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Fossil [[Bone bed|bonebeds]] in the vicinity of [[Archer City, Texas|Archer City]] were first investigated by [[Alfred Romer]] and [[Llewellyn Ivor Price|Llewellyn Price]] starting in the late 1920s.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Romer |first=A.S. |date=1928 |title=Vertebrate faunal horizons in the Texas Permo-Carboniferous red bed |url=https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/77984/txu-oclc-6268338.pdf#page=68 |journal=University of Texas Bulletin |volume=2801 |pages=67–108}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Romer |first=A. S. |date=1935-11-30 |title=Early history of Texas redbeds vertebrates |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsabulletin/article/46/11/1597-1657/3415 |journal=Geological Society of America Bulletin |language=en |volume=46 |issue=11 |pages=1597–1657 |doi=10.1130/GSAB-46-1597 |issn=0016-7606}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Romer |first=A. S. |title=Review of the Pelycosauria |date=1940 |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/417/chapter/3798218/ |work=Geological Society of America Special Papers |volume=28 |pages=1–534 |access-date= |publisher=Geological Society of America |language=en |doi=10.1130/spe28-p1 |last2=Price |first2=L. W.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Romer |first=Alfred Sherwood |date=27 November 1974 |title=The stratigraphy of the Permian Wichita redbeds of Texas |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/6590300#page/337/mode/1up |journal=Breviora |volume=427 |pages=1–31}}</ref> At the time, these bonebeds were assigned to the [[Putnam Formation]] of the [[Cisco Group]]. The Archer City Formation was first named in a 1987 [[geologic map]] seeking to update the stratigraphy of Central Texas.<ref name=":2">{{Citation |last=Hentz |first=Tucker F. |title=Wichita Falls-Lawton sheet |url=https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_19390.htm |work=Geologic atlas of Texas |year=1987 |publication-place=Austin |publisher=The University of Texas and Bureau of Economic Geology |last2=Brown |first2=L.F., Jr.}}</ref> The formation and its stratigraphic placement were formalized in text a year later.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Hentz |first=Tucker F. |date=1988 |title=Lithostratigraphy and Paleoenvironments of Upper Paleozoic Continental Red Beds, North-central Texas: Bowie (new) and Wichita (revised) Groups |journal=The University of Texas at Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology, Report of Investigations |volume=170}}</ref>
Fossil [[Bone bed|bonebeds]] in the vicinity of [[Archer City, Texas|Archer City]] were first investigated by [[Alfred Romer]] and [[Llewellyn Ivor Price|Llewellyn Price]] starting in the late 1920s.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Romer |first=A.S. |date=1928 |title=Vertebrate faunal horizons in the Texas Permo-Carboniferous red bed |url=https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/77984/txu-oclc-6268338.pdf#page=68 |journal=University of Texas Bulletin |volume=2801 |pages=67–108}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Romer |first=A. S. |date=1935-11-30 |title=Early history of Texas redbeds vertebrates |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsabulletin/article/46/11/1597-1657/3415 |journal=Geological Society of America Bulletin |language=en |volume=46 |issue=11 |pages=1597–1657 |doi=10.1130/GSAB-46-1597 |issn=0016-7606}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Romer |first=A. S. |title=Review of the Pelycosauria |date=1940 |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/417/chapter/3798218/ |work=Geological Society of America Special Papers |volume=28 |pages=1–534 |access-date= |publisher=Geological Society of America |language=en |doi=10.1130/spe28-p1 |last2=Price |first2=L. W.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Romer |first=Alfred Sherwood |date=27 November 1974 |title=The stratigraphy of the Permian Wichita redbeds of Texas |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/6590300#page/337/mode/1up |journal=Breviora |volume=427 |pages=1–31}}</ref> At the time, these bonebeds were assigned to the [[Putnam Formation]] of the [[Cisco Group]]. The Archer City Formation was first named in a 1987 [[geologic map]] seeking to update the stratigraphy of Central Texas.<ref name=":2">{{Citation |last=Hentz |first=Tucker F. |title=Wichita Falls-Lawton sheet |url=https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_19390.htm |work=Geologic atlas of Texas |year=1987 |publication-place=Austin |publisher=The University of Texas and Bureau of Economic Geology |last2=Brown |first2=L.F., Jr.}}</ref> The formation and its stratigraphic placement were formalized in text a year later.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Hentz |first=Tucker F. |date=1988 |title=Lithostratigraphy and Paleoenvironments of Upper Paleozoic Continental Red Beds, North-central Texas: Bowie (new) and Wichita (revised) Groups |journal=The University of Texas at Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology, Report of Investigations |volume=170}}</ref>


Under this updated stratigraphic scheme, the Archer City Formation is a unit of the [[Bowie Group]], lying above the [[Markley Formation]] and below the [[Nocona Formation]] of the [[Wichita Group]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" /> Some publications have labelled the Nocona Formation as the “Upper Archer City Formation”, thus considering the Archer City Formation to be a unit of the Wichita Group.<ref name=":4" /> This proposal is not widely agreed upon.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tabor |first=Neil J. |last2=DiMichele |first2=William A. |last3=Montañez |first3=Isabel P. |last4=Chaney |first4=Dan S. |date=2013 |title=Late Paleozoic continental warming of a cold tropical basin and floristic change in western Pangea |url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/21840/paleo_2013_TaborEtAl_TXPenn_PermTransition_IJCG.pdf |journal=International Journal of Coal Geology |volume=119 |pages=177–186 |doi=10.1016/j.coal.2013.07.009 |issn=0166-5162}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=DiMichele |first=William A. |last2=Hotton |first2=Carol L. |last3=Looy |first3=Cindy V. |last4=Hook |first4=Robert W. |date=2019 |title=Paleoecological and paleoenvironmental interpretation of three successive macrofloras and palynofloras from the Kola Switch locality, lower Permian (Archer City Formation, Bowie Group) of Clay County, Texas, USA |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8276796/ |journal=PalZ |volume=93 |issue=3 |pages=423–451 |doi=10.1007/s12542-019-00485-8 |issn=0031-0220}}</ref> The Cisco Group and its constituent formations were restricted to marine strata further south and west. Of these strata, the Archer City Formation is roughly equivalent in time to the Moran Formation, the [[Sedwick Formation]], and the [[Santa Anna Branch shale]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" />
Under this updated stratigraphic scheme, the Archer City Formation is a unit of the [[Bowie Group]], lying above the [[Markley Formation]] and below the [[Nocona Formation]] of the [[Wichita Group]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" /> Some publications have labelled the Nocona Formation as the “Upper Archer City Formation”, thus considering the Archer City Formation to be a unit of the Wichita Group.<ref name=":4" /> This proposal is not widely agreed upon.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Tabor |first=Neil J. |last2=DiMichele |first2=William A. |last3=Montañez |first3=Isabel P. |last4=Chaney |first4=Dan S. |date=2013 |title=Late Paleozoic continental warming of a cold tropical basin and floristic change in western Pangea |url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/21840/paleo_2013_TaborEtAl_TXPenn_PermTransition_IJCG.pdf |journal=International Journal of Coal Geology |volume=119 |pages=177–186 |doi=10.1016/j.coal.2013.07.009 |issn=0166-5162}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=DiMichele |first=William A. |last2=Hotton |first2=Carol L. |last3=Looy |first3=Cindy V. |last4=Hook |first4=Robert W. |date=2019 |title=Paleoecological and paleoenvironmental interpretation of three successive macrofloras and palynofloras from the Kola Switch locality, lower Permian (Archer City Formation, Bowie Group) of Clay County, Texas, USA |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8276796/ |journal=PalZ |volume=93 |issue=3 |pages=423–451 |doi=10.1007/s12542-019-00485-8 |issn=0031-0220}}</ref> The Cisco Group and its constituent formations have been restricted to marine strata further south and west. Of these strata, the Archer City Formation is roughly equivalent in time to the [[Moran Formation]], the [[Sedwick Formation]], and the [[Santa Anna Branch shale]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" />

=== Age ===
Based on correlations with coastal strata further west, the Carboniferous-Permian boundary is positioned near the top of the Markley Formation. This suggests that the Archer City Formation occupies most of the Asselian (299–293 Ma), the first global stage of the Permian Period.<ref name=":5" /> The plant fossils of the Archer City Formation also resemble those of Asselian Europe.<ref name=":6" /> The upper part of the Archer City Formation may extend into the succeeding [[Sakmarian]] stage (293–290 Ma). The Santa Anna Branch Shale and overlying [[Coleman Junction Limestone]] both preserve fossils of ''[[Sweetognathus|Sweetognathus merrilli]]'',<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wardlaw |first=Bruce R. |date=2005 |title=Age assignment of the Pennsylvanian-Early Permian succession of North Central Texas |url=https://permian.stratigraphy.org/files/permophiles/20121027152849807.pdf#page=23 |journal=Permophiles |volume=46 |pages=21–22}}</ref> a [[conodont]] [[index fossil]] of the early Sakmarian. The Asselian and Sakmarian global stages are equivalent to the early-middle parts of the [[Wolfcampian]] regional stage.<ref name=":7">{{Citation |last=DiMichele |first=William A. |title=From wetlands to wet spots: Environmental tracking and the fate of Carboniferous elements in Early Permian tropical floras |date=2006 |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/557/chapter/3802491 |work=Wetlands through Time |access-date= |publisher=Geological Society of America |language=en |doi=10.1130/2006.2399(11) |isbn=978-0-8137-2399-0 |last2=Tabor |first2=Neil J. |last3=Chaney |first3=Dan S. |last4=Nelson |first4=W. John}}</ref>


== Geology ==
== Geology ==
In terms of their [[Lithology|lithologies]], the Archer City and [[Nocona Formation|Nocona]] formations are nearly indistinguishable,<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Lucas |first=Spencer G. |date=2006 |title=Global Permian tetrapod biostratigraphy and biochronology |url=https://www.lyellcollection.org/doi/10.1144/GSL.SP.2006.265.01.04 |journal=Geological Society, London, Special Publications |language=en |volume=265 |issue=1 |pages=65–93 |doi=10.1144/GSL.SP.2006.265.01.04 |issn=0305-8719}}</ref> with equivalent sets of [[Fluvial processes|fluvial]] and [[floodplain]] sediments.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Martin Sander |first=P. |date=1989 |title=Early Permian depositional environments and pond bonebeds in central Archer County, Texas |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223719641 |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=69 |pages=1–21 |doi=10.1016/0031-0182(89)90153-3 |issn=0031-0182}}</ref> The vast majority of each formation is homogeneous red [[mudstone]] with small [[calcareous]] [[Nodule (geology)|nodules]]. Fluvial [[sandstone]] beds<ref name=":0" /> and [[Paleosol|paleosols]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Tabor |first=Neil John |last2=Montañez |first2=Isabel P. |date=2004-06-24 |title=Morphology and distribution of fossil soils in the Permo-Pennsylvanian Wichita and Bowie Groups, north-central Texas, USA: implications for western equatorial Pangean palaeoclimate during icehouse-greenhouse transition: Permo-Carboniferous palaeoclimate from palaeosols |url=https://www.smu.edu/-/media/Site/Dedman/Academics/Departments/EarthSciences/PDF/Tabor/TaborMontanez2004.pdf |journal=Sedimentology |language=en |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=851–884 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-3091.2004.00655.x}}</ref> are also common. Fossils and other organic debris are concentrated into rare greyish [[claystone]] bonebeds, which correspond to [[Perennial stream|perennial]] ponds. Most of the pond bonebeds are too small to continuously support an ecosystem of large aquatic vertebrates, suggesting that the carcasses may have been washed in from larger bodies of water.<ref name=":0" />
In terms of their [[Lithology|lithologies]], the Archer City and Nocona formations are nearly indistinguishable,<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Lucas |first=Spencer G. |date=2006 |title=Global Permian tetrapod biostratigraphy and biochronology |url=https://www.lyellcollection.org/doi/10.1144/GSL.SP.2006.265.01.04 |journal=Geological Society, London, Special Publications |language=en |volume=265 |issue=1 |pages=65–93 |doi=10.1144/GSL.SP.2006.265.01.04 |issn=0305-8719}}</ref> with equivalent sets of [[Fluvial processes|fluvial]] and [[floodplain]] sediments.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Martin Sander |first=P. |date=1989 |title=Early Permian depositional environments and pond bonebeds in central Archer County, Texas |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223719641 |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=69 |pages=1–21 |doi=10.1016/0031-0182(89)90153-3 |issn=0031-0182}}</ref> The vast majority of each formation is homogeneous red [[mudstone]] with small [[calcareous]] [[Nodule (geology)|nodules]]. Fluvial [[sandstone]] beds<ref name=":0" /> and [[Paleosol|paleosols]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Tabor |first=Neil John |last2=Montañez |first2=Isabel P. |date=2004-06-24 |title=Morphology and distribution of fossil soils in the Permo-Pennsylvanian Wichita and Bowie Groups, north-central Texas, USA: implications for western equatorial Pangean palaeoclimate during icehouse-greenhouse transition: Permo-Carboniferous palaeoclimate from palaeosols |url=https://www.smu.edu/-/media/Site/Dedman/Academics/Departments/EarthSciences/PDF/Tabor/TaborMontanez2004.pdf |journal=Sedimentology |language=en |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=851–884 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-3091.2004.00655.x}}</ref> are also common. Fossils and other organic debris are concentrated into rare greyish [[claystone]] bonebeds, which correspond to [[Perennial stream|perennial]] ponds. Most of the pond bonebeds are too small to continuously support an ecosystem of large aquatic vertebrates, suggesting that the carcasses may have been washed in from larger bodies of water.<ref name=":0" />


=== Sandstone beds ===
=== Sandstone beds ===
Line 41: Line 44:


=== Paleosols ===
=== Paleosols ===
Four different types of paleosol (labelled types E through H) have been identified in the Archer City Formation. Three (F, G, and H) first appear in this formation, while type E paleosols are retained from the underlying Markley Formation. All four continue to persist through the Texas Lower Permian up until an [[aridification]] event in the mid-[[Clear Fork Group]]. The paleosols are generally dark red or brown, with only intermittent [[Gleysol|gleying]] in the type E variety. The Archer City Formation mostly lacks the high-humidity paleosol varieties of the Markley Formation (types A through D).<ref name=":1" />
Four different types of paleosol (labelled types E through H) have been identified in the Archer City Formation.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":7" /> Three (F, G, and H) first appear in this formation, while type E paleosols are retained from the underlying Markley Formation. All four continue to persist through the Texas Lower Permian up until an [[aridification]] event in the mid-[[Clear Fork Group]]. The paleosols are generally dark red or brown, with only intermittent [[Gleysol|gleying]] in the type E variety. The Archer City Formation mostly lacks the high-humidity paleosol varieties of the Markley Formation (types A through D).<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":7" />


Type E paleosols are silty or fine sandy soils with persistent mottling, [[hematite]] nodules, and few distinct [[Soil horizon|horizons]]. They are a type of [[entisol]], young soils corresponding to isolated, frequently disturbed areas with a high [[water table]], such as riverbanks.<ref name=":1" /> Type F paleosols are [[Alfisol|alfisols]], patterned with deep root casts and numerous horizons, including intermediate layers with calcareous nodules and [[smectite]] [[clay]]. They developing in stable forested uplands with a low water table and a semi-arid to subhumid climate (~70 cm of annual precipitation).<ref name=":1" /> Type G paleosols are similar, with sandy vertical cracks and abundant calcareous nodules. They qualify as [[Vertisol|vertisols]], inundated and dried at a seasonal frequency along the margins of a floodplain.<ref name=":1" /> Type H paleosols have an even greater proportion of calcareous minerals, forming blocky crusts interspersed among [[chlorite]]- and [[mica]]-rich clay. They could be termed [[Aridisol|aridisols]] or (more broadly) [[Inceptisol|inceptisols]], deposited in dry upland areas free from the influence of [[groundwater]].<ref name=":1" />
Type E paleosols are silty or fine sandy soils with persistent mottling, [[hematite]] nodules, and few distinct [[Soil horizon|horizons]]. They are a type of [[entisol]], young soils corresponding to isolated, frequently disturbed areas with a high [[water table]], such as riverbanks.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":7" /> Type F paleosols are [[Alfisol|alfisols]], patterned with deep root casts and numerous horizons, including intermediate layers with calcareous nodules and [[smectite]] [[clay]]. They developing in stable forested uplands with a low water table and a semi-arid to subhumid climate (~70 cm of annual precipitation).<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":7" /> Type G paleosols are similar, with sandy vertical cracks and abundant calcareous nodules. They qualify as [[Vertisol|vertisols]], inundated and dried at a seasonal frequency along the margins of a floodplain.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":7" /> Type H paleosols have an even greater proportion of calcareous minerals, forming blocky crusts interspersed among [[chlorite]]- and [[mica]]-rich clay. They could be termed [[Aridisol|aridisols]] or (more broadly) [[Inceptisol|inceptisols]], deposited in dry upland areas free from the influence of [[groundwater]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":7" />


==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 18:50, 10 September 2023

Archer City Formation
Stratigraphic range: Early Permian,
Asselian–early Sakmarian
TypeFormation
Unit ofBowie Group
UnderliesNocona Formation
OverliesMarkley Formation
Lithology
Primarymudstone
Othersandstone, siltstone
Location
Region Texas
Country United States
Type section
Named forArcher City, Texas
Named byHentz & Brown, 1987

The Archer City Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Asselian stage, close to the beginning of the Permian period.[1][2]

History and stratigraphy

Fossil bonebeds in the vicinity of Archer City were first investigated by Alfred Romer and Llewellyn Price starting in the late 1920s.[3][4][5][6] At the time, these bonebeds were assigned to the Putnam Formation of the Cisco Group. The Archer City Formation was first named in a 1987 geologic map seeking to update the stratigraphy of Central Texas.[7] The formation and its stratigraphic placement were formalized in text a year later.[8]

Under this updated stratigraphic scheme, the Archer City Formation is a unit of the Bowie Group, lying above the Markley Formation and below the Nocona Formation of the Wichita Group.[7][8][1] Some publications have labelled the Nocona Formation as the “Upper Archer City Formation”, thus considering the Archer City Formation to be a unit of the Wichita Group.[9] This proposal is not widely agreed upon.[10][11] The Cisco Group and its constituent formations have been restricted to marine strata further south and west. Of these strata, the Archer City Formation is roughly equivalent in time to the Moran Formation, the Sedwick Formation, and the Santa Anna Branch shale.[7][8][2]

Age

Based on correlations with coastal strata further west, the Carboniferous-Permian boundary is positioned near the top of the Markley Formation. This suggests that the Archer City Formation occupies most of the Asselian (299–293 Ma), the first global stage of the Permian Period.[10] The plant fossils of the Archer City Formation also resemble those of Asselian Europe.[11] The upper part of the Archer City Formation may extend into the succeeding Sakmarian stage (293–290 Ma). The Santa Anna Branch Shale and overlying Coleman Junction Limestone both preserve fossils of Sweetognathus merrilli,[12] a conodont index fossil of the early Sakmarian. The Asselian and Sakmarian global stages are equivalent to the early-middle parts of the Wolfcampian regional stage.[13]

Geology

In terms of their lithologies, the Archer City and Nocona formations are nearly indistinguishable,[9] with equivalent sets of fluvial and floodplain sediments.[1] The vast majority of each formation is homogeneous red mudstone with small calcareous nodules. Fluvial sandstone beds[1] and paleosols[2] are also common. Fossils and other organic debris are concentrated into rare greyish claystone bonebeds, which correspond to perennial ponds. Most of the pond bonebeds are too small to continuously support an ecosystem of large aquatic vertebrates, suggesting that the carcasses may have been washed in from larger bodies of water.[1]

Sandstone beds

By volume, the most prevalent sandstone beds are upwards-fining stacks of point bar, scroll-bar, and coarser channel fill deposits. These are all hallmarks of small meandering rivers, with channels only a few meters wide.[1] Other common sandstone features include subdued, fine-grained crevasse splay deposits. The crevasse splays are often associated with plant fossils which have been remineralized by copper minerals.[1]

Some sandstone beds are isolated straight channel fills, without corresponding riverbank deposits.[1] These straight beds may reach 30 meters in width (though most are much narrower) and several kilometers in length. Coarser beds preserve sinuous megaripples while finer channels develop small climbing ripples towards the top. Straight channels would have formed during high-energy erosion events, but the climate was probably too moist for frequent flash floods.[1]

Paleosols

Four different types of paleosol (labelled types E through H) have been identified in the Archer City Formation.[2][13] Three (F, G, and H) first appear in this formation, while type E paleosols are retained from the underlying Markley Formation. All four continue to persist through the Texas Lower Permian up until an aridification event in the mid-Clear Fork Group. The paleosols are generally dark red or brown, with only intermittent gleying in the type E variety. The Archer City Formation mostly lacks the high-humidity paleosol varieties of the Markley Formation (types A through D).[2][13]

Type E paleosols are silty or fine sandy soils with persistent mottling, hematite nodules, and few distinct horizons. They are a type of entisol, young soils corresponding to isolated, frequently disturbed areas with a high water table, such as riverbanks.[2][13] Type F paleosols are alfisols, patterned with deep root casts and numerous horizons, including intermediate layers with calcareous nodules and smectite clay. They developing in stable forested uplands with a low water table and a semi-arid to subhumid climate (~70 cm of annual precipitation).[2][13] Type G paleosols are similar, with sandy vertical cracks and abundant calcareous nodules. They qualify as vertisols, inundated and dried at a seasonal frequency along the margins of a floodplain.[2][13] Type H paleosols have an even greater proportion of calcareous minerals, forming blocky crusts interspersed among chlorite- and mica-rich clay. They could be termed aridisols or (more broadly) inceptisols, deposited in dry upland areas free from the influence of groundwater.[2][13]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Martin Sander, P. (1989). "Early Permian depositional environments and pond bonebeds in central Archer County, Texas". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 69: 1–21. doi:10.1016/0031-0182(89)90153-3. ISSN 0031-0182.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Tabor, Neil John; Montañez, Isabel P. (2004-06-24). "Morphology and distribution of fossil soils in the Permo-Pennsylvanian Wichita and Bowie Groups, north-central Texas, USA: implications for western equatorial Pangean palaeoclimate during icehouse-greenhouse transition: Permo-Carboniferous palaeoclimate from palaeosols" (PDF). Sedimentology. 51 (4): 851–884. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3091.2004.00655.x.
  3. ^ Romer, A.S. (1928). "Vertebrate faunal horizons in the Texas Permo-Carboniferous red bed" (PDF). University of Texas Bulletin. 2801: 67–108.
  4. ^ Romer, A. S. (1935-11-30). "Early history of Texas redbeds vertebrates". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 46 (11): 1597–1657. doi:10.1130/GSAB-46-1597. ISSN 0016-7606.
  5. ^ Romer, A. S.; Price, L. W. (1940), "Review of the Pelycosauria", Geological Society of America Special Papers, vol. 28, Geological Society of America, pp. 1–534, doi:10.1130/spe28-p1
  6. ^ Romer, Alfred Sherwood (27 November 1974). "The stratigraphy of the Permian Wichita redbeds of Texas". Breviora. 427: 1–31.
  7. ^ a b c Hentz, Tucker F.; Brown, L.F., Jr. (1987), "Wichita Falls-Lawton sheet", Geologic atlas of Texas, Austin: The University of Texas and Bureau of Economic Geology{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ a b c Hentz, Tucker F. (1988). "Lithostratigraphy and Paleoenvironments of Upper Paleozoic Continental Red Beds, North-central Texas: Bowie (new) and Wichita (revised) Groups". The University of Texas at Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology, Report of Investigations. 170.
  9. ^ a b Lucas, Spencer G. (2006). "Global Permian tetrapod biostratigraphy and biochronology". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 265 (1): 65–93. doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2006.265.01.04. ISSN 0305-8719.
  10. ^ a b Tabor, Neil J.; DiMichele, William A.; Montañez, Isabel P.; Chaney, Dan S. (2013). "Late Paleozoic continental warming of a cold tropical basin and floristic change in western Pangea" (PDF). International Journal of Coal Geology. 119: 177–186. doi:10.1016/j.coal.2013.07.009. ISSN 0166-5162.
  11. ^ a b DiMichele, William A.; Hotton, Carol L.; Looy, Cindy V.; Hook, Robert W. (2019). "Paleoecological and paleoenvironmental interpretation of three successive macrofloras and palynofloras from the Kola Switch locality, lower Permian (Archer City Formation, Bowie Group) of Clay County, Texas, USA". PalZ. 93 (3): 423–451. doi:10.1007/s12542-019-00485-8. ISSN 0031-0220.
  12. ^ Wardlaw, Bruce R. (2005). "Age assignment of the Pennsylvanian-Early Permian succession of North Central Texas" (PDF). Permophiles. 46: 21–22.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g DiMichele, William A.; Tabor, Neil J.; Chaney, Dan S.; Nelson, W. John (2006), "From wetlands to wet spots: Environmental tracking and the fate of Carboniferous elements in Early Permian tropical floras", Wetlands through Time, Geological Society of America, doi:10.1130/2006.2399(11), ISBN 978-0-8137-2399-0
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