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[[File:Light curve of AT2021lwx.jpg|thumb|(Upper) Light curve of AT2021lwx. (Lower left) Pan-STARRS upper limits up to 750 d (rest frame) before the first detection of AT2021lwx. (Lower right) Comparison to similar transients.<ref name=Wiseman2023/>]]
[[File:Light curve of AT2021lwx.jpg|thumb|(Upper) Light curve of AT2021lwx. (Lower left) Pan-STARRS upper limits up to 750 d (rest frame) before the first detection of AT2021lwx. (Lower right) Comparison to similar transients.<ref name=Wiseman2023/>]]
[[File:Rest-frame UV and optical spectra of AT2021lwx and similar objects.jpg|thumb|Rest-frame UV and optical spectra of AT2021lwx and similar objects.<ref name=Wiseman2023/>]]
[[File:Rest-frame UV and optical spectra of AT2021lwx and similar objects.jpg|thumb|Rest-frame UV and optical spectra of AT2021lwx and similar objects.<ref name=Wiseman2023/>]]
'''AT 2021lwx''' (also known as '''ZTF20abrbeie''' or "Scary Barbie"<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Subrayan |first1=Bhagya M. |last2=Milisavljevic |first2=Dan |last3=Chornock |first3=Ryan |last4=Margutti |first4=Raffaella |last5=Alexander |first5=Kate D. |last6=Ramakrishnan |first6=Vandana |last7=Duffell |first7=Paul C. |last8=Dickinson |first8=Danielle A. |last9=Lee |first9=Kyoung-Soo |last10=Giannios |first10=Dimitrios |last11=Lentner |first11=Geoffery |last12=Linvill |first12=Mark |last13=Garretson |first13=Braden |last14=Graham |first14=Matthew J. |last15=Stern |first15=Daniel |date=2023-05-01 |title=Scary Barbie: An Extremely Energetic, Long-duration Tidal Disruption Event Candidate without a Detected Host Galaxy at z = 0.995 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters |volume=948 |issue=2 |pages=L19 |doi=10.3847/2041-8213/accf1a |issn=2041-8205|arxiv=2302.10932 |bibcode=2023ApJ...948L..19S |doi-access=free }}</ref>) is the most energetic non-[[quasar]] optical [[transient astronomical event]] ever observed, with a peak luminosity of 7 × 10<sup>45</sup> [[erg]] per second (erg s<sup>−1</sup>) and a total radiated energy of more than 1.5 × 10<sup>53</sup> erg over three years.<ref name=Wiseman2023>{{Cite journal |last1=Wiseman |first1=p. |last2=Wang |first2=Y. |last3=Hönig |first3=S. |last4=Castero-Segura |first4=N. |last5=Clark |first5=P. |last6=Frohmaier |first6=C. |last7=Fulton |first7=M. D. |last8=Leloudas |first8=G. |last9=Middleton |first9=M. |last10=Müller-Bravo |first10=T. E. |last11=Mummery |first11=A. |last12=Pursiainen |first12=M |last13=Smartt |first13=S. J. |last14=Smith |first14=K. |last15=Sullivan |first15=M. |date=July 2023 |title=Multiwavelength observations of the extraordinary accretion event AT 2021lwx |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stad1000 |journal=[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]] |volume=522 |issue=3 |pages=3992–4002 |doi=10.1093/mnras/stad1000 |via=Oxford Academic|doi-access=free }}</ref> Only [[GRB 221009A]] was more energetic, while also being far brighter. It was first identified in imagery obtained on 13 April 2021 by the [[Zwicky Transient Facility]] (ZTF) astronomical survey<ref>J. Nordin, V. Brinnel, J. van Santen, A. Gal-Yam, O. Yaron, S. Schulze (10 May 2021). [https://www.wis-tns.org/object/2021lwx/discovery-cert "Discovery certificate for object 2021lwx"]. IAU Transient Name Server.</ref> and is believed to be due to the [[Accretion (astrophysics)|accretion]] of matter into a [[Supermassive black hole|super massive black hole]] (SMBH) heavier than one hundred million [[solar mass]]es ({{solar mass}}).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=Wiseman2023/><ref name="NYT-20230512">{{cite news |last=Overbye |first=Dennis |authorlink=Dennis Overbye |title=The Biggest Explosion in the Cosmos Just Keeps Going - For three years, telescopes have monitored "one of the most luminous" events ever: a supermassive black hole consuming a gigantic cloud of interstellar gas. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/12/science/astronomy-black-hole.html |date=12 May 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20230512191540/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/12/science/astronomy-black-hole.html |archivedate=12 May 2023 |accessdate=13 May 2023 }}</ref> It has a [[redshift]] of z = 0.9945,<ref name=Wiseman2023/> which would place it at a distance of about eight billion [[light-year]]s from earth,<ref name="NYT-20230512"/> and is located in the constellation [[Vulpecula]].<ref name=Kahlon>{{Cite web |author-last=Kahlon |author-first=Gurjeet |date=5 November 2023 |title=Astronomers reveal the largest cosmic explosion ever seen |website=Royal Astronomical Society |url=https://ras.ac.uk/news-and-press/news/astronomers-reveal-largest-cosmic-explosion-ever-seen |access-date=11 May 2023 }}</ref> No host [[galaxy]] has been detected.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=Wiseman2023/>
'''AT 2021lwx''' (also known as '''ZTF20abrbeie''' or "Scary Barbie"<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Subrayan |first1=Bhagya M. |last2=Milisavljevic |first2=Dan |last3=Chornock |first3=Ryan |last4=Margutti |first4=Raffaella |last5=Alexander |first5=Kate D. |last6=Ramakrishnan |first6=Vandana |last7=Duffell |first7=Paul C. |last8=Dickinson |first8=Danielle A. |last9=Lee |first9=Kyoung-Soo |last10=Giannios |first10=Dimitrios |last11=Lentner |first11=Geoffery |last12=Linvill |first12=Mark |last13=Garretson |first13=Braden |last14=Graham |first14=Matthew J. |last15=Stern |first15=Daniel |date=2023-05-01 |title=Scary Barbie: An Extremely Energetic, Long-duration Tidal Disruption Event Candidate without a Detected Host Galaxy at z = 0.995 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters |volume=948 |issue=2 |pages=L19 |doi=10.3847/2041-8213/accf1a |issn=2041-8205|arxiv=2302.10932 |bibcode=2023ApJ...948L..19S |doi-access=free }}</ref>) is the most energetic non-[[quasar]] optical [[transient astronomical event]] ever observed, with a peak luminosity of 7 × 10<sup>45</sup> [[erg]] per second (erg s<sup>−1</sup>) and a total radiated energy of more than 1.5 × 10<sup>53</sup> erg over three years.<ref name=Wiseman2023>{{Cite journal |last1=Wiseman |first1=p. |last2=Wang |first2=Y. |last3=Hönig |first3=S. |last4=Castero-Segura |first4=N. |last5=Clark |first5=P. |last6=Frohmaier |first6=C. |last7=Fulton |first7=M. D. |last8=Leloudas |first8=G. |last9=Middleton |first9=M. |last10=Müller-Bravo |first10=T. E. |last11=Mummery |first11=A. |last12=Pursiainen |first12=M |last13=Smartt |first13=S. J. |last14=Smith |first14=K. |last15=Sullivan |first15=M. |date=July 2023 |title=Multiwavelength observations of the extraordinary accretion event AT 2021lwx |journal=[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]] |volume=522 |issue=3 |pages=3992–4002 |doi=10.1093/mnras/stad1000 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Only [[GRB 221009A]] was more energetic, while also being far brighter. It was first identified in imagery obtained on 13 April 2021 by the [[Zwicky Transient Facility]] (ZTF) astronomical survey<ref>J. Nordin, V. Brinnel, J. van Santen, A. Gal-Yam, O. Yaron, S. Schulze (10 May 2021). [https://www.wis-tns.org/object/2021lwx/discovery-cert "Discovery certificate for object 2021lwx"]. IAU Transient Name Server.</ref> and is believed to be due to the [[Accretion (astrophysics)|accretion]] of matter into a [[Supermassive black hole|super massive black hole]] (SMBH) heavier than one hundred million [[solar mass]]es ({{solar mass}}).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=Wiseman2023/><ref name="NYT-20230512">{{cite news |last=Overbye |first=Dennis |authorlink=Dennis Overbye |title=The Biggest Explosion in the Cosmos Just Keeps Going - For three years, telescopes have monitored "one of the most luminous" events ever: a supermassive black hole consuming a gigantic cloud of interstellar gas. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/12/science/astronomy-black-hole.html |date=12 May 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20230512191540/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/12/science/astronomy-black-hole.html |archivedate=12 May 2023 |accessdate=13 May 2023 }}</ref> It has a [[redshift]] of z = 0.9945,<ref name=Wiseman2023/> which would place it at a distance of about eight billion [[light-year]]s from earth,<ref name="NYT-20230512"/> and is located in the constellation [[Vulpecula]].<ref name=Kahlon>{{Cite web |author-last=Kahlon |author-first=Gurjeet |date=5 November 2023 |title=Astronomers reveal the largest cosmic explosion ever seen |website=Royal Astronomical Society |url=https://ras.ac.uk/news-and-press/news/astronomers-reveal-largest-cosmic-explosion-ever-seen |access-date=11 May 2023 }}</ref> No host [[galaxy]] has been detected.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=Wiseman2023/>


[[Forced photometry]] of earlier ZTF imagery showed AT 2021lwx had already begun brightening by 16 June 2020, as ZTF20abrbeie. It was also detected independently in data from the [[Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System]] (ATLAS) as ATLAS20bkdj, and the [[Pan-STARRS|Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System]] (Pan-STARRS) as PS22iin. At the [[Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory]], [[X-ray astronomy|X-ray observations]] were made with the X-ray Telescope and [[Ultraviolet astronomy|ultraviolet]], with the Ultraviolet-Optical Telescope (UVOT).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=Wiseman2023/>
[[Forced photometry]] of earlier ZTF imagery showed AT 2021lwx had already begun brightening by 16 June 2020, as ZTF20abrbeie. It was also detected independently in data from the [[Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System]] (ATLAS) as ATLAS20bkdj, and the [[Pan-STARRS|Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System]] (Pan-STARRS) as PS22iin. At the [[Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory]], [[X-ray astronomy|X-ray observations]] were made with the X-ray Telescope and [[Ultraviolet astronomy|ultraviolet]], with the Ultraviolet-Optical Telescope (UVOT).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=Wiseman2023/>
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* [[Ophiuchus Supercluster eruption]], a 5 × 10<sup>61</sup>-erg event that may have occurred up to 240 million years ago, revealed by a giant radio fossil
* [[Ophiuchus Supercluster eruption]], a 5 × 10<sup>61</sup>-erg event that may have occurred up to 240 million years ago, revealed by a giant radio fossil
* [[MS 0735.6+7421]], a 10<sup>61</sup>-erg eruption that has been occurring for the last 100 million years
* [[MS 0735.6+7421]], a 10<sup>61</sup>-erg eruption that has been occurring for the last 100 million years
* [[GRB 080916C]], an 8.8 × 10<sup>54</sup>-erg [[gamma-ray burst]] seen in 2008<ref>{{Cite journal |author=Fermi LAT and Fermi GBM Collaborations |date=27 March 2009 |title=Fermi Observations of High-Energy Gamma-Ray Emission from GRB 080916C |url=
* [[GRB 080916C]], an 8.8 × 10<sup>54</sup>-erg [[gamma-ray burst]] seen in 2008<ref>{{Cite journal |author=Fermi LAT and Fermi GBM Collaborations |date=27 March 2009 |title=Fermi Observations of High-Energy Gamma-Ray Emission from GRB 080916C |journal=Science |volume=323 |issue=5922 |pages=1688–1693 |doi=10.1126/science.1169101 |pmid=19228997 |bibcode=2009Sci...323.1688A |s2cid=263421340 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1169101 |journal=Science |volume=323 |issue=5922 |pages=1688–1693 |doi=10.1126/science.1169101 |pmid=19228997 |bibcode=2009Sci...323.1688A |s2cid=263421340 |access-date=22 May 2023|doi-access=free }}</ref>
* [[GRB 221009A]], a gamma-ray burst seen in 2022 that was brighter than AT 2021lwx, but less energetic, since it lasted for only ten hours<ref name=Kahlon/>
* [[GRB 221009A]], a gamma-ray burst seen in 2022 that was brighter than AT 2021lwx, but less energetic, since it lasted for only ten hours<ref name=Kahlon/>
* {{annotated link|hypernova}}
* {{annotated link|hypernova}}

Revision as of 18:19, 14 November 2023

(Upper) Light curve of AT2021lwx. (Lower left) Pan-STARRS upper limits up to 750 d (rest frame) before the first detection of AT2021lwx. (Lower right) Comparison to similar transients.[1]
Rest-frame UV and optical spectra of AT2021lwx and similar objects.[1]

AT 2021lwx (also known as ZTF20abrbeie or "Scary Barbie"[2]) is the most energetic non-quasar optical transient astronomical event ever observed, with a peak luminosity of 7 × 1045 erg per second (erg s−1) and a total radiated energy of more than 1.5 × 1053 erg over three years.[1] Only GRB 221009A was more energetic, while also being far brighter. It was first identified in imagery obtained on 13 April 2021 by the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) astronomical survey[3] and is believed to be due to the accretion of matter into a super massive black hole (SMBH) heavier than one hundred million solar masses (M☉).[2][1][4] It has a redshift of z = 0.9945,[1] which would place it at a distance of about eight billion light-years from earth,[4] and is located in the constellation Vulpecula.[5] No host galaxy has been detected.[2][1]

Forced photometry of earlier ZTF imagery showed AT 2021lwx had already begun brightening by 16 June 2020, as ZTF20abrbeie. It was also detected independently in data from the Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System (ATLAS) as ATLAS20bkdj, and the Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System (Pan-STARRS) as PS22iin. At the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory, X-ray observations were made with the X-ray Telescope and ultraviolet, with the Ultraviolet-Optical Telescope (UVOT).[2][1]

Subrayan et al. originally interpreted it to be a tidal disruption event between an SMBH (~108 M☉) and a massive star (~14 M☉).[2] Wiseman et al. disfavor this interpretation, and instead believe the most likely scenario is "the sudden accretion of a large amount of gas, potentially a giant molecular cloud"[1] (~1,000 M☉),[6] onto an SMBH (>108 M☉).[1][7]

The inferred mass of the SMBH, based on the light to mass ratio, is about 1 hundred million - 1 billion solar masses, given the observed brightness. However, the theoretical limit for an accreting super massive black hole is 1 hundred million solar masses. Given the best understood model of accreting SMBH's, this even may be the most massive SMBH to possibly accrete matter.[8] [citation needed]

See also

  • Ophiuchus Supercluster eruption, a 5 × 1061-erg event that may have occurred up to 240 million years ago, revealed by a giant radio fossil
  • MS 0735.6+7421, a 1061-erg eruption that has been occurring for the last 100 million years
  • GRB 080916C, an 8.8 × 1054-erg gamma-ray burst seen in 2008[9]
  • GRB 221009A, a gamma-ray burst seen in 2022 that was brighter than AT 2021lwx, but less energetic, since it lasted for only ten hours[5]
  • hypernova – Supernova that ejects a large mass at unusually high velocity

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Wiseman, p.; Wang, Y.; Hönig, S.; Castero-Segura, N.; Clark, P.; Frohmaier, C.; Fulton, M. D.; Leloudas, G.; Middleton, M.; Müller-Bravo, T. E.; Mummery, A.; Pursiainen, M; Smartt, S. J.; Smith, K.; Sullivan, M. (July 2023). "Multiwavelength observations of the extraordinary accretion event AT 2021lwx". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 522 (3): 3992–4002. doi:10.1093/mnras/stad1000.
  2. ^ a b c d e Subrayan, Bhagya M.; Milisavljevic, Dan; Chornock, Ryan; Margutti, Raffaella; Alexander, Kate D.; Ramakrishnan, Vandana; Duffell, Paul C.; Dickinson, Danielle A.; Lee, Kyoung-Soo; Giannios, Dimitrios; Lentner, Geoffery; Linvill, Mark; Garretson, Braden; Graham, Matthew J.; Stern, Daniel (1 May 2023). "Scary Barbie: An Extremely Energetic, Long-duration Tidal Disruption Event Candidate without a Detected Host Galaxy at z = 0.995". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 948 (2): L19. arXiv:2302.10932. Bibcode:2023ApJ...948L..19S. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/accf1a. ISSN 2041-8205.
  3. ^ J. Nordin, V. Brinnel, J. van Santen, A. Gal-Yam, O. Yaron, S. Schulze (10 May 2021). "Discovery certificate for object 2021lwx". IAU Transient Name Server.
  4. ^ a b Overbye, Dennis (12 May 2023). "The Biggest Explosion in the Cosmos Just Keeps Going - For three years, telescopes have monitored "one of the most luminous" events ever: a supermassive black hole consuming a gigantic cloud of interstellar gas". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2023-05-12. Retrieved 2023-05-13.
  5. ^ a b Kahlon, Gurjeet (5 November 2023). "Astronomers reveal the largest cosmic explosion ever seen". Royal Astronomical Society. Retrieved 2023-05-11.
  6. ^ "This Is The Largest Cosmic Explosion In The Universe Ever Seen". IFLScience. 11 May 2023. Retrieved 2023-05-15.
  7. ^ "'Terrifying': Why the universe's largest cosmic explosion is called 'Scary Barbie'". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2023-05-15.
  8. ^ Mockler, Brenna; Guillochon, James; Ramirez-Ruiz, Enrico (20 February 2019). "Weighing Black Holes Using Tidal Disruption Events". The Astrophysical Journal. 872 (2): 151. arXiv:1801.08221. Bibcode:2019ApJ...872..151M. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab010f.
  9. ^ Fermi LAT and Fermi GBM Collaborations (27 March 2009). "Fermi Observations of High-Energy Gamma-Ray Emission from GRB 080916C". Science. 323 (5922): 1688–1693. Bibcode:2009Sci...323.1688A. doi:10.1126/science.1169101. PMID 19228997. S2CID 263421340.
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