Maevia intermedia: Difference between revisions
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''Maevia intermedia'' are extremely similar in morphology and overall ecology to their taxonomical order's more studied model species ''Maevia inclemens''.<ref name=":0" /> ''M. inclemens'' is a dimorphic spider which possesses two color morphs in males of its species.<ref name=":0" /> The male and females of ''M. intermedia'' are fairly identical to their more studied counterparts with the male sex looking most similar to the light morph of ''M.inclemens''.<ref name=":0" /> Maevia Intermedia are medium sized jumping spiders with females being slightly larger than the males.<ref name=":0" /> |
''Maevia intermedia'' are extremely similar in morphology and overall ecology to their taxonomical order's more studied model species ''Maevia inclemens''.<ref name=":0" /> ''M. inclemens'' is a dimorphic spider which possesses two color morphs in males of its species.<ref name=":0" /> The male and females of ''M. intermedia'' are fairly identical to their more studied counterparts with the male sex looking most similar to the light morph of ''M.inclemens''.<ref name=":0" /> Maevia Intermedia are medium sized jumping spiders with females being slightly larger than the males.<ref name=":0" /> |
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Like all other jumping spiders, ''M. Intermedia'' possess eyes of differing sizes in an anterior, lateral, and posterior positions.<ref>https:// |
Like all other jumping spiders, ''M. Intermedia'' possess eyes of differing sizes in an anterior, lateral, and posterior positions.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://bioone.org/journals/the-journal-of-arachnology/volume-43/issue-3/arac-43-03-231-292/A-phylogenetic-classification-of-jumping-spiders-Araneae-Salticidae/10.1636/arac-43-03-231-292.full|title=A phylogenetic classification of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)|first=Wayne P.|last=Maddison|date=November 10, 2015|journal=The Journal of Arachnology|volume=43|issue=3|pages=231–292|via=bioone.org|doi=10.1636/arac-43-03-231-292}}</ref> The nature of the eye formation and composition has given rise to some of the most elaborate vision dependent hunting strategies observed in the animal kingdom<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2007.01335.x|title=Convergent evolution of eye ultrastructure and divergent evolution of vision‐mediated predatory behaviour in jumping spiders|first1=K. F.|last1=Su|first2=R.|last2=Meier|first3=R. R.|last3=Jackson|first4=D. P.|last4=Harland|first5=D.|last5=Li|date=July 10, 2007|journal=Journal of Evolutionary Biology|volume=20|issue=4|pages=1478–1489|via=CrossRef|doi=10.1111/j.1420-9101.2007.01335.x}}</ref> |
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[[File:Maevia inclemens P1110837a.jpg|thumb|Model look of ''Maevia'' genus: ''M. inclemens'' by Robert Webster <ref>Robert Webster / xpda.com / CC-BY-SA-4.0</ref>]] |
[[File:Maevia inclemens P1110837a.jpg|thumb|Model look of ''Maevia'' genus: ''M. inclemens'' by Robert Webster <ref>Robert Webster / xpda.com / CC-BY-SA-4.0</ref>]] |
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''Maevia Intermedia'' observations have been documented in various locations along the southern united states such as Georgia and Alabama.<ref name=":0" /> This species can be found in forests and similar to ''Maevia inclemens'', can inhabit man-made structures.<ref name=":0" /> |
''Maevia Intermedia'' observations have been documented in various locations along the southern united states such as Georgia and Alabama.<ref name=":0" /> This species can be found in forests and similar to ''Maevia inclemens'', can inhabit man-made structures.<ref name=":0" /> |
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== Physiology == |
== Physiology == |
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''Maevia intermidia'' are members of the subphyla chelicerata known for their physiological differences that are a major distinction from other arthropods.<ref name=":2">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.057</ref> Arthropod bodies are made up of three segments called Tagmata and in the case of chelicerates, they only posses two. In chelicerates, these tagmata are the called the Prosoma and the Opisthosoma.<ref name=":2" /> The prosoma is the anterior segment that contains eight walking legs and the feeding appendages of spiders called "chelicerae" which can stab at prey, injecting them with venom. This segment also contains pedipalps that are sensory arms used in male spiders for insimminating females with sperm.<ref name=":2" /> and mating rituals via signaling<ref name=":3">https:// |
''Maevia intermidia'' are members of the subphyla chelicerata known for their physiological differences that are a major distinction from other arthropods.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.057|title=The Phylogeny and Evolutionary History of Arthropods|first1=Gonzalo|last1=Giribet|first2=Gregory D.|last2=Edgecombe|date=June 10, 2019|journal=Current Biology|volume=29|issue=12|pages=R592–R602|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.057}}</ref> Arthropod bodies are made up of three segments called Tagmata and in the case of chelicerates, they only posses two. In chelicerates, these tagmata are the called the Prosoma and the Opisthosoma.<ref name=":2" /> The prosoma is the anterior segment that contains eight walking legs and the feeding appendages of spiders called "chelicerae" which can stab at prey, injecting them with venom. This segment also contains pedipalps that are sensory arms used in male spiders for insimminating females with sperm.<ref name=":2" /> and mating rituals via signaling<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|url=https://pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.90.24.11954|title=Signal efficacy and the evolution of male dimorphism in the jumping spider, Maevia inclemens.|first1=D L|last1=Clark|first2=G W|last2=Uetz|date=December 15, 1993|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=90|issue=24|pages=11954–11957|via=CrossRef|doi=10.1073/pnas.90.24.11954|pmid=11607446|pmc=PMC48103}}</ref> Their bodies are are also lightly covered in small hairs and spines along their carapace.<ref name=":0" /> |
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This species can be described in most respects as an intermediate form between its two closest relatives of ''Maevia inclemens'' and ''Maevia expansa''.<ref name=":0" /> The males are identical in color and morphology, to the lighter morph of ''Maevia inclemens''<ref name=":0" /> though most species in the genus behave like the gray morph.<ref name=":3" /> Females of the species are identical to females of ''M. inclemens'' and contain a v-shaped epigynum.<ref name=":0" /> From a sampling of holotypes of the species, females tended to be slightly larger in size with the species being around 5-6.5 milimeters in length.<ref name=":0" /> |
This species can be described in most respects as an intermediate form between its two closest relatives of ''Maevia inclemens'' and ''Maevia expansa''.<ref name=":0" /> The males are identical in color and morphology, to the lighter morph of ''Maevia inclemens''<ref name=":0" /> though most species in the genus behave like the gray morph.<ref name=":3" /> Females of the species are identical to females of ''M. inclemens'' and contain a v-shaped epigynum.<ref name=":0" /> From a sampling of holotypes of the species, females tended to be slightly larger in size with the species being around 5-6.5 milimeters in length.<ref name=":0" /> |
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== Reproduction and ecology == |
== Reproduction and ecology == |
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Most species in genus ''Maevia'' follow the mating behavior of the gray morph of the ''M inclemens'' species.<ref name=":3" /> This courtship behavior pattern is standard for all jumping spiders which involves three of phases<ref name=":4">http://www.jstor.org/stable/3705608</ref> In the first phase, males will utilize a mating displ.ay to attract a female's attention in order for the latter to identify if the male is of her species. This can be potentially dangerous as it gives males a conspicuousness that can attract predators,<ref> |
Most species in genus ''Maevia'' follow the mating behavior of the gray morph of the ''M inclemens'' species.<ref name=":3" /> This courtship behavior pattern is standard for all jumping spiders which involves three of phases<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/3705608|title=Sequence Analysis of Courtship Behavior in the Dimorphic Jumping Spider Maevia inclemens (Araneae, Salticidae)|author=Clark, David L.|year=1994|journal=The Journal of Arachnology|volume=22|issue=2|pages=94-107|via=JSTOR}}</ref> In the first phase, males will utilize a mating displ.ay to attract a female's attention in order for the latter to identify if the male is of her species. This can be potentially dangerous as it gives males a conspicuousness that can attract predators,<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://bioone.org/journals/the-journal-of-arachnology/volume-46/issue-1/JoA-S-16-029R2.1/Aspects-of-courtship-risks-and-mating-success-in-the-dimorphic/10.1636/JoA-S-16-029R2.1.full|title=Aspects of courtship risks and mating success in the dimorphic jumping spider, Maevia inclemens (Araneae: Salticidae)|first1=David L.|last1=Clark|first2=Lyle A.|last2=Simmons|first3=Richard G.|last3=Bowker|date=April 10, 2018|journal=The Journal of Arachnology|volume=46|issue=1|pages=1–6|via=bioone.org|doi=10.1636/JoA-S-16-029R2.1}}</ref> further exacerbated by the patterning and light coloration of ''M. intermedia''.<ref name=":0" /> Gray ''M. inclemens'' males tend to utilize a more prone display<ref name=":4" /> and given that most species in this genus follow this morph's behavior<ref name=":3" />, it can be expected for ''M. intermedia'' to follow this mating pattern. As seen with the M. inclemens gray morph, the male will display around 3 cm from the female by moving closer to a surface and sliding in an oscillatory motion while in prone.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2001.1819|title=Attracting female attention: the evolution of dimorphic courtship displays in the jumping spider Maevia inclemens (Araneae: Salticidae)|first1=David L.|last1=Clark|first2=Carrie L.|last2=Morjan|date=December 7, 2001|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences|volume=268|issue=1484|pages=2461–2465|via=CrossRef|doi=10.1098/rspb.2001.1819|pmid=11747564|pmc=PMC1088900}}</ref> The next phase entails female recognition and a showing of receptivity whether that be laying motionless or a more likely approaching of the male as seen in ''M. inclemens''.<ref name=":4" /> In the last phase, a male will mount the female and copulation will occur. Once finished, the male will unmount and they will decouple.<ref name=":4" /> |
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Male spiders tend face potential risk when mating not just from external predators but from the cannabilistic female they attempt to court. During a display, a female may attempt predation on a displaying male. This has possibly caused the evolution of two different color morphs in the sister species ''M. inclemens'' as color affects reproduction success at certain distances.<ref name=":5" /> Sexual cannibalism by females is common in jumping spiders not just before mating but also after.<ref>https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-019-2691-y</ref> This aggression is observed in many spiders and is a function of mating-induced sexual inhibition.<ref name=":6">https:// |
Male spiders tend face potential risk when mating not just from external predators but from the cannabilistic female they attempt to court. During a display, a female may attempt predation on a displaying male. This has possibly caused the evolution of two different color morphs in the sister species ''M. inclemens'' as color affects reproduction success at certain distances.<ref name=":5" /> Sexual cannibalism by females is common in jumping spiders not just before mating but also after.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-019-2691-y|title=The role of male coloration and ornamentation in potential alternative mating strategies of the dimorphic jumping spider, Maevia inclemens|first1=Laurel B.|last1=Lietzenmayer|first2=David L.|last2=Clark|first3=Lisa A.|last3=Taylor|date=May 27, 2019|journal=Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology|volume=73|issue=6|pages=83|via=Springer Link|doi=10.1007/s00265-019-2691-y}}</ref> This aggression is observed in many spiders and is a function of mating-induced sexual inhibition.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|url=https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0184940|title=Mating-induced sexual inhibition in the jumping spider Servaea incana (Araneae: Salticidae): A fast-acting and long-lasting effect|first1=Vivian|last1=Mendez|first2=Rowan H.|last2=McGinley|first3=Phillip W.|last3=Taylor|date=October 18, 2017|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=12|issue=10|pages=e0184940|via=PLoS Journals|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0184940|pmid=29045411|pmc=PMC5646760}}</ref> This behavior occurs after a mating when a female becomes unreceptive and aggressive to males. This is a concept that is heavily studied in bugs but more work is needed in spider models.<ref name=":6" /> |
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The main difference between ''M. intermedia'' and the closely related species ''M. inclemens'' is the reproductive structures. The palps of males are larger in this species with cymbium rotated in a fashion that makes it as wide as it is long. In females, the opening of their epigynum is a pit shaped as a V.<ref name=":0" /> |
The main difference between ''M. intermedia'' and the closely related species ''M. inclemens'' is the reproductive structures. The palps of males are larger in this species with cymbium rotated in a fashion that makes it as wide as it is long. In females, the opening of their epigynum is a pit shaped as a V.<ref name=":0" /> |
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This species is of family Salticidae and as such undergoes the general lifecycle of the family group. Females use silk to mask fertilized eggs in a cocoon and a period of incubation occurs in which the egg membrane is shed over 24-26 days. The first instar form will develop during this time with the first ecdysis occurring a similar period of time to which the egg membrane is shed. A few days after this, the juvenile spiders will leave the built in covering and leave.<ref name=":7"> |
This species is of family Salticidae and as such undergoes the general lifecycle of the family group. Females use silk to mask fertilized eggs in a cocoon and a period of incubation occurs in which the egg membrane is shed over 24-26 days. The first instar form will develop during this time with the first ecdysis occurring a similar period of time to which the egg membrane is shed. A few days after this, the juvenile spiders will leave the built in covering and leave.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03014223.1977.9517936|title=A qualitative analysis of hunting behaviour in jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)|first=Lyndsay M.|last=Forster|date=March 10, 1977|journal=New Zealand Journal of Zoology|volume=4|issue=1|pages=51–62|via=CrossRef|doi=10.1080/03014223.1977.9517936}}</ref> |
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A series of molts occur in which juveniles will progress to adulthood. In the sister species of ''M. inclemens'', the gray morph and lighter morph that M. intermedia takes after are not distinguishable until the final molt.<ref name=":3" /> |
A series of molts occur in which juveniles will progress to adulthood. In the sister species of ''M. inclemens'', the gray morph and lighter morph that M. intermedia takes after are not distinguishable until the final molt.<ref name=":3" /> |
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The basic hunting behavior for Salticid spiders goes in three phases; Orientation, Pursuit, and Capture. In the orientation phase they will become aware that a prey is near. They will then swivel their body in that direction due to the eye formation on their cephalothorax. Finally, they will align in that direction. In phase two, they will then stalk the prey whether it be running or walking. In the final phase, do a pre-crouch, then actually crouch. In the last step, the spider will then propel itself at the prey with fangs out in a fluid motion. There will be slight modification to this general formula of prey capture depending on if the prey is stationary, in motion, the distance of the jump and several other factors.<ref name=":7" /> |
The basic hunting behavior for Salticid spiders goes in three phases; Orientation, Pursuit, and Capture. In the orientation phase they will become aware that a prey is near. They will then swivel their body in that direction due to the eye formation on their cephalothorax. Finally, they will align in that direction. In phase two, they will then stalk the prey whether it be running or walking. In the final phase, do a pre-crouch, then actually crouch. In the last step, the spider will then propel itself at the prey with fangs out in a fluid motion. There will be slight modification to this general formula of prey capture depending on if the prey is stationary, in motion, the distance of the jump and several other factors.<ref name=":7" /> |
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Salticidae spiders do not have hinge joints and the torque required for their jump is generated almost entirely by the straightening of their fourth pair of legs.<ref>https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.36.4.654</ref> This is due to haemocoelic fluid pressure change in the legs.<ref>https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.36.2.423</ref> |
Salticidae spiders do not have hinge joints and the torque required for their jump is generated almost entirely by the straightening of their fourth pair of legs.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.36.4.654|title=The Jumping Mechanism of Salticid Spiders|first1=D. A.|last1=Parry|first2=R. H. J.|last2=Brown|date=December 1, 1959|journal=Journal of Experimental Biology|volume=36|issue=4|pages=654–664|doi=10.1242/jeb.36.4.654}}</ref> This is due to haemocoelic fluid pressure change in the legs.<ref>https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.36.2.423</ref> |
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== Evolution == |
== Evolution == |
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''M. Intermedia'' are of the phyla arthropoda which contain more described species than all of kingdom all other organisms on earth. The organisms are categorized as having three body segments known as tagmata and a cuticle layer. This species belongs to a subphyla of arthropoda known as chelicerates. Chelicerates have two body segments rather than three and contain chelicerae as a distinctive marker of this subphyla. Chelicerates are divided into two Orders, Araneae which are spiders and Acari. Within this order of Araneae, there are thousands of living species. Living Chelicerates are further categorized between terrestrial arachnids and marine in Xiphosura.<ref name=":2" /> Aranae is an order in arachnida in which the family Salticidae resides. Salticidae are jumping spiders and the Maevia genus is what this species ''M. Intermedia'' belongs to.<ref name=":8">https:// |
''M. Intermedia'' are of the phyla arthropoda which contain more described species than all of kingdom all other organisms on earth. The organisms are categorized as having three body segments known as tagmata and a cuticle layer. This species belongs to a subphyla of arthropoda known as chelicerates. Chelicerates have two body segments rather than three and contain chelicerae as a distinctive marker of this subphyla. Chelicerates are divided into two Orders, Araneae which are spiders and Acari. Within this order of Araneae, there are thousands of living species. Living Chelicerates are further categorized between terrestrial arachnids and marine in Xiphosura.<ref name=":2" /> Aranae is an order in arachnida in which the family Salticidae resides. Salticidae are jumping spiders and the Maevia genus is what this species ''M. Intermedia'' belongs to.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|url=https://peerj.com/articles/3614|title=Miocene spider Maevia eureka nov. sp. (Araneae: Salticidae)|first1=Francisco|last1=Riquelme|first2=Miguel|last2=Menéndez-Acuña|date=July 25, 2017|journal=PeerJ|volume=5|pages=e3614|via=peerj.com|doi=10.7717/peerj.3614|pmid=28761793|pmc=PMC5530986}}</ref> Though the taxonomic outlook of Salticidae is understood, no fossil descriptions of genus ''Maevia'' are currently known. The evolutionary history of genus ''Maevia'' remains a mystery.<ref name=":8" /> |
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== Development == |
== Development == |
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M intermedia are protostomes which undergo molting as a function of being apart of phylum Arthropoda which are Ecdysozoans, a clade characterized by being molting protostomes.<ref name=":2" /> In the embryo, a protostome forms the mouth first then the anus opening forms and they maintain a spiral cleavage. These individuals are schizocoelic and have are determinate developers.<ref>https:// |
M intermedia are protostomes which undergo molting as a function of being apart of phylum Arthropoda which are Ecdysozoans, a clade characterized by being molting protostomes.<ref name=":2" /> In the embryo, a protostome forms the mouth first then the anus opening forms and they maintain a spiral cleavage. These individuals are schizocoelic and have are determinate developers.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.94.15.8001|title=Cleavage patterns and the topology of the metazoan tree of life|first=James W.|last=Valentine|date=July 22, 1997|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=94|issue=15|pages=8001–8005|via=CrossRef|doi=10.1073/pnas.94.15.8001|pmid=9223303|pmc=PMC21545}}</ref> |
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This organism is a direct developer as it progresses through different instar stages via molting until reaching maturity.<ref name=":7" /> |
This organism is a direct developer as it progresses through different instar stages via molting until reaching maturity.<ref name=":7" /> |
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Revision as of 15:06, 10 November 2023
Maevia intermedia is one of eight species of jumping spider in the genus Maevia, and is native to North America.[1] This species was originally reported by American Zoologist Robert D. Barnes in 1955 as a needed distinguishment between the similar looking Maevia species, especially for the individuals residing in the New World.[1]
Maevia intermedia are extremely similar in morphology and overall ecology to their taxonomical order's more studied model species Maevia inclemens.[1] M. inclemens is a dimorphic spider which possesses two color morphs in males of its species.[1] The male and females of M. intermedia are fairly identical to their more studied counterparts with the male sex looking most similar to the light morph of M.inclemens.[1] Maevia Intermedia are medium sized jumping spiders with females being slightly larger than the males.[1]
Like all other jumping spiders, M. Intermedia possess eyes of differing sizes in an anterior, lateral, and posterior positions.[2] The nature of the eye formation and composition has given rise to some of the most elaborate vision dependent hunting strategies observed in the animal kingdom[3]
Maevia Intermedia observations have been documented in various locations along the southern united states such as Georgia and Alabama.[1] This species can be found in forests and similar to Maevia inclemens, can inhabit man-made structures.[1]
Physiology
Maevia intermidia are members of the subphyla chelicerata known for their physiological differences that are a major distinction from other arthropods.[5] Arthropod bodies are made up of three segments called Tagmata and in the case of chelicerates, they only posses two. In chelicerates, these tagmata are the called the Prosoma and the Opisthosoma.[5] The prosoma is the anterior segment that contains eight walking legs and the feeding appendages of spiders called "chelicerae" which can stab at prey, injecting them with venom. This segment also contains pedipalps that are sensory arms used in male spiders for insimminating females with sperm.[5] and mating rituals via signaling[6] Their bodies are are also lightly covered in small hairs and spines along their carapace.[1]
This species can be described in most respects as an intermediate form between its two closest relatives of Maevia inclemens and Maevia expansa.[1] The males are identical in color and morphology, to the lighter morph of Maevia inclemens[1] though most species in the genus behave like the gray morph.[6] Females of the species are identical to females of M. inclemens and contain a v-shaped epigynum.[1] From a sampling of holotypes of the species, females tended to be slightly larger in size with the species being around 5-6.5 milimeters in length.[1]
M. intermedia is of the family Salticidae which are characterized by their "principal eyes" which are forward facing visual systems that allow for great spatial acuity in vision.[3] Their eyes are similar to a telescope and have complex layering that has given Salticids higher spatial acuity than other spiders.[3] This visual system gives them a visual advantage when hunting.[3]
Reproduction and ecology
Most species in genus Maevia follow the mating behavior of the gray morph of the M inclemens species.[6] This courtship behavior pattern is standard for all jumping spiders which involves three of phases[7] In the first phase, males will utilize a mating displ.ay to attract a female's attention in order for the latter to identify if the male is of her species. This can be potentially dangerous as it gives males a conspicuousness that can attract predators,[8] further exacerbated by the patterning and light coloration of M. intermedia.[1] Gray M. inclemens males tend to utilize a more prone display[7] and given that most species in this genus follow this morph's behavior[6], it can be expected for M. intermedia to follow this mating pattern. As seen with the M. inclemens gray morph, the male will display around 3 cm from the female by moving closer to a surface and sliding in an oscillatory motion while in prone.[9] The next phase entails female recognition and a showing of receptivity whether that be laying motionless or a more likely approaching of the male as seen in M. inclemens.[7] In the last phase, a male will mount the female and copulation will occur. Once finished, the male will unmount and they will decouple.[7]
Male spiders tend face potential risk when mating not just from external predators but from the cannabilistic female they attempt to court. During a display, a female may attempt predation on a displaying male. This has possibly caused the evolution of two different color morphs in the sister species M. inclemens as color affects reproduction success at certain distances.[9] Sexual cannibalism by females is common in jumping spiders not just before mating but also after.[10] This aggression is observed in many spiders and is a function of mating-induced sexual inhibition.[11] This behavior occurs after a mating when a female becomes unreceptive and aggressive to males. This is a concept that is heavily studied in bugs but more work is needed in spider models.[11]
The main difference between M. intermedia and the closely related species M. inclemens is the reproductive structures. The palps of males are larger in this species with cymbium rotated in a fashion that makes it as wide as it is long. In females, the opening of their epigynum is a pit shaped as a V.[1]
This species is of family Salticidae and as such undergoes the general lifecycle of the family group. Females use silk to mask fertilized eggs in a cocoon and a period of incubation occurs in which the egg membrane is shed over 24-26 days. The first instar form will develop during this time with the first ecdysis occurring a similar period of time to which the egg membrane is shed. A few days after this, the juvenile spiders will leave the built in covering and leave.[12]
A series of molts occur in which juveniles will progress to adulthood. In the sister species of M. inclemens, the gray morph and lighter morph that M. intermedia takes after are not distinguishable until the final molt.[6]
Hunting practice
Hunting behavior in the spider family Salticidae is a process facilitated by their complex visual system. Most observed spiders of this class will recognize prey a certain distance away, stalk prey, and pounce on them. This diversion away from web building may be a function of their enhanced spatial acuity from their eyesight. These spiders mostly prey on insects.[3]
The basic hunting behavior for Salticid spiders goes in three phases; Orientation, Pursuit, and Capture. In the orientation phase they will become aware that a prey is near. They will then swivel their body in that direction due to the eye formation on their cephalothorax. Finally, they will align in that direction. In phase two, they will then stalk the prey whether it be running or walking. In the final phase, do a pre-crouch, then actually crouch. In the last step, the spider will then propel itself at the prey with fangs out in a fluid motion. There will be slight modification to this general formula of prey capture depending on if the prey is stationary, in motion, the distance of the jump and several other factors.[12]
Salticidae spiders do not have hinge joints and the torque required for their jump is generated almost entirely by the straightening of their fourth pair of legs.[13] This is due to haemocoelic fluid pressure change in the legs.[14]
Evolution
M. Intermedia are of the phyla arthropoda which contain more described species than all of kingdom all other organisms on earth. The organisms are categorized as having three body segments known as tagmata and a cuticle layer. This species belongs to a subphyla of arthropoda known as chelicerates. Chelicerates have two body segments rather than three and contain chelicerae as a distinctive marker of this subphyla. Chelicerates are divided into two Orders, Araneae which are spiders and Acari. Within this order of Araneae, there are thousands of living species. Living Chelicerates are further categorized between terrestrial arachnids and marine in Xiphosura.[5] Aranae is an order in arachnida in which the family Salticidae resides. Salticidae are jumping spiders and the Maevia genus is what this species M. Intermedia belongs to.[15] Though the taxonomic outlook of Salticidae is understood, no fossil descriptions of genus Maevia are currently known. The evolutionary history of genus Maevia remains a mystery.[15]
Development
M intermedia are protostomes which undergo molting as a function of being apart of phylum Arthropoda which are Ecdysozoans, a clade characterized by being molting protostomes.[5] In the embryo, a protostome forms the mouth first then the anus opening forms and they maintain a spiral cleavage. These individuals are schizocoelic and have are determinate developers.[16]
This organism is a direct developer as it progresses through different instar stages via molting until reaching maturity.[12]
References
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- ^ Maddison, Wayne P. (November 10, 2015). "A phylogenetic classification of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)". The Journal of Arachnology. 43 (3): 231–292. doi:10.1636/arac-43-03-231-292 – via bioone.org.
- ^ a b c d e Su, K. F.; Meier, R.; Jackson, R. R.; Harland, D. P.; Li, D. (July 10, 2007). "Convergent evolution of eye ultrastructure and divergent evolution of vision‐mediated predatory behaviour in jumping spiders". Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 20 (4): 1478–1489. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2007.01335.x – via CrossRef.
- ^ Robert Webster / xpda.com / CC-BY-SA-4.0
- ^ a b c d e Giribet, Gonzalo; Edgecombe, Gregory D. (June 10, 2019). "The Phylogeny and Evolutionary History of Arthropods". Current Biology. 29 (12): R592–R602. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.057.
- ^ a b c d e Clark, D L; Uetz, G W (December 15, 1993). "Signal efficacy and the evolution of male dimorphism in the jumping spider, Maevia inclemens". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 90 (24): 11954–11957. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.24.11954. PMC 48103. PMID 11607446 – via CrossRef.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ a b c d Clark, David L. (1994). "Sequence Analysis of Courtship Behavior in the Dimorphic Jumping Spider Maevia inclemens (Araneae, Salticidae)". The Journal of Arachnology. 22 (2): 94–107 – via JSTOR.
- ^ Clark, David L.; Simmons, Lyle A.; Bowker, Richard G. (April 10, 2018). "Aspects of courtship risks and mating success in the dimorphic jumping spider, Maevia inclemens (Araneae: Salticidae)". The Journal of Arachnology. 46 (1): 1–6. doi:10.1636/JoA-S-16-029R2.1 – via bioone.org.
- ^ a b Clark, David L.; Morjan, Carrie L. (December 7, 2001). "Attracting female attention: the evolution of dimorphic courtship displays in the jumping spider Maevia inclemens (Araneae: Salticidae)". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences. 268 (1484): 2461–2465. doi:10.1098/rspb.2001.1819. PMC 1088900. PMID 11747564 – via CrossRef.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ Lietzenmayer, Laurel B.; Clark, David L.; Taylor, Lisa A. (May 27, 2019). "The role of male coloration and ornamentation in potential alternative mating strategies of the dimorphic jumping spider, Maevia inclemens". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 73 (6): 83. doi:10.1007/s00265-019-2691-y – via Springer Link.
- ^ a b Mendez, Vivian; McGinley, Rowan H.; Taylor, Phillip W. (October 18, 2017). "Mating-induced sexual inhibition in the jumping spider Servaea incana (Araneae: Salticidae): A fast-acting and long-lasting effect". PLOS ONE. 12 (10): e0184940. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0184940. PMC 5646760. PMID 29045411 – via PLoS Journals.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b c Forster, Lyndsay M. (March 10, 1977). "A qualitative analysis of hunting behaviour in jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)". New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 4 (1): 51–62. doi:10.1080/03014223.1977.9517936 – via CrossRef.
- ^ Parry, D. A.; Brown, R. H. J. (December 1, 1959). "The Jumping Mechanism of Salticid Spiders". Journal of Experimental Biology. 36 (4): 654–664. doi:10.1242/jeb.36.4.654.
- ^ https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.36.2.423
- ^ a b Riquelme, Francisco; Menéndez-Acuña, Miguel (July 25, 2017). "Miocene spider Maevia eureka nov. sp. (Araneae: Salticidae)". PeerJ. 5: e3614. doi:10.7717/peerj.3614. PMC 5530986. PMID 28761793 – via peerj.com.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Valentine, James W. (July 22, 1997). "Cleavage patterns and the topology of the metazoan tree of life". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 94 (15): 8001–8005. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.15.8001. PMC 21545. PMID 9223303 – via CrossRef.
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