Pamianthe peruviana: Difference between revisions
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==History== |
==History== |
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Pam discovered the species in 1926 on a bulb collecting expedition in Peru.<ref name |
Pam discovered the species in 1926 on a bulb collecting expedition in Peru.<ref name="Roberts, 2016">{{Cite book |last=Roberts |first=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pcS-DAAAQBAJ |title=Schroders: Merchants & Bankers |date=2016-07-27 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-349-09650-3 |language=en}}</ref> Other sources state he received bulbs from Peru in 1928.<ref name = "Brickell & Sharman, 1986">Brickell, C., Sharman, F. (1986). The Vanishing Garden: A Conservation Guide to Garden Plants. United Kingdom: Murray.</ref><ref name = "Meerow et al., 2019" /> Pam, who introduced the species to horticulture, was a friend of the horticulturalist [[Edward Augustus Bowles]] (1865 - 1954),<ref name = "Mathew & Mathew, 1996">Mathew, B., Mathew, M., & Pacific Bulb Society. (1996). The Bulb Newsletter Vol. 16 (version 2016). p. 11. [Pdf]. https://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/files/TBN/BN.php?v=16</ref><ref name = "Stebbings, 2017" /> to whom he gave a ''Pamianthe peruviana'' specimen in the 1930s.<ref name = "Bowles, 2020">Bowles, L. P. (2020, October 2). Myddelton House gardens Edward Augustus ‘Gussie’ Bowles horticulturist. Tatler. Retrieved April 12, 2023, from https://www.tatler.com/article/myddelton-house-gardens-edward-augustus-gussie-bowles-horticulturist</ref> He also donated ''Pamianthe peruviana'' to the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew in 1937.<ref>Appendix: Review of the Work of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, during 1937. (1937). Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew), 1937(10), 529–577. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4107164</ref> |
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==Habitat== |
==Habitat== |
Revision as of 08:52, 5 September 2023
Pamianthe peruviana Early | |
---|---|
Botanical illustration of Pamianthe peruviana | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Monocots |
Order: | Asparagales |
Family: | Amaryllidaceae |
Subfamily: | Amaryllidoideae |
Genus: | Pamianthe |
Species: | P. peruviana
|
Binomial name | |
Pamianthe peruviana Stapf
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Pamianthe peruviana is native to Peru and Bolivia[2] | |
Synonyms[2][3] | |
Pamianthe cardenasii Traub |
Pamianthe peruviana, also known as the giant Peruvian daffodil,[4][5] is a species of epiphytic plant native to seasonally dry areas of Peru and Bolivia.[2]
Description
Vegetative characteristics
The perennial plants with bulbs[6] produce 5-7 linear leaves[7] with a prominent mid vein,[8] which form a pseudo-stem of up to 30 cm in length. Each leaf may reach lengths of up to 50 cm and widths of 2-4 cm.[6]
Generative characteristics
The bisexual, radially symmetrical flowers are intensely fragrant.[9][10][6] They resemble the flowers of Pancratium.[11][3] They are produced in groups of 2-4 flowers, which have a 12-25 cm long perianth tube with three nectariferous channels. These features could suggest moth pollination. The pedicel is 1.5-3 cm long. With 8 cm of length, the outer tepals are slightly longer than the 7 cm long staminal cup.[8] The incurved stamens with dorsifixed anthers are inserted in deep notches of the staminal cup, or corona.[6]
Reproduction
Generative reproduction
Pamianthe is presumed to be moth pollinated based on their floral morphology.[12] Specifically sphingid moths come into question.[8] The plant is self compatible. The fruit takes 12-15 months to mature.[11][6][10] Rapid germination occurs under humid conditions at 16-21°C.[13][6] Seedlings reach maturity within four to five years.[11][14]
Vegetative reproduction
Pamianthe peruviana can also reprocuce asexually through stolons.[15][16]
Cytology
The diploid chromosome count of Pamianthe is 2n = 46.[17][18]
Etymology
The generic name Pamianthe refers to Major Albert Pam.[19][20][8][21] The specific epithet peruviana references this species origin in Peru.
History
Pam discovered the species in 1926 on a bulb collecting expedition in Peru.[20] Other sources state he received bulbs from Peru in 1928.[16][8] Pam, who introduced the species to horticulture, was a friend of the horticulturalist Edward Augustus Bowles (1865 - 1954),[21][19] to whom he gave a Pamianthe peruviana specimen in the 1930s.[22] He also donated Pamianthe peruviana to the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew in 1937.[23]
Habitat
It was found along streams in the warm to temperate northern region of Peru at elevations of 1800 m above sea level.[24][25]
Taxonomy
Taxon authorship
There is conflicting information on the taxon authorship of this species. One source claims it to be anonymous,[26] whereas most give Otto Stapf as the taxon author. The type specimen, which was cultivated by Albert Pam in the United Kingdom, is associated with Stapf as the taxon author.[27]
Role as type species
Pamianthe peruviana is the type species of the genus Pamianthe.[8]
Synonym status of Pamianthe cardenasii
Despite being the same taxon,[2][8] it has been reported that Pamianthe cardenasii were a bulbous geophyte, and Pamianthe peruviana were an epiphyte.[28]
Phylogeny
Some degree of possible hybridization was identified between Pamianthe peruviana and Pamianthe ecollis. According to a molecular clock analsis, both species shared a common ancestor 18.22 million years ago. This means Pamianthe peruviana diverged in the early Miocene.[1]
Conservation
It is presumed to be extinct in the wild.[29][30][31] It is not known when it was last recorded.[32] According to the Cambridge Botanic Garden the conservation status has not been evaluated.[33] Under its synonym Pamianthe cardenasii Traub it has also been classified as not evaluated by the national herbarium of Bolivia in 2005.[34]
Ex-situ conservation is ensured in several living collections, such as the living collection of the Gothenburg Botanical Garden, the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh Living Plant Collections,[35] the Oxford Botanic Garden,[4] as well as private collections.
Horticulture
Despite it being very rare in cultivation,[36] it can be easily cultivated as a houseplant if kept in a well aerated substrate,[37] because it is intolerant of waterlogged conditions, which rapidly induce root rot.[11] Ideally, it should be cultivated under moderately bright, humid conditions at temperatures of 18-30°C.[36] Seeds can be sown all year round. The optimal time is March-August. The remaining months are less optimal. The germination temperature should not be below 20°C.[38] Pamianthe makes a good greenhouse or container display.[39] It is also suitable as a long-lasting cut flower.[16]
References
- ^ a b Meerow, A. W., Gardner, E. M., & Nakamura, K. (2020). "Phylogenomics of the Andean tetraploid clade of the American Amaryllidaceae (subfamily Amaryllidoideae): unlocking a polyploid generic radiation abetted by continental geodynamics." Frontiers in Plant Science, 11, 582422.
- ^ a b c d "Pamianthe peruviana Stapf". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
- ^ a b Howard, Thad M. (2010-07-05). Bulbs for Warm Climates. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-78520-5.
- ^ a b Thorogood, C. (2023a, February 22). Giant Peruvian daffodils (Pamianthe peruviana) trumpeting in the conservatory at Oxford Botanic Garden. Twitter. Retrieved April 16, 2023, from https://twitter.com/thorogoodchris1/status/1628313301632397312
- ^ Schuessler, Lynn (2020-02-25). "A Community Read Conversation with Sue Burke". Longwood Gardens. Retrieved 2023-09-05.
- ^ a b c d e f Cullen, James; Knees, Sabina G.; Cubey, H. Suzanne; Shaw, J. M. H. (2011-08-11). The European Garden Flora Flowering Plants: A Manual for the Identification of Plants Cultivated in Europe, Both Out-of-Doors and Under Glass. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-76147-5.
- ^ United States. Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils, of Plant Exploration, A. E. D., Introduction, of Plant Introduction, U. S. A. R. S. S., Branch, U. S. A. R. S. N. C. R., (u.s.), N. G. R. L., & Services, U. S. A. R. (1939). Plant Inventory. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=aVFQbE_6LToC
- ^ a b c d e f g Meerow, Alan W.; Silverstone-Sopkin, Philip A.; Zuluaga-Tróchez, Alejandro; Sánchez-Taborda, Jhon A. (2019-01-17). "A remarkable new species of Pamianthe (Amaryllidaceae) from the Department of Cauca, Colombia". PhytoKeys (115): 73–82. doi:10.3897/phytokeys.115.30755. ISSN 1314-2011. PMC 6345734. PMID 30692867.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ "Pamianthe peruviana, Pamianthe". TopTropicals.com - rare plants for home and garden. Retrieved 2023-09-05.
- ^ a b "Pamianthe peruviana". The Bulb Maven. Retrieved 2023-09-05.
- ^ a b c d Cheli, M. (2018c, December 16). Pamianthe. L’eden Di Fiori E Piante. Retrieved April 16, 2023, from https://www.edendeifiori.it/5364/pamianthe.php
- ^ Meerow, A. W. (2010). "Convergence or reticulation? Mosaic evolution in the canalized American Amaryllidaceae." Diversity, phylogeny and evolution in the monocotyledons. Aarhus University Press, Aarhus, 145-168.
- ^ RHS Propagating Plants: How to Create New Plants For Free. Dorling Kindersley Limited. 2019-03-07. ISBN 978-0-241-44342-2.
- ^ SUBTROPICALS (Vol. 2., No. 3). (2003). p. 34. [Pdf]. Subtropicals Society. https://www.rnzih.org.nz/Subtropicals_magazine/SUBTROPICALS-Vol2-No3.pdf
- ^ Knecht, U. (2012b, October 4). Pamianthe peruviana asexual reproduction. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/morabeza79/8293571468/in/album-72157629751941598/
- ^ a b c Brickell, C., Sharman, F. (1986). The Vanishing Garden: A Conservation Guide to Garden Plants. United Kingdom: Murray.
- ^ Kubitzki, Klaus (2013-06-29). Flowering Plants. Monocotyledons: Lilianae (except Orchidaceae). Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-3-662-03533-7.
- ^ Meerow, Alan (1984-01-01). "Two new species of pancratioid Amaryllidaceae from Peru and Ecuador". Brittonia. 36 (1): 18–25. doi:10.2307/2806286. ISSN 1938-436X.
- ^ a b "Pamianthe peruviana". The Biking Gardener. 2017-01-14. Retrieved 2023-09-05.
- ^ a b Roberts, Richard (2016-07-27). Schroders: Merchants & Bankers. Springer. ISBN 978-1-349-09650-3.
- ^ a b Mathew, B., Mathew, M., & Pacific Bulb Society. (1996). The Bulb Newsletter Vol. 16 (version 2016). p. 11. [Pdf]. https://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/files/TBN/BN.php?v=16
- ^ Bowles, L. P. (2020, October 2). Myddelton House gardens Edward Augustus ‘Gussie’ Bowles horticulturist. Tatler. Retrieved April 12, 2023, from https://www.tatler.com/article/myddelton-house-gardens-edward-augustus-gussie-bowles-horticulturist
- ^ Appendix: Review of the Work of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, during 1937. (1937). Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew), 1937(10), 529–577. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4107164
- ^ LIBRI E RIVISTE. (1933). Bullettino Della R. Società Toscana Di Orticultura, 18(7/8), 124–127. http://www.jstor.org/stable/42886976
- ^ Field Museum of Natural History. (1936). Publication. Field Museum of Natural History Botanical series. (Vol. v.13:pt.1:no.1 (1936)) "p. 673." Chicago, Field Museum of Natural History, 1912-1947.
- ^ Missouri Botanical Garden. (n.d.). Pamianthe peruviana Anonymous. Tropicos. Retrieved April 16, 2023, from https://tropicos.org/name/1202149
- ^ Type of Pamianthe peruviana Stapf [family AMARYLLIDACEAE]. (n.d.). JSTOR Global Plants. Retrieved April 16, 2023, from https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.k000322364
- ^ Zotz, G., Schickenberg, N., & Albach, D. (2017). "The velamen radicum is common among terrestrial monocotyledons." Annals of Botany, 120(5), 625-632.
- ^ Holmes, B. (n.d.-b). Pamianthe peruviana Stapf. The Recently Extinct Plants and Animals Database. Retrieved April 14, 2023, from https://recentlyextinctspecies.com/asparagales-aloes-asparagus-garlic-irises-onions-etc/pamianthe-peruviana
- ^ Knecht, U. (2012, March 17). Pamianthe peruviana. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/morabeza79/6846004820
- ^ Pamianthe peruviana - “Peruvian Daffodil.” (n.d.). Strange Wonderful Things | Rare and Exotic Plants. Retrieved April 12, 2023, from https://strangewonderfulthings.com/437.htm
- ^ Holmes, B. (n.d.-a). Asparagales - The Recently Extinct Plants and Animals Database. Retrieved April 14, 2023, from https://recentlyextinctspecies.com/databases/asparagales
- ^ Pamianthe peruviana. (n.d.). Cambridge Botanic Garden. Retrieved April 12, 2023, from https://www.botanic.cam.ac.uk/collections/collectionsportal/plant-details?accession_number=20130568&add=true
- ^ Meneses, R. I., & Beck, S. (2005). Especies amenazadas de la flora de Bolivia. Herbario Nacional de Bolivia, La Paz. p. 29.
- ^ Pamianthe peruviana Stapf in GBIF Secretariat (2022). GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Checklist dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/39omei accessed via GBIF.org on 2023-04-15.
- ^ a b Knecht, J. U. (2012, May 17). Pamianthe peruviana: amazing epiphytic bulb! [Online forum post]. Orchids Forum. Retrieved April 14, 2023, from https://www.orchidsforum.com/threads/pamianthe-peruviana-amazing-epiphytic-bulb.10240/
- ^ Pamianthe. (2021, February 16). Pacific Bulb Society. Retrieved April 12, 2023, from https://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/index.php/Pamianthe
- ^ Aussaatmonate und minimale Aussaattemperaturen. (2023, January 30). Rareplants.eu. Retrieved April 14, 2023, from http://www.rareplants.es/shop/uploads/files_versions/Tabelle_Aussaatmonate_www.rareplants.de.pdf
- ^ Laurent, A. (2016). "I. AMARYLLIDACEAE / AMARYLLIS FAMILY." In Botanical Art from the Golden Age of Scientific Discovery (pp. 10-15). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/9780226321103-002