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'''''Quercus semecarpifolia''''' is an Asian species of [[oak]]. It is native to the Himalayas and nearby mountains in [[Tibet]], Afghanistan, India, Nepal, and Pakistan,<ref name=kelly>{{eFloras|2|210001864|Quercus semecarpifolia |first1=Chengjiu |last1=Huang |first2=Yongtian |last2=Zhang |first3=Bruce |last3=Bartholomew |volume=4}}</ref> where it is referred to as '''kharsu'''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal | |
'''''Quercus semecarpifolia''''' is an Asian species of [[oak]]. It is native to the Himalayas and nearby mountains in [[Tibet]], Afghanistan, India, Nepal, and Pakistan,<ref name=kelly>{{eFloras|2|210001864|Quercus semecarpifolia |first1=Chengjiu |last1=Huang |first2=Yongtian |last2=Zhang |first3=Bruce |last3=Bartholomew |volume=4}}</ref> where it is referred to as '''kharsu'''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Rawat |first1=Balwant |last2=Rawat |first2=Janhvi M. |last3=Purohit |first3=Sumit |last4=Singh |first4=Gajendra |last5=Sharma |first5=Pradeep Kumar |last6=Chandra |first6=Anup |last7=Shabaaz Begum |first7=J. P. |last8=Venugopal |first8=Divya |last9=Jaremko |first9=Mariusz |last10=Qureshi |first10=Kamal A. |date=2022 |title=A comprehensive review of Quercus semecarpifolia Sm.: An ecologically and commercially important Himalayan tree |journal=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution |volume=10 |doi=10.3389/fevo.2022.961345 |issn=2296-701X |doi-access=free }}</ref> It is classified in subgenus ''Cerris'', [[Quercus sect. Ilex|section ''Ilex'']].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Denk |first1=Thomas |last2=Grimm |first2=Guido W. |last3=Manos |first3=Paul S. |last4=Deng |first4=Min |last5=Hipp |first5=Andrew L. |date=2017 |title=Appendix 2.1: An updated infrageneric classification of the oaks |website=figshare |doi=10.6084/m9.figshare.5547622.v1 |url=https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/Appendix_2_1_________An_updated_infrageneric_classification_of_the_oaks/5547622/1 |access-date=2023-02-18 |format=xls |name-list-style=amp }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Denk |first1=Thomas |last2=Grimm |first2=Guido W. |last3=Manos |first3=Paul S. |last4=Deng |first4=Min |last5=Hipp |first5=Andrew L. |title=Oaks Physiological Ecology. Exploring the Functional Diversity of Genus Quercus L |series=Tree Physiology |date=2017 |volume=7 |editor1-last=Gil-Pelegrín |editor1-first=Eustaquio |editor2-last=Peguero-Pina |editor2-first=José Javier |editor3-last=Sancho-Knapik |editor3-first=Domingo |contribution=An Updated Infrageneric Classification of the Oaks: Review of Previous Taxonomic Schemes and Synthesis of Evolutionary Patterns |pages=13–38 |publication-place=Cham. |publisher=Springer International Publishing |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-69099-5_2 |isbn=978-3-319-69099-5 |contribution-url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69099-5_2 |name-list-style=amp }}</ref> |
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''Quercus semecarpifolia'' is an [[evergreen]] tree up to {{Convert|30|m|abbr=off}} tall. The leaves are up to {{Convert|12|cm|abbr=off|frac=4}} long, with a few teeth along the sides but rounded at the tip.<ref name=kelly/><ref name=heleen>[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/119403#page/259/mode/1up Smith, James Edward in Rees. 1814 The cyclopædia; or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature. volume 29, pages not numbered, ''Quercus'' number 20]</ref> |
''Quercus semecarpifolia'' is an [[evergreen]] tree up to {{Convert|30|m|abbr=off}} tall. The leaves are up to {{Convert|12|cm|abbr=off|frac=4}} long, with a few teeth along the sides but rounded at the tip.<ref name=kelly/><ref name=heleen>[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/119403#page/259/mode/1up Smith, James Edward in Rees. 1814 The cyclopædia; or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature. volume 29, pages not numbered, ''Quercus'' number 20]</ref> |
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The epithet ''semecarpifolia'' refers to a resemblance between the leaves of this species and those of ''[[Semecarpus anacardium]].''<ref name=heleen/> |
The epithet ''semecarpifolia'' refers to a resemblance between the leaves of this species and those of ''[[Semecarpus anacardium]].''<ref name=heleen/> |
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In its native range, it serves as a [[keystone species]], exhibiting up to 80% [[Dominance (ecology)|dominance]] at elevations between 2700 and 3300 meters.<ref name=":0" /> In areas where less [[Environmental degradation|degradation]] has occurred, ''Q. semecarpifolia'' reduces light at the forest floor, encouraging the growth of [[Shade tolerance|shade tolerant]] [[Herbaceous plant|herbaceous]] species.<ref name=":0" /> Local people make use of kharsu more frequently than other native oaks for food, animal fodder, fuel, and timber.<ref>{{Cite journal | |
In its native range, it serves as a [[keystone species]], exhibiting up to 80% [[Dominance (ecology)|dominance]] at elevations between 2700 and 3300 meters.<ref name=":0" /> In areas where less [[Environmental degradation|degradation]] has occurred, ''Q. semecarpifolia'' reduces light at the forest floor, encouraging the growth of [[Shade tolerance|shade tolerant]] [[Herbaceous plant|herbaceous]] species.<ref name=":0" /> Local people make use of kharsu more frequently than other native oaks for food, animal fodder, fuel, and timber.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Amit |last2=Samant |first2=S. S. |last3=Naithani |first3=Suneet |date=2021-09-01 |title=Population ecology and habitat suitability modelling of Quercus semecarpifolia Sm. in the sub-alpine ecosystem of Great Himalayan National Park, north-western Himalaya, India |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0254629921001502 |journal=South African Journal of Botany |language=en |volume=141 |pages=158–170 |doi=10.1016/j.sajb.2021.04.022 |issn=0254-6299}}</ref> Its leaves are also known to support ''[[Antheraea roylei|Antheraea proylei]]'' silk worms, goats,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Raju |first1=J. |last2=Sahoo |first2=B. |last3=Chandrakar |first3=A. |last4=Sankar |first4=M. |last5=Garg |first5=A. K. |last6=Sharma |first6=A. K. |last7=Pandey |first7=A. B. |date=2015-04-01 |title=Effect of feeding oak leaves (Quercus semecarpifolia vs Quercus leucotricophora) on nutrient utilization, growth performance and gastrointestinal nematodes of goats in temperate sub Himalayas |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921448815000048 |journal=Small Ruminant Research |language=en |volume=125 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1016/j.smallrumres.2014.12.013 |issn=0921-4488}}</ref> and prevent slug infestations.<ref name=":0" /> |
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==Fossil record== |
==Fossil record== |
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Revision as of 02:02, 29 November 2023
| Quercus semecarpifolia | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fagales |
| Family: | Fagaceae |
| Genus: | Quercus |
| Subgenus: | Quercus subg. Cerris |
| Section: | Quercus sect. Ilex |
| Species: | Q. semecarpifolia
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| Binomial name | |
| Quercus semecarpifolia | |
| Synonyms[2] | |
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Quercus semecarpifolia is an Asian species of oak. It is native to the Himalayas and nearby mountains in Tibet, Afghanistan, India, Nepal, and Pakistan,[3] where it is referred to as kharsu.[4] It is classified in subgenus Cerris, section Ilex.[5][6]
Quercus semecarpifolia is an evergreen tree up to 30 metres (98 feet) tall. The leaves are up to 12 centimetres (4+3⁄4 inches) long, with a few teeth along the sides but rounded at the tip.[3][7] It has been grown in middle Europe, Western Germany, winter-hardiness zone 7, withstanding -14 °C, without any damages. It gives a good, showy bush to small tree with lush green leaves. The epithet semecarpifolia refers to a resemblance between the leaves of this species and those of Semecarpus anacardium.[7]
In its native range, it serves as a keystone species, exhibiting up to 80% dominance at elevations between 2700 and 3300 meters.[4] In areas where less degradation has occurred, Q. semecarpifolia reduces light at the forest floor, encouraging the growth of shade tolerant herbaceous species.[4] Local people make use of kharsu more frequently than other native oaks for food, animal fodder, fuel, and timber.[8] Its leaves are also known to support Antheraea proylei silk worms, goats,[9] and prevent slug infestations.[4]
Fossil record
Fossils of Quercus semecarpifolia have been described from the fossil flora of Kızılcahamam district in Turkey, which is of early Pliocene age.[10]
References
- ^ Qin, H. (2020). "Quercus semecarpifolia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
- ^ "Quercus semecarpifolia Sm.". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew – via The Plant List. Note that this website has been superseded by World Flora Online
- ^ a b Huang, Chengjiu; Zhang, Yongtian; Bartholomew, Bruce. "Quercus semecarpifolia". Flora of China. Vol. 4 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
- ^ a b c d Rawat, Balwant; Rawat, Janhvi M.; Purohit, Sumit; Singh, Gajendra; Sharma, Pradeep Kumar; Chandra, Anup; Shabaaz Begum, J. P.; Venugopal, Divya; Jaremko, Mariusz; Qureshi, Kamal A. (2022). "A comprehensive review of Quercus semecarpifolia Sm.: An ecologically and commercially important Himalayan tree". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 10. doi:10.3389/fevo.2022.961345. ISSN 2296-701X.
- ^ Denk, Thomas; Grimm, Guido W.; Manos, Paul S.; Deng, Min & Hipp, Andrew L. (2017). "Appendix 2.1: An updated infrageneric classification of the oaks" (xls). figshare. doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.5547622.v1. Retrieved 2023-02-18.
- ^ Denk, Thomas; Grimm, Guido W.; Manos, Paul S.; Deng, Min & Hipp, Andrew L. (2017), "An Updated Infrageneric Classification of the Oaks: Review of Previous Taxonomic Schemes and Synthesis of Evolutionary Patterns", in Gil-Pelegrín, Eustaquio; Peguero-Pina, José Javier & Sancho-Knapik, Domingo (eds.), Oaks Physiological Ecology. Exploring the Functional Diversity of Genus Quercus L, Tree Physiology, vol. 7, Cham.: Springer International Publishing, pp. 13–38, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-69099-5_2, ISBN 978-3-319-69099-5
- ^ a b Smith, James Edward in Rees. 1814 The cyclopædia; or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature. volume 29, pages not numbered, Quercus number 20
- ^ Singh, Amit; Samant, S. S.; Naithani, Suneet (2021-09-01). "Population ecology and habitat suitability modelling of Quercus semecarpifolia Sm. in the sub-alpine ecosystem of Great Himalayan National Park, north-western Himalaya, India". South African Journal of Botany. 141: 158–170. doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2021.04.022. ISSN 0254-6299.
- ^ Raju, J.; Sahoo, B.; Chandrakar, A.; Sankar, M.; Garg, A. K.; Sharma, A. K.; Pandey, A. B. (2015-04-01). "Effect of feeding oak leaves (Quercus semecarpifolia vs Quercus leucotricophora) on nutrient utilization, growth performance and gastrointestinal nematodes of goats in temperate sub Himalayas". Small Ruminant Research. 125: 1–9. doi:10.1016/j.smallrumres.2014.12.013. ISSN 0921-4488.
- ^ Kasaplıgil, Baki (1977). "Ankara, Kızılcahamam yakınındaki Güvem köyü civarında bulunan son tersiyer kozalaklı-yeşil yapraklı ormanı" [A Late-Tertiary Conifer-Hardwood Forest From the Vicinity of Güvem Village, Near Kızılcahamam, Ankara] (PDF). Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration (in Turkish and English). 88. Ankara: General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration: 94-102.
External links
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