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===Scientific career===
===Scientific career===
Wigand had achieved full [[professorship]] by 1917, and in 1921 he was working as an [[adjunct professor]] ({{lang|de|nichtbeamteter außerordentlicher Professor}}) at [[Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg|Halle]].<ref name=dbe/> At some point between 1917 and 1922, Wigand became acquainted with [[Albert Einstein]], who was at the time the director of the [[Kaiser Wilhelm Society|Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Goenner|first1=Hubert|last2=Castagnetti|first2=Giuseppe|title=Establishing Quantum Physics in Berlin: Einstein and the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics, 1917–1922|publisher=Springer|series=Springer Briefs in History of Scienceand Technology|year=2020|location=Cham}}</ref> Einstein was instrumental in approving an institutional [[Grant (money)|grant]] to support Wigand's research into [[aeronautics]].<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Buchwald|editor-first1=Diana Kormos|editor-last2=Illy|editor-first2=József |editor-last3=Rosenkranz|editor-first3=Ze’ev|editor-last4=Sauer|editor-first4=Tilman|editor-last5=Moses|editor-first5=Osik|title=The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein|volume=13: The Berlin Years: Writings & Correspondence January 1922-March 1923|chapter=Calendar of Abstracst 1922|pages=788|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2015}}</ref> This acquaintance led to a years-long correspondence between the two on matters of physics and their shared interest in the development of the science.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Buchwald|editor-first1=Diana Kormos|editor-last2=Illy|editor-first2=József |editor-last3=Rosenkranz|editor-first3=Ze’ev|editor-last4=Sauer|editor-first4=Tilman|editor-last5=Moses|editor-first5=Osik|title=The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein|volume=14: The Berlin Years: Writings & Correspondence, April 1923-May 1925|chapter=Introduction to Volume 14|pages=Ii|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2015}}</ref> In 1925 Wigand accepted a position as professor of physics and meteorology at the {{lang|de|Landwirtschaftliche Hochschule}}, Hohenheim-Stuttgart (now the [[University of Hohenheim]]), while also teaching courses in meteorology at the {{lang|de|Technische Hochschule}}, Stuttgart (now the [[University of Stuttgart]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Volz|first=Robert|title=Reichshandbuch der deutschen Gesellschaft. Das Handbuch der Persönlichkeiten in Wort und Bild|volume=2 ''L–Z.''|publisher=Deutscher Wirtschaftsverlag|location=Berlin|year=1931|page=2032}}</ref>
Wigand had achieved full [[professorship]] by 1917, and in 1921 he was working as an [[adjunct professor]] ({{lang|de|nichtbeamteter außerordentlicher Professor}}) at [[Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg|Halle]].<ref name=dbe/> At some point between 1917 and 1922, Wigand became acquainted with [[Albert Einstein]], who was at the time the director of the [[Kaiser Wilhelm Society|Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Goenner|first1=Hubert|last2=Castagnetti|first2=Giuseppe|title=Establishing Quantum Physics in Berlin: Einstein and the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics, 1917–1922|publisher=Springer|series=Springer Briefs in History of Scienceand Technology|year=2020|location=Cham}}</ref> Einstein was instrumental in approving an institutional [[Grant (money)|grant]] to support Wigand's research into [[aeronautics]].<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Buchwald|editor-first1=Diana Kormos|editor-last2=Illy|editor-first2=József |editor-last3=Rosenkranz|editor-first3=Ze’ev|editor-last4=Sauer|editor-first4=Tilman|editor-last5=Moses|editor-first5=Osik|title=The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein|volume=13: The Berlin Years: Writings & Correspondence January 1922-March 1923|chapter=Calendar of Abstracst 1922|pages=788|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2015}}</ref> This acquaintance led to a years-long correspondence between the two on matters of physics and their shared interest in the development of the science.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Buchwald|editor-first1=Diana Kormos|editor-last2=Illy|editor-first2=József |editor-last3=Rosenkranz|editor-first3=Ze’ev|editor-last4=Sauer|editor-first4=Tilman|editor-last5=Moses|editor-first5=Osik|title=The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein|volume=14: The Berlin Years: Writings & Correspondence, April 1923-May 1925|chapter=Introduction to Volume 14|pages=Ii|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2015}}</ref> In 1925 Wigand accepted a position as professor of physics and meteorology at the {{lang|de|Landwirtschaftliche Hochschule}}, Hohenheim-Stuttgart (now the [[University of Hohenheim]]), while also teaching courses in meteorology at the {{lang|de|Technische Hochschule}}, Stuttgart (now the [[University of Stuttgart]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Volz|first=Robert|title=Reichshandbuch der deutschen Gesellschaft. Das Handbuch der Persönlichkeiten in Wort und Bild|volume=2 ''L–Z.''|publisher=Deutscher Wirtschaftsverlag|location=Berlin|year=1931|page=2032}}</ref>

Wigand's particular scientific focus was on clouds, especially [[Cloud condensation nuclei]], their origin, and the effect they had on both clouds and objects passing through them. He was also particularly interested in the role of CCNs as ''cloud seeds.''<ref>{{cite book |last=Carr, Jr. |first=John T. |date=April 1965 |title=The Current Status of Weather Modification: A Summary, 1964 |url=https://www.twdb.texas.gov/publications/reports/bulletins/doc/B6504.pdf |location=Austin |publisher=Texas Water Commission|pages=4, 34, 48}}</ref> Indeed, as part of his study of cloud matter, Wigand was one of the first scientists to successfully collect and study cloud particles in mid-air.<ref>{{cite book |last=Pruppacher |first=H. R. |last2=Klett |first2=J. D. |date=2010 |title=Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation |url= |location=Dordrecht |publisher=Springer Science |page=954 |isbn=978-0-7923-4211-3}}</ref>


In early 1929, Wigand travelled to the United States, at the instigation of Albert Einstein, where he worked with [[Louis Agricola Bauer|Louis A. Bauer]] in the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism at the [[Carnegie Institution for Science]].<ref>"New York, New York Passenger and Crew Lists, 1909, 1925-1957," database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33SQ-G5HH-97ZG?cc=1923888&wc=MFKM-D68%3A1029917901 : 2 October 2015), 4610 - vol 10071-10072, Oct 19, 1929 > image 407 of 1021; citing NARA microfilm publication T715 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Buchwald|editor-first1=Diana Kormos|editor-last2=Illy|editor-first2=József |editor-last3=Rosenkranz|editor-first3=Ze’ev|editor-last4=Sauer|editor-first4=Tilman|editor-last5=Moses|editor-first5=Osik|title=The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein|volume=14: The Berlin Years: Writings & Correspondence, April 1923-May 1925|chapter=Introduction to Volume 14|pages=Ii|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2015}}</ref> Soon after returning to Prussia, Wigand was invite by [[University of Hamburg]] to occupy the newly established Chair of the department of Meteorology, a continuation of the position once held by [[Alfred Wegener]]. Directorship of the University of Hamburg Meteorological Institute also entailed directing the {{lang|de|Deutsche Seewarte}}'s Meteorological Experiment Station. On July 4, 1931, Wigand was appointed [[Rector (academia)|rector]] of the University of Hamburg for the period October 1, 1931 to September 30, 1932. Wigand's rectorship at the University of Hamburg proved to be his last important post, and he left a mark in that role. He was a staunch opponent of the [[Weimar Republic]], and actively supported the [[nationalist]] and [[socialist]] elements within the student body.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lipton|first=D.R.|year=1978|title=Ernst Cassirer: The Dilemma of a Liberal Intellectual in Germany, 1914-1933|location=United Kingdom|publisher=University of Toronto Press}}</ref> He was quoted as having described German politics as an "[[Augean stable]]" that needed cleansing from the "stain" of "[[International Jewish conspiracy|foreign influence]]," and even took it upon himself to introduce classes in [[military science]] to the curriculum, promising to “lead his students into a riot with banners flying.”<ref name=krause>{{cite book|editor-last1=Krause|editor-first1=Eckhart|editor-last2=Huber|editor-first2=Ludwig|editor-last3=Fischer|editor-first3=Holger|title=Hochschulalltag im "Dritten Reich." Die Hamburger Universität 1933-1945|series=Hamburger Beiträge zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte|publisher=Dietrich Reimer|location=Hamburg|year=1991|page=544}}</ref> After his death in 1932, the student body presented the University with a bronze bust of Wigand at the 1933 [[Labor Day]] celebrations.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--not stated--> |date=April 26, 1933|title=A Gift for the University|work=Hamburger Nachrichten|location=Hamburg}}</ref> For many years after, the bust was the site of gatherings of [[Nazi]] and Nazi-sympathizing students, which ultimately led to the toppling of the bust by student activists in 2007.<ref>Universität Hamburg (2007, January 30) ''Universitätsleitung verurteilt Zerstörungsaktion im Hauptgebäude''. [Press release] https://www.uni-hamburg.de/en/newsroom/presse/2007/pm13.html</ref>
In early 1929, Wigand travelled to the United States, at the instigation of Albert Einstein, where he worked with [[Louis Agricola Bauer|Louis A. Bauer]] in the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism at the [[Carnegie Institution for Science]].<ref>"New York, New York Passenger and Crew Lists, 1909, 1925-1957," database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33SQ-G5HH-97ZG?cc=1923888&wc=MFKM-D68%3A1029917901 : 2 October 2015), 4610 - vol 10071-10072, Oct 19, 1929 > image 407 of 1021; citing NARA microfilm publication T715 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Buchwald|editor-first1=Diana Kormos|editor-last2=Illy|editor-first2=József |editor-last3=Rosenkranz|editor-first3=Ze’ev|editor-last4=Sauer|editor-first4=Tilman|editor-last5=Moses|editor-first5=Osik|title=The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein|volume=14: The Berlin Years: Writings & Correspondence, April 1923-May 1925|chapter=Introduction to Volume 14|pages=Ii|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2015}}</ref> Soon after returning to Prussia, Wigand was invite by [[University of Hamburg]] to occupy the newly established Chair of the department of Meteorology, a continuation of the position once held by [[Alfred Wegener]]. Directorship of the University of Hamburg Meteorological Institute also entailed directing the {{lang|de|Deutsche Seewarte}}'s Meteorological Experiment Station. On July 4, 1931, Wigand was appointed [[Rector (academia)|rector]] of the University of Hamburg for the period October 1, 1931 to September 30, 1932. Wigand's rectorship at the University of Hamburg proved to be his last important post, and he left a mark in that role. He was a staunch opponent of the [[Weimar Republic]], and actively supported the [[nationalist]] and [[socialist]] elements within the student body.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lipton|first=D.R.|year=1978|title=Ernst Cassirer: The Dilemma of a Liberal Intellectual in Germany, 1914-1933|location=United Kingdom|publisher=University of Toronto Press}}</ref> He was quoted as having described German politics as an "[[Augean stable]]" that needed cleansing from the "stain" of "[[International Jewish conspiracy|foreign influence]]," and even took it upon himself to introduce classes in [[military science]] to the curriculum, promising to “lead his students into a riot with banners flying.”<ref name=krause>{{cite book|editor-last1=Krause|editor-first1=Eckhart|editor-last2=Huber|editor-first2=Ludwig|editor-last3=Fischer|editor-first3=Holger|title=Hochschulalltag im "Dritten Reich." Die Hamburger Universität 1933-1945|series=Hamburger Beiträge zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte|publisher=Dietrich Reimer|location=Hamburg|year=1991|page=544}}</ref> After his death in 1932, the student body presented the University with a bronze bust of Wigand at the 1933 [[Labor Day]] celebrations.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--not stated--> |date=April 26, 1933|title=A Gift for the University|work=Hamburger Nachrichten|location=Hamburg}}</ref> For many years after, the bust was the site of gatherings of [[Nazi]] and Nazi-sympathizing students, which ultimately led to the toppling of the bust by student activists in 2007.<ref>Universität Hamburg (2007, January 30) ''Universitätsleitung verurteilt Zerstörungsaktion im Hauptgebäude''. [Press release] https://www.uni-hamburg.de/en/newsroom/presse/2007/pm13.html</ref>

Revision as of 21:06, 10 July 2023

Not to be confused with his grandfather, botanist Albert Wigand.
Albert Wigand
Dr. phil.
Born(1882-10-21)21 October 1882
Kassel, Hesse-Nassau, Prussia
Died18 December 1932(1932-12-18) (aged 50)
Hamburg, Prussia
Alma materPhilipps University of Marburg
Scientific career
FieldsPhysics, Meteorology
Thesis "Über Temperaturabhängigkeit der spezifischen Wärme fester elemente und über spezifische Wärme und spezifisches Gewicht ihrer allotropen Modifikationen"  (1905)
Doctoral advisorFranz Richarz

Ernst Heinrich Paul Albert Wigand (October 21, 1882 – December 18, 1932), known as Albert Wigand, was a German university professor, physicist, and meteorologist.

Biography

Early life

Albert Wigand was born in Kassel, then part of the Prussian Province of Hesse-Nassau, to Dr. Paul Wigand, a Catholic Apostolic clergyman, and his wife Luise (née Thiersch; September 12, 1856 – April 23, 1919).[1] He was a descendant of two old families of theologians and natural philosophers; his paternal grandfather (and namesake) was the botanist, pharmacologist and staunch creationist Albert Wigand, and his maternal grandfather was the philologist and theologian H. W. J. Thiersch.[2] Through his father he was descended from the evangelical theologian Johann Jakob Pfeiffer and the jurist Friedrich Kulenkamp, and was a relative of Burkhard Wilhelm Pfeiffer, Louis Pfeiffer, Carl Jonas Pfeiffer, Franz Pfeiffer and Adolf von Deines. His mother’s relatives included her aforementioned father, her grandfather Friedrich Thiersch, her brother Friedrich von Thiersch, her uncles Karl and Ludwig Thiersch, and her nephew Paul Thiersch.

After completing his studies at Frankfurt-am-Main’s humanistic Lessing Gymnasium, Wigand studied natural sciences, mathematics, and philosophy from 1901 to 1906 at the Universities of Marburg and Munich. In 1906, he received the degree of Dr. phil. from the University of Marburg, where he completed his thesis Über Temperaturabhängigkeit der spezifischen Wärme fester elemente und über spezifische Wärme und spezifisches Gewicht ihrer allotropen Modifikationen (On the temperature dependence of the specific heat of solid elements and on the specific heat and specific gravity of their allotropic modifications) under his advisor, Dr. Franz Richarz.[3] In the same year, he also passed the state propaedeutical examination for university-level instructors of physics, mathematics, chemistry, mineralogy and philosophy. Wigand worked as an assistant to his advisor Richarz until 1907, at which point he was engaged as an assistant to Wilhelm Hallwachs in the physics department at the Technische Hochschule in Dresden. In 1910, Wigand continued his career as an assistant in physics, this time at the Physical Institute of the University of Halle at Dorn, and in 1911 became qualified as a Privatdozent in physics and physical chemistry.[4]

During the First World War, Wigand was wounded in combat, and was awarded the Iron Cross, 2nd class.[1] After his injury, he was recommissioned as a lieutenant in the Luftstreitkräfte reserve, monitoring local weather conditions from the command center in Charlottenburg.[5] It was also during this period that Wigand met and married Else von Hippel (August 21, 1895 - December 18, 1932), daughter of the German ophthalmologist, Eugen von Hippel.[3]

Scientific career

Wigand had achieved full professorship by 1917, and in 1921 he was working as an adjunct professor (nichtbeamteter außerordentlicher Professor) at Halle.[1] At some point between 1917 and 1922, Wigand became acquainted with Albert Einstein, who was at the time the director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics.[6] Einstein was instrumental in approving an institutional grant to support Wigand's research into aeronautics.[7] This acquaintance led to a years-long correspondence between the two on matters of physics and their shared interest in the development of the science.[8] In 1925 Wigand accepted a position as professor of physics and meteorology at the Landwirtschaftliche Hochschule, Hohenheim-Stuttgart (now the University of Hohenheim), while also teaching courses in meteorology at the Technische Hochschule, Stuttgart (now the University of Stuttgart.[9]

Wigand's particular scientific focus was on clouds, especially Cloud condensation nuclei, their origin, and the effect they had on both clouds and objects passing through them. He was also particularly interested in the role of CCNs as cloud seeds.[10] Indeed, as part of his study of cloud matter, Wigand was one of the first scientists to successfully collect and study cloud particles in mid-air.[11]

In early 1929, Wigand travelled to the United States, at the instigation of Albert Einstein, where he worked with Louis A. Bauer in the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism at the Carnegie Institution for Science.[12][13] Soon after returning to Prussia, Wigand was invite by University of Hamburg to occupy the newly established Chair of the department of Meteorology, a continuation of the position once held by Alfred Wegener. Directorship of the University of Hamburg Meteorological Institute also entailed directing the Deutsche Seewarte's Meteorological Experiment Station. On July 4, 1931, Wigand was appointed rector of the University of Hamburg for the period October 1, 1931 to September 30, 1932. Wigand's rectorship at the University of Hamburg proved to be his last important post, and he left a mark in that role. He was a staunch opponent of the Weimar Republic, and actively supported the nationalist and socialist elements within the student body.[14] He was quoted as having described German politics as an "Augean stable" that needed cleansing from the "stain" of "foreign influence," and even took it upon himself to introduce classes in military science to the curriculum, promising to “lead his students into a riot with banners flying.”[15] After his death in 1932, the student body presented the University with a bronze bust of Wigand at the 1933 Labor Day celebrations.[16] For many years after, the bust was the site of gatherings of Nazi and Nazi-sympathizing students, which ultimately led to the toppling of the bust by student activists in 2007.[17]

Published works

  • Über Temperaturabhängigkeit der spezifischen Wärme fester elemente und über spezifische Wärme und spezifisches Gewicht ihrer allotropen Modifikationen (D. Phil.). Marburg: R. Friederich's Universitäts-Buchdruckerei. 1905.
  • "Statik und Kinetik der Umwandlung im flüssigen Schwefel und die Schmelzwärme des monoklinen Schwefels". Z. Phys. Chem. 63. Berlin: De Gruyter: 273–306. 1908.
  • "Der Zustand erstarrter Schwefelschmelzen". Z. Phys. Chem. 72. Berlin: De Gruyter: 752–758. 1910.
  • "Die Löslichkeit des "unlöslichen Schwefels"". Z. Phys. Chem. 75. Berlin: De Gruyter: 235–244. 1911.
  • "Die umkehrbare Lichtreaktion des Schwefels". Z. Phys. Chem. 77. Berlin: De Gruyter: 423–471. 1911.
  • "Physikalische Probleme für Hochfahrten im Freiballon". Mitt. D. Naturf. Ges. Halle A. D. S. 3. Halle: H. W. Schmidt. 1913.
  • "Über die Natur der Kondensationskerne in der Atmosphäre insbesondere über die Kernwirkung von Staub und Rauch". Meteorol. Z. 30: 10–18. 1913.
  • "Messungen der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit in der freien Atmosphäre bis 9000 m Höhe". Verh. D. Deutschen Physik. Ges. 16: 232–239. 1914.
  • Wigand, Albert (1914). "Measurements of the electrical conductivity in the free atmosphere up to 9,000 meters in height". Terr. Magn. Atmos. Electr. 19 (2): 93–101. Bibcode:1914TeMAE..19...93W. doi:10.1029/TE019i002p00093.
  • "Mesures de conductibilité électrique dans l'atmosphère libre jusqu'à 9000 mètres d'altitude". Le Radium. 11 (7): 204–208. 1914.
  • Abderhalden, E., ed. (1914). "Wissenschaftliche Hochfahrten im Freiballon". Fortschritte der naturwissenschaftlichen Forschung. Vol. X. Berlin & Wien.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Wigand, Albert. "Die vertikale Verteilung der Kondensationskerne in der freien Atmosphäre." Annalen der Physik 364, no. 16 (1919): 689-741.
  • Wigand, A. (1919). a Method of Measuring Visibility. Monthly Weather Review, 47(11), 808-808.
  • Wigand, A. (1921). Die elektrische Leitfähigkeit in der freien Atmosphäre, nach Messungen bei Hochfahrten im Freiballon. Annalen der Physik, 371(18), 81-109.
  • Everling, E., & Wigand, A. (1921). Spannungsgefälle und vertikaler Leitungsstrom in der freien Atmosphäre, nach Messungen bei Hochfahrten im Freiballon. Annalen der Physik, 371(20), 261-282.
  • Luftelektrische Untersuchungen bei Flugzeugaufstiegen. Berlin: Gebr. Borntraeger. 1925.
  • Halle, A. S., & Wigand, A. (1925). Summary of atmospheric‐electric investigations during airplane flights. Terrestrial Magnetism and Atmospheric Electricity, 30(1), 33-34.
  • Wigand, A., & Kircher, K. (1927). Schnellwirkende luftelektrische Kollektoren. Gerlands Beitr. Geophys., 17, 379-379.
  • Wigand, A., & Wenk, F. (1928). Der Gehalt der Luft an Radium‐Emanation, nach Messungen bei Flugzeugaufstiegen. Annalen der Physik, 391(13), 657-686.
  • Die Atmosphäre als Kolloid (with August Schmauß), 1929.
  • Wigand, A., & Frankenberger, E. (1930). Stability and Coagulation of Mists and Clouds. Physik. Z, 31, 204-15.

References

  1. ^ a b c Deutsche Biographische Enzyklopädie. Vol. 10. München. 1999. p. 492.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  2. ^ "Prorektor Professor Dr. Wigand †". Hamburger Nachrichten. Hamburg. December 19, 1932.
  3. ^ a b Dominik, H. (1933). "Biographical sketch of Professor Doctor Albert Wigand". Terrestrial Magnetism and Atmospheric Electricity. 38 (2): 145. Bibcode:1933TeMAE..38..145D. doi:10.1029/TE038i002p00145.
  4. ^ Kürschners Deutscher Gelehrten-Kalender (4 ed.). Berlin/Leipzig. 1931. p. 3972.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  5. ^ "Albert Wigand".
  6. ^ Goenner, Hubert; Castagnetti, Giuseppe (2020). Establishing Quantum Physics in Berlin: Einstein and the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics, 1917–1922. Springer Briefs in History of Scienceand Technology. Cham: Springer.
  7. ^ Buchwald, Diana Kormos; Illy, József; Rosenkranz, Ze’ev; Sauer, Tilman; Moses, Osik, eds. (2015). "Calendar of Abstracst 1922". The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein. Vol. 13: The Berlin Years: Writings & Correspondence January 1922-March 1923. Princeton University Press. p. 788.
  8. ^ Buchwald, Diana Kormos; Illy, József; Rosenkranz, Ze’ev; Sauer, Tilman; Moses, Osik, eds. (2015). "Introduction to Volume 14". The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein. Vol. 14: The Berlin Years: Writings & Correspondence, April 1923-May 1925. Princeton University Press. pp. Ii.
  9. ^ Volz, Robert (1931). Reichshandbuch der deutschen Gesellschaft. Das Handbuch der Persönlichkeiten in Wort und Bild. Vol. 2 L–Z. Berlin: Deutscher Wirtschaftsverlag. p. 2032.
  10. ^ Carr, Jr., John T. (April 1965). The Current Status of Weather Modification: A Summary, 1964 (PDF). Austin: Texas Water Commission. pp. 4, 34, 48.
  11. ^ Pruppacher, H. R.; Klett, J. D. (2010). Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation. Dordrecht: Springer Science. p. 954. ISBN 978-0-7923-4211-3.
  12. ^ "New York, New York Passenger and Crew Lists, 1909, 1925-1957," database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33SQ-G5HH-97ZG?cc=1923888&wc=MFKM-D68%3A1029917901 : 2 October 2015), 4610 - vol 10071-10072, Oct 19, 1929 > image 407 of 1021; citing NARA microfilm publication T715 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).
  13. ^ Buchwald, Diana Kormos; Illy, József; Rosenkranz, Ze’ev; Sauer, Tilman; Moses, Osik, eds. (2015). "Introduction to Volume 14". The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein. Vol. 14: The Berlin Years: Writings & Correspondence, April 1923-May 1925. Princeton University Press. pp. Ii.
  14. ^ Lipton, D.R. (1978). Ernst Cassirer: The Dilemma of a Liberal Intellectual in Germany, 1914-1933. United Kingdom: University of Toronto Press.
  15. ^ Krause, Eckhart; Huber, Ludwig; Fischer, Holger, eds. (1991). Hochschulalltag im "Dritten Reich." Die Hamburger Universität 1933-1945. Hamburger Beiträge zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte. Hamburg: Dietrich Reimer. p. 544.
  16. ^ "A Gift for the University". Hamburger Nachrichten. Hamburg. April 26, 1933.
  17. ^ Universität Hamburg (2007, January 30) Universitätsleitung verurteilt Zerstörungsaktion im Hauptgebäude. [Press release] https://www.uni-hamburg.de/en/newsroom/presse/2007/pm13.html
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