Expulsion of Yugoslavs from Albania: Difference between revisions
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| type = Military [[Deportation|Expulsion]] |
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| fatalities = {{flagicon image|Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1946–1992).svg}} Bosniak family was executed<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-13 |title= |
| fatalities = {{flagicon image|Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1946–1992).svg}} Bosniak family was executed<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-13 |title="After the debate with Enver in his office, in a fit of rage, my brother put his hand on the pistol he had in his belt…& |url=https://memorie.al/en/after-the-debate-with-enver-in-his-office-in-a-fit-of-rage-my-brother-put-his-hand-on-the-pistol-he-had-in-his-belt-the-story-of-the-bosnian-emigrant-about-the-two-brothers-who-were-s/ |access-date=2023-09-22 |website=Memorie.al |language=en-US}}</ref><br>{{flagicon|Yugoslavia}} Purge of Yugoslav factions <br>{{flagicon|Yugoslavia}} 3,500 Yugoslav politican and advisors were expelled<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shala |first=Agron |date=2018-12-24 |title=Viti 1948: Lindja e "dashurisë" Shqipëri-BRSS dhe "vëllezërit" jugosllavë - Telegrafi |url=https://telegrafi.com/viti-1948-lindja-e-dashurise-shqiperi-brss-dhe-vellezerit-jugosllave/ |access-date=2023-09-22 |language=en-US}}</ref> |
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| executed_by = [[File:State Emblem of the People's Republic of Albania.svg|20px]] [[Albanian People's Army]]<br>{{flagicon image|Sigurimi.svg}} [[Sigurimi]] |
| executed_by = [[File:State Emblem of the People's Republic of Albania.svg|20px]] [[Albanian People's Army]]<br>{{flagicon image|Sigurimi.svg}} [[Sigurimi]] |
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The '''expulsion of Yugoslavs from Albania''' was an anti-Yugoslav campaign carried out by [[Albanians|Albanian]] leader [[Enver Hoxha]] against the leadership of Yugoslav leaders [[Josip Broz Tito]] and [[Aleksandar Ranković|Aleksander Rankovićs]]. This happened during the [[Cold War]] period as during the [[Albanian–Yugoslav conflict|geopolitical tensions between the Communist Albania and Yugoslavia]].<ref>{{Cite book | |
The '''expulsion of Yugoslavs from Albania''' was an anti-Yugoslav campaign carried out by [[Albanians|Albanian]] leader [[Enver Hoxha]] against the leadership of Yugoslav leaders [[Josip Broz Tito]] and [[Aleksandar Ranković|Aleksander Rankovićs]]. This happened during the [[Cold War]] period as during the [[Albanian–Yugoslav conflict|geopolitical tensions between the Communist Albania and Yugoslavia]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Zalar |first1=Charles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h4NpAAAAMAAJ |title=Yugoslav Communism: A Critical Study |last2=Judiciary |first2=United States Congress Senate Committee on the |date=1961 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |language=en}}</ref> |
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==Background== |
==Background== |
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In 1948, relations between [[People's Socialist Republic of Albania|Communist Albania]] and [[Yugoslavia]] deteriorated dramatically. The two countries, which had previously maintained close political and economic ties, came into conflict due to ideological differences between the Albanian leadership under [[Enver Hoxha]] and the Yugoslav government led by [[Josip Broz Tito]]. This led to tensions between the two nations and had a profound impact on the Yugoslav minority in Albania.<ref>{{Cite book | |
In 1948, relations between [[People's Socialist Republic of Albania|Communist Albania]] and [[Yugoslavia]] deteriorated dramatically. The two countries, which had previously maintained close political and economic ties, came into conflict due to ideological differences between the Albanian leadership under [[Enver Hoxha]] and the Yugoslav government led by [[Josip Broz Tito]]. This led to tensions between the two nations and had a profound impact on the Yugoslav minority in Albania.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kramer |first1=Mark |title=The Soviet Union and Cold War neutrality and nonalignment in Europe |last2=Makko |first2=Aryo |last3=Ruggenthaler |first3=Peter |date=2021 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-1-7936-3192-3 |series=The Harvard Cold War studies book series |location=Lanham (Md.)}}</ref> |
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==Course of Events== |
==Course of Events== |
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Throughout 1948, many Yugoslavs in Albania were expelled on charges of [[espionage]] and loyalty to Tito. This occurred in response to the ideological rift between Albania and Yugoslavia, as well as Albania's foreign policy [[Albanian-Soviet relations|alignment with the Soviet Union]].{{Sfn|Kramer|Makko|Ruggenthaler|2021|p=346}} |
Throughout 1948, many Yugoslavs in Albania were expelled on charges of [[espionage]] and loyalty to Tito. This occurred in response to the ideological rift between Albania and Yugoslavia, as well as Albania's foreign policy [[Albanian-Soviet relations|alignment with the Soviet Union]].{{Sfn|Kramer|Makko|Ruggenthaler|2021|p=346}} |
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The expulsions often took place under difficult conditions, and those affected frequently lost their property and livelihoods in Albania. As a result, a total of 3,500 Yugoslav civilians, politicians, military personnel and advisors were expelled from all over Albania by the [[Albanian People's Army]] and the [[Sigurimi]] led by [[Enver Hoxha]] and [[Kadri Hazbiu]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shala |first=Agron |date=2018-12-24 |title=Viti 1948: Lindja e "dashurisë" Shqipëri-BRSS dhe |
The expulsions often took place under difficult conditions, and those affected frequently lost their property and livelihoods in Albania. As a result, a total of 3,500 Yugoslav civilians, politicians, military personnel and advisors were expelled from all over Albania by the [[Albanian People's Army]] and the [[Sigurimi]] led by [[Enver Hoxha]] and [[Kadri Hazbiu]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shala |first=Agron |date=2018-12-24 |title=Viti 1948: Lindja e "dashurisë" Shqipëri-BRSS dhe "vëllezërit" jugosllavë - Telegrafi |url=https://telegrafi.com/viti-1948-lindja-e-dashurise-shqiperi-brss-dhe-vellezerit-jugosllave/ |access-date=2023-09-22 |language=en-US}}</ref> |
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Also, during the expulsion, a Bosniak family got executed by [[Kadri Hazbiu]] and his [[Sigurimi|Albanian Security Services]] agents for being Yugoslav agents of the [[State Security Administration (Yugoslavia)|UDBA]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-13 |title= |
Also, during the expulsion, a Bosniak family got executed by [[Kadri Hazbiu]] and his [[Sigurimi|Albanian Security Services]] agents for being Yugoslav agents of the [[State Security Administration (Yugoslavia)|UDBA]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-13 |title="After the debate with Enver in his office, in a fit of rage, my brother put his hand on the pistol he had in his belt…& |url=https://memorie.al/en/after-the-debate-with-enver-in-his-office-in-a-fit-of-rage-my-brother-put-his-hand-on-the-pistol-he-had-in-his-belt-the-story-of-the-bosnian-emigrant-about-the-two-brothers-who-were-s/ |access-date=2023-09-22 |website=Memorie.al |language=en-US}}</ref> |
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==Aftermath== |
==Aftermath== |
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After the expulsion, [[Enver Hoxha]] began closing the borders between [[Yugoslavia]] and [[People's Socialist Republic of Albania|Albania]].<ref>{{Cite book | |
After the expulsion, [[Enver Hoxha]] began closing the borders between [[Yugoslavia]] and [[People's Socialist Republic of Albania|Albania]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Apor |first1=B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bL8WDAAAQBAJ&dq=Purge+of+Yugoslav+factions+Enver+Hoxha&pg=PA216 |title=The Leader Cult in Communist Dictatorships: Stalin and the Eastern Bloc |last2=Behrends |first2=J. |last3=Jones |first3=P. |last4=Rees |first4=E. |date=2004-10-09 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-230-51821-6 |language=en}}</ref> He then initiated a campaign to hunt down and eliminate Yugoslav factions that remained in Albania. This [[purge]] continued beyond 1948, with Hoxha also targeting pro-Yugoslav sympathizers, which lasted until 1954.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gellately |first=Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LpRdu-ytqNIC&dq=Purge+of+Yugoslav+factions+Enver+Hoxha&pg=PR155 |title=Stalin's Curse: Battling for Communism in War and Cold War |date=2013-03-07 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-164488-7 |language=en|quote=The purge continued into 1950-51, and anyone remotely suspected of pro-Yugoslav sympathies--a considerable number, it turned out was ousted.}}</ref> As an example, he ordered the execution of the Albanian agent, [[Koçi Xoxe]], who was affiliated with Tito. |
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== References == |
== References == |
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Revision as of 02:17, 30 October 2023
| Expulsion of Yugoslavs from Albania | |
|---|---|
| Part of the Cold War and the Albanian–Yugoslav conflict | |
| Type | Military Expulsion |
| Location | |
| Commanded by |  Enver Hoxha Kadri Hazbiu |
| Target |  Yugoslavs
|
| Date | 1948–1954 |
| Executed by |  Albanian People's Army Sigurimi |
| Casualties |  Bosniak family was executed[1] Purge of Yugoslav factions 3,500 Yugoslav politican and advisors were expelled[2] killed |
The expulsion of Yugoslavs from Albania was an anti-Yugoslav campaign carried out by Albanian leader Enver Hoxha against the leadership of Yugoslav leaders Josip Broz Tito and Aleksander Rankovićs. This happened during the Cold War period as during the geopolitical tensions between the Communist Albania and Yugoslavia.[3]
Background
In 1948, relations between Communist Albania and Yugoslavia deteriorated dramatically. The two countries, which had previously maintained close political and economic ties, came into conflict due to ideological differences between the Albanian leadership under Enver Hoxha and the Yugoslav government led by Josip Broz Tito. This led to tensions between the two nations and had a profound impact on the Yugoslav minority in Albania.[4]
Course of Events
Throughout 1948, many Yugoslavs in Albania were expelled on charges of espionage and loyalty to Tito. This occurred in response to the ideological rift between Albania and Yugoslavia, as well as Albania's foreign policy alignment with the Soviet Union.[5]
The expulsions often took place under difficult conditions, and those affected frequently lost their property and livelihoods in Albania. As a result, a total of 3,500 Yugoslav civilians, politicians, military personnel and advisors were expelled from all over Albania by the Albanian People's Army and the Sigurimi led by Enver Hoxha and Kadri Hazbiu.[6]
Also, during the expulsion, a Bosniak family got executed by Kadri Hazbiu and his Albanian Security Services agents for being Yugoslav agents of the UDBA.[7]
Aftermath
After the expulsion, Enver Hoxha began closing the borders between Yugoslavia and Albania.[8] He then initiated a campaign to hunt down and eliminate Yugoslav factions that remained in Albania. This purge continued beyond 1948, with Hoxha also targeting pro-Yugoslav sympathizers, which lasted until 1954.[9] As an example, he ordered the execution of the Albanian agent, Koçi Xoxe, who was affiliated with Tito.
References
- ^ ""After the debate with Enver in his office, in a fit of rage, my brother put his hand on the pistol he had in his belt…&". Memorie.al. 2021-02-13. Retrieved 2023-09-22.
- ^ Shala, Agron (2018-12-24). "Viti 1948: Lindja e "dashurisë" Shqipëri-BRSS dhe "vëllezërit" jugosllavë - Telegrafi". Retrieved 2023-09-22.
- ^ Zalar, Charles; Judiciary, United States Congress Senate Committee on the (1961). Yugoslav Communism: A Critical Study. U.S. Government Printing Office.
- ^ Kramer, Mark; Makko, Aryo; Ruggenthaler, Peter (2021). The Soviet Union and Cold War neutrality and nonalignment in Europe. The Harvard Cold War studies book series. Lanham (Md.): Lexington Books. ISBN 978-1-7936-3192-3.
- ^ Kramer, Makko & Ruggenthaler 2021, p. 346.
- ^ Shala, Agron (2018-12-24). "Viti 1948: Lindja e "dashurisë" Shqipëri-BRSS dhe "vëllezërit" jugosllavë - Telegrafi". Retrieved 2023-09-22.
- ^ ""After the debate with Enver in his office, in a fit of rage, my brother put his hand on the pistol he had in his belt…&". Memorie.al. 2021-02-13. Retrieved 2023-09-22.
- ^ Apor, B.; Behrends, J.; Jones, P.; Rees, E. (2004-10-09). The Leader Cult in Communist Dictatorships: Stalin and the Eastern Bloc. Springer. ISBN 978-0-230-51821-6.
- ^ Gellately, Robert (2013-03-07). Stalin's Curse: Battling for Communism in War and Cold War. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-164488-7.
The purge continued into 1950-51, and anyone remotely suspected of pro-Yugoslav sympathies--a considerable number, it turned out was ousted.