reclaim The Streets have performed guerrilla plantings, worked in and on abandoned buildings, and torn holes in highway asphalt to fill with soil and flowers.[8] These actions have been effective in creating new planted zones in economically stagnant areas like urban eastern Germany, where abandoned buildings have been reverted to forest-like conditions.[9]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Zefferman, Emily P.; McKinney, Michael L.; Cianciolo, Thomas; Fritz, Bridgette I. (2018-01-01). "Knoxville's urban wilderness: Moving toward sustainable multifunctional management". Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. Wild urban ecosystems: challenges and opportunities for urban development. 29: 357–366. doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2017.09.002. ISSN 1618-8667.
  2. ^ a b Diemer, Mathias; Held, Martin; Hofmeister, Sabine (December 2003). "Urban Wilderness in Central Europe: Rewilding at the Urban Fringe". International Journal of Wilderness. 9 (3): 7–11.
  3. ^ a b c Maleki, Shadi; Julian, Jason P.; Weaver, Russell C.; Lopez, Christina; Kraft, Mike (2022), Misiune, Ieva; Depellegrin, Daniel; Egarter Vigl, Lukas (eds.), "Social Demand for Urban Wilderness in Purgatory", Human-Nature Interactions, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 247–260, doi:10.1007/978-3-031-01980-7_20, ISBN 978-3-031-01979-1, retrieved 2023-05-16
  4. ^ "Milwaukee River Greenway". River Revitalization Foundation. Retrieved 2023-05-16.
  5. ^ "Jacob Riis: The Photographer Who Showed "How the Other Half Lives" in 1890s NYC". My Modern Met. 2020-07-22. Retrieved 2021-09-14.
  6. ^ "Calvert Vaux Park Highlights - Calvert Vaux Park : NYC Parks". www.nycgovparks.org. Retrieved 2021-09-14.
  7. ^ Brookline, Mailing Address: 99 Warren Street; Us, MA 02445 Phone:566-1689 Contact. "Frederick Law Olmsted National Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2021-09-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ Jordan, John (2009-04-20), "Reclaim the Streets", in Ness, Immanuel (ed.), The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest, Oxford, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. 1–6, doi:10.1002/9781405198073.wbierp1240, ISBN 978-1-4051-9807-3, retrieved 2022-10-10
  9. ^ "Urban Wilderness". Städte wagen Wildnis (in German). Retrieved 2021-09-14.
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