Clandestine Insurgent Rebel Clown Army: Difference between revisions
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[[Image:Circaflier.jpg|right|thumb|CIRCA recruitment poster, with side by side comparison with [[U.S. Army]] incentives, standards, and values.]] |
[[Image:Circaflier.jpg|right|thumb|CIRCA recruitment poster, with side by side comparison with [[U.S. Army]] incentives, standards, and values.]] |
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The '''Clandestine Insurgent Rebel Clown Army''' (also known as '''CIRCA''' and '''Clown Army'''<ref name=ent />) is an [[anti-authoritarian]] [[left-wing]] [[activist]] group that uses [[clowning]] and [[non-violence|non-violent]] tactics to act against corporate [[globalisation]], [[war]], and on other issues. The group originated circa 2003 in the [[United Kingdom]] as a response to the visit of President George W. Bush.<ref>{{Citation |last=Bogad |first=L. M. |title=Clowndestine Maneuvers: A Study of Clownfrontational Tactics |date=2011-01-01 |url=https://brill.com/display/book/9789042029828/B9789042029828-s010.xml |work=Cultural Activism |pages=179–198 |access-date=2023-11-11 |publisher=Brill |language=en |doi=10.1163/9789042029828_010 |isbn=978-90-420-2982-8}}</ref> |
The '''Clandestine Insurgent Rebel Clown Army''' (also known as '''CIRCA''' and '''Clown Army'''<ref name="ent">{{cite news |date=7 July 2005 |title=BBC NEWS - UK - Scotland - Day of uncertainty and contrasts |work=bbc.co.uk |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/4658007.stm |accessdate=3 February 2017}}</ref>) is an [[anti-authoritarian]] [[left-wing]] [[activist]] group that uses [[clowning]] and [[non-violence|non-violent]] tactics to act against corporate [[globalisation]], [[war]], and on other issues. The group originated circa 2003 in the [[United Kingdom]] as a response to the visit of President George W. Bush.<ref name=":4">{{Citation |last=Bogad |first=L. M. |title=Clowndestine Maneuvers: A Study of Clownfrontational Tactics |date=2011-01-01 |url=https://brill.com/display/book/9789042029828/B9789042029828-s010.xml |work=Cultural Activism |pages=179–198 |access-date=2023-11-11 |publisher=Brill |language=en |doi=10.1163/9789042029828_010 |isbn=978-90-420-2982-8}}</ref> |
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== |
== Activity == |
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CIRCA emerged from the [[direct action]] movement and has participated in protests against [[George W. Bush]]'s visit to the UK in 2003 and demonstrations against the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]]. |
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=== Origin === |
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The group was particularly prominent in many of the actions organised around the [[31st G8 summit]] held in [[Gleneagles, Scotland|Gleneagles]] during July 2005.<ref>http://edinburghnews.scotsman.com/edinburgh.cfm?id=719802005{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Rebel clowns are in town], ''Edinburgh Evening News'', 30 June 2005</ref> Members of CIRCA entertained children in [[Auchterarder]] while waiting for permission to march near the summit.<ref name=ent>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/4658007.stm|title=BBC NEWS - UK - Scotland - Day of uncertainty and contrasts|work=bbc.co.uk|date=7 July 2005 |accessdate=3 February 2017}}</ref> |
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CIRCA emerged from the [[direct action]] movement in [[London]] in November of 2003 in response to U.S. President [[George W. Bush]]'s visit to the United Kingdom<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Routledge |first=Paul |year=2011 |title=Sensuous Solidarities: Emotion, Politics and Performance in the Clandestine Insurgent Rebel Clown Army |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-8330.2010.00862.x |journal=Antipode |language= |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=428–452 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8330.2010.00862.x |issn=0066-4812}}</ref>. |
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Founding members include Lawrence M. Bogad (Colonel Oftruth), Jay [formerly John<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=Laboratory of Insurrectionary Imagination |url=https://labo.zone/wp-content/themes/labo-dot-zone-theme |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=labo.zone |language=en-US}}</ref>] Jordan (Kolonel Klepto<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Bogad |first=Lawrence M. |title=Tactical Carnival and the Global Justice Movement: The Clown Army and Clownfrontational Protest |date=2017 |url=https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-50737-2_10 |work=Protest, Popular Culture and Tradition in Modern and Contemporary Western Europe |pages=209–227 |editor-last=Favretto |editor-first=Ilaria |access-date=2023-11-20 |series=Palgrave Studies in the History of Social Movements |place=London |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |language=en |doi=10.1057/978-1-137-50737-2_10 |isbn=978-1-137-50737-2 |editor2-last=Itcaina |editor2-first=Xabier}}</ref>), Hilary Ramsden (General Confusion<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ramsden |first=Hilary J. |date=2015-09-02 |title=Clowns, buffoons and the killing laugh: An investigation of the Clandestine Insurgent Rebel Clown Army’s (CIRCA) power to disrupt and provoke through joy and humour |url=https://europeanjournalofhumour.org/ejhr/article/view/120 |journal=The European Journal of Humour Research |language=en |volume=3 |issue=2/3 |pages=145–163 |doi=10.7592/EJHR2015.3.2.3.ramsden |issn=2307-700X}}</ref>), Isabelle Fremeaux (Major Upevil), Matthew Trevelyan, Jennifer Version, and Zoe Young.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Bogad |first=L. M. |date=2020-11-12 |title=Antiauthoritarian Clowning |url=https://howlround.com/antiauthoritarian-clowning |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=HowlRound Theatre Commons |language=en}}</ref> |
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CIRCA has active groups in the [[United Kingdom]], [[Ireland]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Belgium]], [[France]], [[Denmark]], [[Germany]], and [[Israel]], and many other groups have appeared that have been inspired by the work of the original group.{{Citation needed|date=August 2016}} |
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=== George Bush Protest === |
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CIRCA's protest against George W. Bush’s 2003 visit to the United Kingdom was announced under the premise that the clown army would storm [[Buckingham Palace]] in a protest against the Queen inviting the 'wrong sort of fool' back in.<ref name=":0" /> |
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The Clown Army paraded through the streets of London in a militant formation, following satirical orders of "Right-sneer!" and "Left-spit!". They marched behind the [[Yeomen Warders|guards at the Tower of London]] and launched pink pretzels (in reference to Bush previously choking on a pretzel) at corporate buildings from a cardboard circus cannon. In the park across from Buckingham Palace, the clowns dropped to the ground and army-crawled towards the palace in a pantomime of sneaking, pretending to take cover behind singular fallen leaves they held up. Upon arrival at the Palace, the Clown Army delivered a manifesto denouncing Bush, cheered and celebrated, then disbanded.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Bogad |first=L.M. |year=2010 |title=Carnivals against capital: radical clowning and the global justice movement |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13504630.2010.498242 |journal=Social Identities |language=en |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=537–557 |doi=10.1080/13504630.2010.498242 |issn=1350-4630}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /> |
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=== Occupation of Leeds === |
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In response to the United Kingdom’s incomplete withdrawal from [[Iraq]] in June 2004, CIRCA occupied [[Leeds]] under what they labelled the Clown Provisional Authority in their Anti-Official Communique #3, “Re: the so-called handover of Iraq, June 2004”.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Klepto |first=Kolonel |year=2004 |title=Making war with love: the Clandestine Insurgent Rebel Clown Army |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1360481042000313536 |journal=City |language=en |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=403–411 |doi=10.1080/1360481042000313536 |issn=1360-4813}}</ref> |
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The Clown Army occupied the Leeds [[BBC]] HQ, the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] offices, the [[RAF Menwith Hill|Menwith Hill]] spy base, and the local armed forces recruitment centre, causing a scene and refusing to leave.<ref name=":3" /> After the recruitment centre was forced to close early due to CIRCA's disruption, the clowns set up their own Clown Army recruitment centre outside.<ref name=":1" /> |
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=== G8 Protest Recruitment Tour === |
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Prior to the [[31st G8 summit|31<sup>st</sup> G8 Summit]] in Scotland, CIRCA travelled to [[London]], [[Bristol]], [[Manchester]], [[Birmingham]], [[Sheffield]], [[Aberdeen]], [[Edinburgh]], [[Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle]], and [[Glasgow]] in a caravan pulled by a [[biodiesel]]-fueled van, courtesy of the Laboratory of Insurrectionary Imagination.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> |
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In each city, CIRCA would put on a performance involving puppetry, origami, performance art, and video presentations that would spread their message and raise consciousness about the issues that the Clown Army was fighting against. They would also hand out organic chips to their audience, and explain that the leftover fat from the chip fryer would fuel their van to get them to the next city.<ref name=":4" /> |
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After their performance, CIRCA would lead two day Big Shoe Camps for any locals who may be interested in enlisting in the Clown Army. <ref name=":4" /> |
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=== G8 Protests === |
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About 150 clowns acting for the Clandestine Insurgent Rebel Clown Army showed up to the protests against the G8 summit in July 2005.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Klepto |first=Kolonel |title=Shut Them Down! The G5, Gleneagles 2005, and the Movement of Movements |last2=Upevil |first2=Major |publisher=Autonomedia |year=2006 |isbn=978-0955206504 |pages=243-254 |chapter=The Clandestine Insurgent Rebel Clown Army goes to Scotland via a few other places.}}</ref> Each day of the protests, a clown council made up of about 15 [[Affinity group|affinity groups]], called 'gaggles', would be held to determine courses of action for the day. <ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Routledge |first=Paul |date=2004 |title=Reflections on the G8 Protests: An Interview with General Unrest of the Clandestine Insurgent Rebel Clown Army (CIRCA) |url=https://acme-journal.org/index.php/acme/article/view/720 |journal=ACME: An International Journal for Critical Geographies |language=en |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=112–120 |issn=1492-9732}}</ref> |
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==== Make Poverty History March/Operation Brown-Nose ==== |
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On 1 July, 2005, the day before the [[Make Poverty History]] march in Edinburgh, CIRCA held a press conference in [[Bristo Square]] and released the communique #8.86, “Re: Operation BROWN-NOSE”. The press conference demonstrated CIRCA’s protest techniques such as marching and call-and-response, and explained their approach to the protests against G8. Operation Brown Nose responded to the promised presence of Labour Party leaders [[Gordon Brown]] and [[Hilary Benn|Hillary Benn]] at the Make Poverty History March. The operation would involve patrolling and protecting the march and otherwise participating in the demonstration as usual.<ref name=":7" /> |
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During the Make Poverty History march on 2 July 2005, CIRCA marched alongside other protestors and played games, performed slapstick routines, and improvised. When a group of [[black bloc]] protestors were surrounded by police, the Clown Army encircled the police until the protestors were released.<ref name=":8" /> |
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==== Faslane Nuclear Submarine Base Blockade/Operation Mass Distraction ==== |
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CIRCA participated in a blockade of the [[HMNB Clyde|Faslane nuclear submarine base]] organized by the [[Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament]] on 4 July, 2005.<ref name=":5" /> The Clown Army labelled their deployment in the blockade as Operation Mass Distraction, in reference to the [[Iraq War|war on Iraq]] being framed as a war against a [[Terrorism|terrorist state]] with [[Weapon of mass destruction|weapons of mass destruction]], and distracting from the countries of the [[G8]] protecting their own [[Nuclear weapon|nuclear weapons]].<ref name=":8" /> |
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==== Carnival for Full Enjoyment ==== |
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CIRCA facilitated and participated in the Carnival for Full Enjoyment in Edinburgh on 4 July 2005. This city-wide event called for workers to cast aside corporate concerns for the day and enjoy life without the pressures of capitalism. Filling the streets with festivities, the Carnival disrupted daily corporate proceedings and aimed to provide a free space for imagination to run wild. Carnival-goers played games, danced to samba bands, and celebrated.<ref name=":4" /> |
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Since the Carnival was anti-authority in nature, no permits were requested for the event. Viewing the event as a possible threat, a police force of approximately 10,000 was called in response.<ref name=":6" /> |
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Many confrontations occurred between police and protestors, ranging from benign to playful to even violent, in one instance where dancing clowns were baton-charged by police.<ref name=":6" /> In another, more frivolous, instance, clowns atop a bridge convince the police to play a game of ‘Dwarfs, Wizards, and Giants’ (a variant on paper-scissors-stone involving teams and full body movements) with them. When both the clowns and the police chose to be wizards, they, as per the rules, called it a draw and hugged.<ref name=":8" /> |
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The Carnival for Full Enjoyment was largely inspired by the 18 June 1999 [[Carnival Against Capital]] that occurred in response to the [[25th G8 summit|25th G8 Summit]] in [[Cologne|Cologne, Germany]].<ref name=":6" /> |
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==== Operation HA.HA.HAA ==== |
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CIRCA’s Operation HA.HA.HAA (Helping Authorities House Arrest Half-witted Authoritarian Androids) took place on 6 July 2005, the first date of the 31<sup>st</sup> G8 Summit, during the mass protests outside of the [[Gleneagles Hotel]] where the summit was being held.<ref name=":8" /> |
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The operation was intended to invert the expectations of how protestors would act. It was based on the premise that the police guarding the summit were not keeping protestors out, but rather keeping the ‘dangerous’ members of the G8 inside. Rather than try to scale the fences and break in to disrupt the meeting, rebel clowns helped build fences higher and ‘guard’ where the members of the G8 were ‘being detained’. The clowns also created mobile road blocks to disrupt travels to the G8 meeting.<ref name=":5" /> |
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=== Decline of the Clown Army === |
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After the protests at the G8 summit, CIRCA fell into a period of inactivity and eventual dissolution. CIRCA's website domain (www.clownarmy.org<ref>{{Cite web |title=CIRCA - The Clandestine Insurgent Rebel Clown Army |url=https://www.clownarmy.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517060216/http://clownarmy.org/ |archive-date=2014-05-17}}</ref>) became defunct and was put up for sale in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |title=clownarmy.org |url=https://www.clownarmy.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006193638/http://clownarmy.org/ |archive-date=2015-10-06}}</ref> |
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==Appearance== |
==Appearance== |
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Revision as of 01:04, 22 November 2023
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (July 2012) |
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The Clandestine Insurgent Rebel Clown Army (also known as CIRCA and Clown Army[1]) is an anti-authoritarian left-wing activist group that uses clowning and non-violent tactics to act against corporate globalisation, war, and on other issues. The group originated circa 2003 in the United Kingdom as a response to the visit of President George W. Bush.[2]
Activity
Origin
CIRCA emerged from the direct action movement in London in November of 2003 in response to U.S. President George W. Bush's visit to the United Kingdom[2][3].
Founding members include Lawrence M. Bogad (Colonel Oftruth), Jay [formerly John[4]] Jordan (Kolonel Klepto[5]), Hilary Ramsden (General Confusion[6]), Isabelle Fremeaux (Major Upevil), Matthew Trevelyan, Jennifer Version, and Zoe Young.[7]
George Bush Protest
CIRCA's protest against George W. Bush’s 2003 visit to the United Kingdom was announced under the premise that the clown army would storm Buckingham Palace in a protest against the Queen inviting the 'wrong sort of fool' back in.[5]
The Clown Army paraded through the streets of London in a militant formation, following satirical orders of "Right-sneer!" and "Left-spit!". They marched behind the guards at the Tower of London and launched pink pretzels (in reference to Bush previously choking on a pretzel) at corporate buildings from a cardboard circus cannon. In the park across from Buckingham Palace, the clowns dropped to the ground and army-crawled towards the palace in a pantomime of sneaking, pretending to take cover behind singular fallen leaves they held up. Upon arrival at the Palace, the Clown Army delivered a manifesto denouncing Bush, cheered and celebrated, then disbanded.[8][7][5]
Occupation of Leeds
In response to the United Kingdom’s incomplete withdrawal from Iraq in June 2004, CIRCA occupied Leeds under what they labelled the Clown Provisional Authority in their Anti-Official Communique #3, “Re: the so-called handover of Iraq, June 2004”.[9]
The Clown Army occupied the Leeds BBC HQ, the Labour Party offices, the Menwith Hill spy base, and the local armed forces recruitment centre, causing a scene and refusing to leave.[9] After the recruitment centre was forced to close early due to CIRCA's disruption, the clowns set up their own Clown Army recruitment centre outside.[6]
G8 Protest Recruitment Tour
Prior to the 31st G8 Summit in Scotland, CIRCA travelled to London, Bristol, Manchester, Birmingham, Sheffield, Aberdeen, Edinburgh, Newcastle, and Glasgow in a caravan pulled by a biodiesel-fueled van, courtesy of the Laboratory of Insurrectionary Imagination.[2][3]
In each city, CIRCA would put on a performance involving puppetry, origami, performance art, and video presentations that would spread their message and raise consciousness about the issues that the Clown Army was fighting against. They would also hand out organic chips to their audience, and explain that the leftover fat from the chip fryer would fuel their van to get them to the next city.[2]
After their performance, CIRCA would lead two day Big Shoe Camps for any locals who may be interested in enlisting in the Clown Army. [2]
G8 Protests
About 150 clowns acting for the Clandestine Insurgent Rebel Clown Army showed up to the protests against the G8 summit in July 2005.[10] Each day of the protests, a clown council made up of about 15 affinity groups, called 'gaggles', would be held to determine courses of action for the day. [11]
Make Poverty History March/Operation Brown-Nose
On 1 July, 2005, the day before the Make Poverty History march in Edinburgh, CIRCA held a press conference in Bristo Square and released the communique #8.86, “Re: Operation BROWN-NOSE”. The press conference demonstrated CIRCA’s protest techniques such as marching and call-and-response, and explained their approach to the protests against G8. Operation Brown Nose responded to the promised presence of Labour Party leaders Gordon Brown and Hillary Benn at the Make Poverty History March. The operation would involve patrolling and protecting the march and otherwise participating in the demonstration as usual.[10]
During the Make Poverty History march on 2 July 2005, CIRCA marched alongside other protestors and played games, performed slapstick routines, and improvised. When a group of black bloc protestors were surrounded by police, the Clown Army encircled the police until the protestors were released.[11]
Faslane Nuclear Submarine Base Blockade/Operation Mass Distraction
CIRCA participated in a blockade of the Faslane nuclear submarine base organized by the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament on 4 July, 2005.[3] The Clown Army labelled their deployment in the blockade as Operation Mass Distraction, in reference to the war on Iraq being framed as a war against a terrorist state with weapons of mass destruction, and distracting from the countries of the G8 protecting their own nuclear weapons.[11]
Carnival for Full Enjoyment
CIRCA facilitated and participated in the Carnival for Full Enjoyment in Edinburgh on 4 July 2005. This city-wide event called for workers to cast aside corporate concerns for the day and enjoy life without the pressures of capitalism. Filling the streets with festivities, the Carnival disrupted daily corporate proceedings and aimed to provide a free space for imagination to run wild. Carnival-goers played games, danced to samba bands, and celebrated.[2]
Since the Carnival was anti-authority in nature, no permits were requested for the event. Viewing the event as a possible threat, a police force of approximately 10,000 was called in response.[8]
Many confrontations occurred between police and protestors, ranging from benign to playful to even violent, in one instance where dancing clowns were baton-charged by police.[8] In another, more frivolous, instance, clowns atop a bridge convince the police to play a game of ‘Dwarfs, Wizards, and Giants’ (a variant on paper-scissors-stone involving teams and full body movements) with them. When both the clowns and the police chose to be wizards, they, as per the rules, called it a draw and hugged.[11]
The Carnival for Full Enjoyment was largely inspired by the 18 June 1999 Carnival Against Capital that occurred in response to the 25th G8 Summit in Cologne, Germany.[8]
Operation HA.HA.HAA
CIRCA’s Operation HA.HA.HAA (Helping Authorities House Arrest Half-witted Authoritarian Androids) took place on 6 July 2005, the first date of the 31st G8 Summit, during the mass protests outside of the Gleneagles Hotel where the summit was being held.[11]
The operation was intended to invert the expectations of how protestors would act. It was based on the premise that the police guarding the summit were not keeping protestors out, but rather keeping the ‘dangerous’ members of the G8 inside. Rather than try to scale the fences and break in to disrupt the meeting, rebel clowns helped build fences higher and ‘guard’ where the members of the G8 were ‘being detained’. The clowns also created mobile road blocks to disrupt travels to the G8 meeting.[3]
Decline of the Clown Army
After the protests at the G8 summit, CIRCA fell into a period of inactivity and eventual dissolution. CIRCA's website domain (www.clownarmy.org[12]) became defunct and was put up for sale in 2015.[13]
Appearance
Those participating in CIRCA actions typically dress in military-style camouflage clothing supplemented with brightly coloured trimmings and political logos. The costumes both create a comical atmosphere and serve to maintain anonymity during protests. 'Armaments' are usually limited to feather dusters, although some carry water pistols. The complete ensemble of the costume and traditional clown make-up (usually consisting of a white face and red nose) creates a sense of ridiculousness which seeks to challenge preconceptions of radical activists.
Beliefs
CIRCA claims that there is more to the group than simply dressing up and being playful. There is also a psychology which informs its actions: the clown persona can be used to defuse tense situations and engage with police in public order situations. In order to learn this 'recruits' must participate in a training workshop aka Big Shoe Camp before deployment.[14]
In an article about the G8 protests, the Edinburgh Evening News described CIRCA as "an anarchist splinter group," but a member denied this, saying that while some members would describe themselves as anarchists "...most would consider themselves 'horizontalists' where we engage people without the need for leaders."[15]
Police infiltration
In 2020, the Yorkshire Evening Post reported that CIRCA had been infiltrated by undercover police in the early 2000s, with one officer having trained as a clown in order to infiltrate the group.[16] Robert Childs Jr., a Washington man currently serving a life sentence for the rape of a child, previously served as an informant for the FBI posing as a member of CIRCA.[17]
See also
References
- ^ "BBC NEWS - UK - Scotland - Day of uncertainty and contrasts". bbc.co.uk. 7 July 2005. Retrieved 3 February 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f Bogad, L. M. (1 January 2011), "Clowndestine Maneuvers: A Study of Clownfrontational Tactics", Cultural Activism, Brill, pp. 179–198, doi:10.1163/9789042029828_010, ISBN 978-90-420-2982-8, retrieved 11 November 2023
- ^ a b c d Routledge, Paul (2011). "Sensuous Solidarities: Emotion, Politics and Performance in the Clandestine Insurgent Rebel Clown Army". Antipode. 44 (2): 428–452. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8330.2010.00862.x. ISSN 0066-4812.
- ^ "Laboratory of Insurrectionary Imagination". labo.zone. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
- ^ a b c Bogad, Lawrence M. (2017), Favretto, Ilaria; Itcaina, Xabier (eds.), "Tactical Carnival and the Global Justice Movement: The Clown Army and Clownfrontational Protest", Protest, Popular Culture and Tradition in Modern and Contemporary Western Europe, Palgrave Studies in the History of Social Movements, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 209–227, doi:10.1057/978-1-137-50737-2_10, ISBN 978-1-137-50737-2, retrieved 20 November 2023
- ^ a b Ramsden, Hilary J. (2 September 2015). "Clowns, buffoons and the killing laugh: An investigation of the Clandestine Insurgent Rebel Clown Army's (CIRCA) power to disrupt and provoke through joy and humour". The European Journal of Humour Research. 3 (2/3): 145–163. doi:10.7592/EJHR2015.3.2.3.ramsden. ISSN 2307-700X.
- ^ a b Bogad, L. M. (12 November 2020). "Antiauthoritarian Clowning". HowlRound Theatre Commons. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
- ^ a b c d Bogad, L.M. (2010). "Carnivals against capital: radical clowning and the global justice movement". Social Identities. 16 (4): 537–557. doi:10.1080/13504630.2010.498242. ISSN 1350-4630.
- ^ a b Klepto, Kolonel (2004). "Making war with love: the Clandestine Insurgent Rebel Clown Army". City. 8 (3): 403–411. doi:10.1080/1360481042000313536. ISSN 1360-4813.
- ^ a b Klepto, Kolonel; Upevil, Major (2006). "The Clandestine Insurgent Rebel Clown Army goes to Scotland via a few other places.". Shut Them Down! The G5, Gleneagles 2005, and the Movement of Movements. Autonomedia. pp. 243–254. ISBN 978-0955206504.
- ^ a b c d e Routledge, Paul (2004). "Reflections on the G8 Protests: An Interview with General Unrest of the Clandestine Insurgent Rebel Clown Army (CIRCA)". ACME: An International Journal for Critical Geographies. 3 (2): 112–120. ISSN 1492-9732.
- ^ "CIRCA - The Clandestine Insurgent Rebel Clown Army". Archived from the original on 17 May 2014.
- ^ "clownarmy.org". Archived from the original on 6 October 2015.
- ^ "Clandestine Insurgent Rebel Clown Army". beautifultrouble.org. Retrieved 3 February 2017.
- ^ Rebel Clowns Army | at.indymedia.org Archived May 20, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Leeds officer dressed as clown during five-year undercover police operation into "clown army"". www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
- ^ "Former FBI informant sentenced to life in prison for 2006 rape of 12-year-old girl in Seattle". The Seattle Times. 18 January 2022. Retrieved 23 May 2023.