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[[File:Nymphaea amazonum Fl. Serres 11. 21. 1856.jpg|thumb|right|Botanical illustration of ''Nymphaea amazonum'']]
[[File:Nymphaea amazonum Fl. Serres 11. 21. 1856.jpg|thumb|right|Botanical illustration of ''Nymphaea amazonum'']]
===Vegetative characteristics===
===Vegetative characteristics===
''Nymphaea amazonum'' is an aquatic herb.<ref name = "Flora E Funga Do Brasil" /> It has dark brown to black, subcylindrical rhizomes, which can reach lengths of {{convert|10|cm|in|1}} and widths of {{convert|3|cm|in|1}}.<ref name = "Stoffers & Lindeman, 1979">Stoffers, A. L., & Lindeman, J. C. (1979). [https://www.google.de/books/edition/Flora_of_Suriname/Sm4eAAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Nymphaea%20amazonum&pg=PA373&printsec=frontcover "Flora of Suriname."] pp. 373-375. BRILL.</ref> The broadly ovate-elliptic leaf blade reaches {{convert|32|cm|in|0}} in length and {{convert|26|cm|in|0}} in width.<ref name = "Wiersema, 1987" /> The actinodromous venation on the abaxial side of the mature leaf features strongly prominent and rounded veins.<ref name = "Flora E Funga Do Brasil" /> The petiole is up to 8 mm wide and exhibits a ring of trichomes towards the apex.<ref name = "Wiersema, 1987" />
''Nymphaea amazonum'' is an aquatic herb.<ref name = "Flora E Funga Do Brasil" /> It has dark brown to black, subcylindrical rhizomes, which can reach lengths of {{convert|10|cm|in|1}} and widths of {{convert|3|cm|in|1}}.<ref name = "Stoffers & Lindeman, 1979">{{cite book | last=Stoffers | first=A.L. | last2=Lindeman | first2=J.C. | title=Flora of Suriname | publisher=Brill | issue=Bd. 5,Teil 1 | year=1979 | isbn=978-90-04-06062-3 | url=https://books.google.de/books?id=Sm4eAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA373 | access-date=2023-12-11 | page=373-375}}</ref> The broadly ovate-elliptic leaf blade reaches {{convert|32|cm|in|0}} in length and {{convert|26|cm|in|0}} in width.<ref name = "Wiersema, 1987" /> The actinodromous venation on the abaxial side of the mature leaf features strongly prominent and rounded veins.<ref name = "Flora E Funga Do Brasil" /> The petiole is up to 8 mm wide and exhibits a ring of trichomes towards the apex.<ref name = "Wiersema, 1987" />
===Generative characteristics===
===Generative characteristics===
[[File:Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien - nebst ihren Gattungen und wichtigeren Arten, insbesondere den Nutzpflanzen (1887-1909.) (20935222715).jpg|thumb|right|Botanical illustration of ''Nymphaea amazonum'' from the publication "Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien : nebst ihren Gattungen und wichtigeren Arten, insbesondere den Nutzpflanzen"]]
[[File:Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien - nebst ihren Gattungen und wichtigeren Arten, insbesondere den Nutzpflanzen (1887-1909.) (20935222715).jpg|thumb|right|Botanical illustration of ''Nymphaea amazonum'' from the publication "Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien : nebst ihren Gattungen und wichtigeren Arten, insbesondere den Nutzpflanzen"]]
The nocturnal flowers float on the water surface.<ref name = "Flora E Funga Do Brasil" /> They are attached to 10 mm wide peduncles, which rarely exhibit a ring of trichomes towards the apex.<ref name = "Wiersema, 1987" /> The strong floral fragrance has been said to resemble that of ''Magnolia fuscata'',<ref name = "Henkel et al., 1907">Henkel, F., Rehnelt, F., Dittmann, L. (1907). [https://archive.org/details/Henkel_Nymphaeaceen/page/n77/mode/1up "Das Buch der Nymphaeaceen oder Seerosengewächse."] p. 76. Germany: Henkel.</ref> a synonym of [[Magnolia figo|''Magnolia figo'' var. ''figo'']].<ref>{{cite POWO |id=77170272-1 |title=''Magnolia figo'' var. ''figo'' |accessdate=7 December 2023}}</ref> It has also been characterised as very pleasant.<ref name = "Allgemeine Gartenzeitung, 1856">[https://www.google.de/books/edition/Allgemeine_Gartenzeitung/GyIXAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Nymphaea%20amazonum&pg=PA64&printsec=frontcover "Allgemeine Gartenzeitung."] p. 64. (1856). Germany: Verlag der Nauck'sche Buchhandlung.</ref><ref name = "Lóczy, 1897">Lóczy, L. (1897). [https://www.google.de/books/edition/Resultate_der_wissenschaftlichen_Erforsc/ymvtAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Nymphaea%20amazonum&pg=RA7-PA33&printsec=frontcover "Resultate der wissenschaftlichen Erforschung des Balatonsees."] p. 33. Austria: In Kommission von E. Hölzel.</ref><ref name = "Blumenzeitung, 1855">[https://www.google.de/books/edition/Neue_allgemeine_deutsche_Garten_und_Blum/6rQCAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Nymphaea%20amazonum&pg=RA4-PA78&printsec=frontcover "Neue allgemeine deutsche Garten- und Blumenzeitung."] p. 78. (1855). Germany: R. Kittler.</ref> The fragrance is also said to resemble petrol, xylol,<ref name = "Stoffers & Lindeman, 1979" /><ref name = "Wiersema, 1987" /> benzene, PDB, turpentine, benzol, xylene, and acetone.<ref name = "Wiersema, 1987" />
The nocturnal flowers float on the water surface.<ref name = "Flora E Funga Do Brasil" /> They are attached to 10 mm wide peduncles, which rarely exhibit a ring of trichomes towards the apex.<ref name = "Wiersema, 1987" /> The strong floral fragrance has been said to resemble that of ''Magnolia fuscata'',<ref name = "Henkel et al., 1907">Henkel, F., Rehnelt, F., Dittmann, L. (1907). [https://archive.org/details/Henkel_Nymphaeaceen/page/n77/mode/1up "Das Buch der Nymphaeaceen oder Seerosengewächse."] p. 76. Germany: Henkel.</ref> a synonym of [[Magnolia figo|''Magnolia figo'' var. ''figo'']].<ref>{{cite POWO |id=77170272-1 |title=''Magnolia figo'' var. ''figo'' |accessdate=7 December 2023}}</ref> It has also been characterised as very pleasant.<ref name = "Allgemeine Gartenzeitung, 1856">{{cite book | last=Otto | first=F. | last2=Dietrich | first2=A. | title=Allgemeine Gartenzeitung | publisher=Verlag der Nauck'sche Buchhandlung | issue=Bd. 24 | year=1856 | url=https://books.google.de/books?id=GyIXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA64 | language=de | access-date=2023-12-11 | page=64}}</ref><ref name = "Lóczy, 1897">{{cite book | last=Lóczy | first=L. | author2=Hungary. Földművelésügyi Minisztérium | title=Resultate der wissenschaftlichen Erforschung des Balatonsees | publisher=In Kommission von E. Hölzel | series=Resultate der wissenschaftlichen Erforschung des Balatonsees | issue=Bd. 2 | year=1897 | url=https://books.google.de/books?id=ymvtAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA7-PA33 | language=de | access-date=2023-12-11 | page=7-PA33}}</ref><ref name = "Blumenzeitung, 1855">{{cite book | last=Otto | first=E. | last2=Mettler | first2=R. | title=Neue allgemeine deutsche Garten- und Blumenzeitung | publisher=R. Kittler | issue=Bd. 11 | year=1855 | url=https://books.google.de/books?id=6rQCAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA4-PA78 | language=de | access-date=2023-12-11 | page=4-PA78}}</ref> The fragrance is also said to resemble petrol, xylol,<ref name = "Stoffers & Lindeman, 1979" /><ref name = "Wiersema, 1987" /> benzene, PDB, turpentine, benzol, xylene, and acetone.<ref name = "Wiersema, 1987" />
Fruits are produced very frequently.<ref name = "Wiersema, 1987" /> Up to 22000 seeds are found in a single fruit.<ref name = "Henkel et al., 1907" /> The ovoid seeds are 1.3 mm long and 0.9 mm wide.<ref name = "Stoffers & Lindeman, 1979" /> They are smooth, pilose and exhibit trichomes in continuous longitudinal lines.<ref name = "Flora E Funga Do Brasil">Pellegrini, M. O. O. & Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. (n.d.-a). ''Nymphaea amazonum'' Mart. & Zucc. Flora E Funga Do Brasil. Retrieved December 7, 2023, from https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB10937</ref>
Fruits are produced very frequently.<ref name = "Wiersema, 1987" /> Up to 22000 seeds are found in a single fruit.<ref name = "Henkel et al., 1907" /> The ovoid seeds are 1.3 mm long and 0.9 mm wide.<ref name = "Stoffers & Lindeman, 1979" /> They are smooth, pilose and exhibit trichomes in continuous longitudinal lines.<ref name = "Flora E Funga Do Brasil">{{cite web |title=Nymphaea amazonum Mart. & Zucc. |website=Flora e Funga do Brasil | url=https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB10937 | access-date=2023-12-11 |language=pt}}</ref>


==Cytology==
==Cytology==
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''Nymphaea amazonum'' is [[stolon]]iferous,<ref name = "Wiersema, 1987" /> but does not produce proliferating pseudanthia.<ref name = "Flora E Funga Do Brasil" />
''Nymphaea amazonum'' is [[stolon]]iferous,<ref name = "Wiersema, 1987" /> but does not produce proliferating pseudanthia.<ref name = "Flora E Funga Do Brasil" />
===Generative reproduction===
===Generative reproduction===
The seed dispersal is [[Seed_dispersal#Water|hydrochorous]] (i.e. water-dispersed) or [[Seed_dispersal#Animals:_epi-_and_endozoochory|ornithochorous]] (i.e. bird-dispersed).<ref name = "Lot, 1999">Lot, A. (1999). [https://www.google.de/books/edition/Cat%C3%A1logo_de_angiospermas_acu%C3%A1ticas_de/gqwftFDUtCMC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=nymphaea%20rudgeana&pg=PA93&printsec=frontcover "Catálogo de angiospermas acuáticas de México: hidrófitas estrictas emergentes, sumergidas y flotantes."] p. 93. Mexico: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.</ref>
The seed dispersal is [[Seed_dispersal#Water|hydrochorous]] (i.e. water-dispersed) or [[Seed_dispersal#Animals:_epi-_and_endozoochory|ornithochorous]] (i.e. bird-dispersed).<ref name = "Lot, 1999">{{cite book | last=Lot | first=A. | title=Catálogo de angiospermas acuáticas de México: hidrófitas estrictas emergentes, sumergidas y flotantes | publisher=Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México | series=Cuadernos del Instituto de Biología | year=1999 | isbn=978-968-36-7928-4 | url=https://books.google.de/books?id=gqwftFDUtCMC&pg=PA93 | language=es | access-date=2023-12-11 | page=93}}</ref>


==Taxonomy==
==Taxonomy==
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==Conservation==
==Conservation==
In Puerto Rico, USA ''Nymphaea amazonum'' faces habitat destruction.<ref name = "Woodbury, 1975">Woodbury, R. O. (1975). [https://www.google.de/books/edition/Rare_and_Endangered_Plants_of_Puerto_Ric/qHH2oT32k5EC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Nymphaea%20amazonum&pg=PA61&printsec=frontcover "Rare and Endangered Plants of Puerto Rico: A Committee Report."] p. 61. United States: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service.</ref> It is considered to be endangered (EN) in Cuba, as it faces diminishing and deteriorating habitats caused by agricultural practices, the influence of exotic flora and fauna, livestock farming, sedimentation, and pollution.<ref name = "Urquiola Cruz et al., 2010">Urquiola Cruz, A. J., González-Oliva, L., Novo Carbó, R. (2010). [https://www.google.de/books/edition/Libro_rojo_de_la_flora_vascular_de_la_pr/LC9TvmoY95UC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Nymphaea%20amazonum&pg=PA317&printsec=frontcover "Libro rojo de la flora vascular de la provincia Pinar del Río."] p. 317. Spain: Universidad de Alicante.</ref> In the Liste rouge de la flore vasculaire de Guadeloupe of 2019, ''Nymphaea amazonum'' is listed as data deficient (DD).<ref name = "INPN">''Nymphaea amazonum'' Mart. & Zucc., 1832 - Nénuphar. (n.d.). Inventaire National Du Patrimoine Naturel. Retrieved December 8, 2023, from https://inpn.mnhn.fr/espece/cd_nom/630228/tab/statut</ref>
In Puerto Rico, USA ''Nymphaea amazonum'' faces habitat destruction.<ref name = "Woodbury, 1975">{{cite book | last=Woodbury | first=R.O. | title=Rare and Endangered Plants of Puerto Rico: A Committee Report | publisher=U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service | year=1975 | url=https://books.google.de/books?id=qHH2oT32k5EC&pg=PA61 | access-date=2023-12-11 | page=61}}</ref> It is considered to be endangered (EN) in Cuba, as it faces diminishing and deteriorating habitats caused by agricultural practices, the influence of exotic flora and fauna, livestock farming, sedimentation, and pollution.<ref name = "Urquiola Cruz et al., 2010">{{cite book | last=Cruz | first=A.J.U. | last2=González-Oliva | first2=L. | last3=Carbó | first3=R.N. | title=Libro rojo de la flora vascular de la provincia Pinar del Río | publisher=Universidad de Alicante | year=2010 | isbn=978-84-9717-061-1 | url=https://books.google.de/books?id=LC9TvmoY95UC&pg=PA317 | language=es | access-date=2023-12-11 | page=317}}</ref> In the Liste rouge de la flore vasculaire de Guadeloupe of 2019, ''Nymphaea amazonum'' is listed as data deficient (DD).<ref name = "INPN">{{cite web | title=Nymphaea amazonum Mart. & Zucc., 1832 | website=Inventaire National du Patrimoine Naturel | url=https://inpn.mnhn.fr/espece/cd_nom/630228/tab/statut | language=fr | access-date=2023-12-11}}</ref>


==Ecology==
==Ecology==
===Habitat===
===Habitat===
In the Pantanal, it can be found in permanent ponds.<ref name = "Damasceno-Junior & Pott, 2022" /> It is also found in lagoons and canals.<ref name = "Liogier & Martorell, 2000">Liogier, A. H., Martorell, L. F. (2000). [https://www.google.de/books/edition/Flora_of_Puerto_Rico_and_Adjacent_Island/ISlUCW8p5GcC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Nymphaea%20amazonum&pg=PA58&printsec=frontcover "Flora of Puerto Rico and adjacent islands : a systematic synopsis."] p. 58. Puerto Rico: Ed. de la Universidad.</ref> It is found growing in mixtures of clay and sand or in sandy-quartzitic soils.<ref name = "Urquiola Cruz et al., 2010" /> Rhizomes of ''Nymphaea amazonum'' can endure periods of drought in moist sediments. In the floodplains of the Amazon, it faces competition from aquatic and semi-aquatic grass species.<ref name = "Junk & Piedade, 1997">Junk, W.J., Piedade, M.T.F. (1997). Plant Life in the Floodplain with Special Reference to Herbaceous Plants. In: Junk, W.J. (eds) The Central Amazon Floodplain. Ecological Studies, vol 126. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03416-3_8</ref>
In the Pantanal, it can be found in permanent ponds.<ref name = "Damasceno-Junior & Pott, 2022" /> It is also found in lagoons and canals.<ref name = "Liogier & Martorell, 2000">{{cite book | last=Liogier | first=A.H. | last2=Martorell | first2=L.F. | title=Flora of Puerto Rico and Adjacent Islands: A Systematic Synopsis | publisher=Ed. de la Universidad | year=2000 | isbn=978-0-8477-0369-2 | url=https://books.google.de/books?id=ISlUCW8p5GcC&pg=PA58 | access-date=2023-12-11 | page=58}}</ref> It is found growing in mixtures of clay and sand or in sandy-quartzitic soils.<ref name = "Urquiola Cruz et al., 2010" /> Rhizomes of ''Nymphaea amazonum'' can endure periods of drought in moist sediments. In the floodplains of the Amazon, it faces competition from aquatic and semi-aquatic grass species.<ref name = "Junk & Piedade, 1997">{{cite book | last=Junk | first=Wolfgang J. | last2=Piedade | first2=Maria Teresa F. | title=The Central Amazon Floodplain | chapter=Plant Life in the Floodplain with Special Reference to Herbaceous Plants | publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg | publication-place=Berlin, Heidelberg | volume=126 | date=1997 | isbn=978-3-642-08214-6 | doi=10.1007/978-3-662-03416-3_8 | page=147–185}}</ref>
===Pollination===
===Pollination===
[[File:Cyclocephala - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam - UBAINV0274 021 05 0007 (cropped).tif|thumb|right|''Cyclocephala castanea'', a pollinator of ''Nymphaea amazonum''<ref name = "Kaufman & Mallory, 1993" />]]
[[File:Cyclocephala - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam - UBAINV0274 021 05 0007 (cropped).tif|thumb|right|''Cyclocephala castanea'', a pollinator of ''Nymphaea amazonum''<ref name = "Kaufman & Mallory, 1993" />]]
The strong floral fragrance attracts beetles of the genus ''[[Cyclocephala]]''.<ref name = "Heckman, 2013">Heckman, C. W. (2013). [https://www.google.de/books/edition/The_Pantanal_of_Pocon%C3%A9/zeT6CAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Nymphaea%20amazonum&pg=PA178&printsec=frontcover "The Pantanal of Poconé: Biota and Ecology in the Northern Section of the World’s Largest Pristine Wetland."] pp. 178-179. Netherlands: Springer Netherlands.</ref> The beetle species ''[[Cyclocephala castanea]]'' pollinates the flowers of ''Nymphaea amazonum''.<ref name = "Kaufman & Mallory, 1993">Kaufman, L., & Mallory, K. (1993). [https://www.google.de/books/edition/The_Last_Extinction/IQjRG26cTVUC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Nymphaea%20amazonum&pg=PA79&printsec=frontcover "The last extinction."] p. 79. MIT Press.</ref>
The strong floral fragrance attracts beetles of the genus ''[[Cyclocephala]]''.<ref name = "Heckman, 2013">{{cite book | last=Heckman | first=C.W. | title=The Pantanal of Poconé: Biota and Ecology in the Northern Section of the World’s Largest Pristine Wetland | publisher=Springer Netherlands | series=Monographiae Biologicae | year=2013 | isbn=978-94-017-3423-3 | url=https://books.google.de/books?id=zeT6CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA178 | access-date=2023-12-11 | page=178}}</ref> The beetle species ''[[Cyclocephala castanea]]'' pollinates the flowers of ''Nymphaea amazonum''.<ref name = "Kaufman & Mallory, 1993">{{cite book | last=Kaufman | first=L. | last2=Mallory | first2=K. | author3=New England Aquarium Corporation | title=The Last Extinction | publisher=MIT Press | year=1993 | isbn=978-0-262-61089-6 | url=https://books.google.de/books?id=IQjRG26cTVUC&pg=PA79 | access-date=2023-12-11 | page=79}}</ref>


==Uses==
==Uses==
''Nymphaea amazonum'' is used as a medicine and for food.<ref name = "POWO, 2023" /> The rhizomes are edible.<ref name = "Damasceno-Junior & Pott, 2022">Damasceno-Junior, G. A., & Pott, A. (2022). [https://www.google.de/books/edition/Flora_and_Vegetation_of_the_Pantanal_Wet/ZiFnEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Nymphaea%20amazonum&pg=PA710&printsec=frontcover "Flora and vegetation of the Pantanal Wetland."] pp. 710, 241. Springer Nature.</ref> It has the ability to absorb the pesticides [[cyhalothrin]] and [[imidacloprid]] from the water.<ref name = "Arora & Kumar, 2019">Arora, N. K., & Kumar, N. (2019). [https://www.google.de/books/edition/Phyto_and_Rhizo_Remediation/D6S-DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Nymphaea%20amazonum&pg=PA98&printsec=frontcover "Phyto and rhizo remediation."] p. 98. Springer Nature.</ref><ref name = "Malik, 2022">Malik, J. A. (2022). [https://www.google.de/books/edition/Advances_in_Bioremediation_and_Phytoreme/QCdcEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Nymphaea%20amazonum&pg=PA68&printsec=frontcover "Advances in bioremediation and phytoremediation for sustainable soil management: Principles, Monitoring and Remediation."] p. 68. Springer Nature.</ref> It exhibits antimicrobial properties in the treatment of ulcers.<ref name = "Rai & Feitosa, 2022">Rai, M., & Feitosa, C. M. (2022). [https://www.google.de/books/edition/Eco_Friendly_Biobased_Products_Used_in_M/f3FmEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Nymphaea%20amazonum&pg=PT39&printsec=frontcover "Eco-Friendly biobased products used in microbial diseases."] CRC Press.</ref> The flowers have been used in the treatment of herpes and [[erysipelas]].<ref name = "Jahresbericht, 1879">[https://www.google.de/books/edition/Jahresbericht_%C3%BCber_die_Fortschritte_der/Hj81AQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Nymphaea%20amazonum&pg=PA39&printsec=frontcover "Jahresbericht über die Fortschritte der Pharmacognosie, Pharmacie und Toxicologie."] (1879). Germany: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.</ref>
''Nymphaea amazonum'' is used as a medicine and for food.<ref name = "POWO, 2023" /> The rhizomes are edible.<ref name = "Damasceno-Junior & Pott, 2022">{{cite book | last=Damasceno-Junior | first=G.A. | last2=Pott | first2=A. | title=Flora and Vegetation of the Pantanal Wetland | publisher=Springer International Publishing | series=Plant and Vegetation | year=2022 | isbn=978-3-030-83375-6 | url=https://books.google.de/books?id=ZiFnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA710 | access-date=2023-12-11 | page=710}}</ref> It has the ability to absorb the pesticides [[cyhalothrin]] and [[imidacloprid]] from the water.<ref name = "Arora & Kumar, 2019">{{cite book | last=Arora | first=N.K. | last2=Kumar | first2=N. | title=Phyto and Rhizo Remediation | publisher=Springer Nature Singapore | series=Microorganisms for Sustainability | year=2019 | isbn=978-981-329-664-0 | url=https://books.google.de/books?id=D6S-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA98 | access-date=2023-12-11 | page=98}}</ref><ref name = "Malik, 2022">{{cite book | last=Malik | first=J.A. | title=Advances in Bioremediation and Phytoremediation for Sustainable Soil Management: Principles, Monitoring and Remediation | publisher=Springer International Publishing | year=2022 | isbn=978-3-030-89984-4 | url=https://books.google.de/books?id=QCdcEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA68 | access-date=2023-12-11 | page=68}}</ref> It exhibits antimicrobial properties in the treatment of ulcers.<ref name = "Rai & Feitosa, 2022">{{cite book | last=Rai | first=M. | last2=Feitosa | first2=C.M. | title=Eco-Friendly Biobased Products Used in Microbial Diseases | publisher=CRC Press | year=2022 | isbn=978-1-000-61466-4 | url=https://books.google.de/books?id=f3FmEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT39 | access-date=2023-12-11 | page=39}}</ref> The flowers have been used in the treatment of herpes and [[erysipelas]].<ref name = "Jahresbericht, 1879">{{cite book | author=Deutscher Apotheker-Verein | title=Jahresbericht über die Fortschritte der Pharmacognosie, Pharmacie und Toxicologie | publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht | issue=Bd. 13 | year=1879 | url=https://books.google.de/books?id=Hj81AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA39 | language=de | access-date=2023-12-11 | page=39}}</ref>


==Cultivation==
==Cultivation==

Revision as of 22:46, 11 December 2023

Nymphaea amazonum
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Order: Nymphaeales
Family: Nymphaeaceae
Genus: Nymphaea
Species:
N. amazonum
Binomial name
Nymphaea amazonum
Mart. & Zucc.[1]
Synonyms[1]
  • Castalia amazonum (Mart. & Zucc.) Britton & P.Wilson
  • Leuconymphaea amazonum (Mart. & Zucc.) Kuntze
  • Nymphaea blanda f. amazonum (Mart. & Zucc.) Planch.
  • Nymphaea rudgeana var. amazonum (Mart. & Zucc.) Griseb.
  • Leuconymphaea goudotiana (Planch.) Kuntze
  • Nymphaea alboviridis A.St.-Hil.
  • Nymphaea amazonum var. forma-submersa Sagot
  • Nymphaea amazonum f. goudotiana (Planch.) Casp.
  • Nymphaea amazonum var. goudotiana (Planch.) Conard
  • Nymphaea blanda Hook.
  • Nymphaea foetida Gardner ex Planch.
  • Nymphaea goudotiana Planch.
  • Nymphaea integrifolia Salzm. ex Planch.
  • Nymphaea nocturna March ex Hook.

Nymphaea amazonum is a species of water lily native to the region spanning from Mexico to tropical South America. It has been introduced to Bangladesh.[1]

Description

Botanical illustration of Nymphaea amazonum from "The waterlilies: a monograph of the genus Nymphaea" by Henry Shoemaker Conard
Botanical illustration of Nymphaea amazonum

Vegetative characteristics

Nymphaea amazonum is an aquatic herb.[2] It has dark brown to black, subcylindrical rhizomes, which can reach lengths of 10 centimetres (3.9 in) and widths of 3 centimetres (1.2 in).[3] The broadly ovate-elliptic leaf blade reaches 32 centimetres (13 in) in length and 26 centimetres (10 in) in width.[4] The actinodromous venation on the abaxial side of the mature leaf features strongly prominent and rounded veins.[2] The petiole is up to 8 mm wide and exhibits a ring of trichomes towards the apex.[4]

Generative characteristics

Botanical illustration of Nymphaea amazonum from the publication "Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien : nebst ihren Gattungen und wichtigeren Arten, insbesondere den Nutzpflanzen"

The nocturnal flowers float on the water surface.[2] They are attached to 10 mm wide peduncles, which rarely exhibit a ring of trichomes towards the apex.[4] The strong floral fragrance has been said to resemble that of Magnolia fuscata,[5] a synonym of Magnolia figo var. figo.[6] It has also been characterised as very pleasant.[7][8][9] The fragrance is also said to resemble petrol, xylol,[3][4] benzene, PDB, turpentine, benzol, xylene, and acetone.[4] Fruits are produced very frequently.[4] Up to 22000 seeds are found in a single fruit.[5] The ovoid seeds are 1.3 mm long and 0.9 mm wide.[3] They are smooth, pilose and exhibit trichomes in continuous longitudinal lines.[2]

Cytology

The diploid chromosome count is 2n = 18.[4]

Reproduction

Vegetative reproduction

Nymphaea amazonum is stoloniferous,[4] but does not produce proliferating pseudanthia.[2]

Generative reproduction

The seed dispersal is hydrochorous (i.e. water-dispersed) or ornithochorous (i.e. bird-dispersed).[10]

Taxonomy

It was first described by Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius and Joseph Gerhard Zuccarini in 1832.[1]

Type specimen

The type specimen was collected in Brazil.[4]

Placement within Nymphaea

It is placed in Nymphaea subgenus Hydrocallis.[4]

Former subspecies

Nymphaea amazonum was sepataed into the two subspecies Nymphaea amazonum subsp. amazonum and Nymphaea amazonum subsp. pedersenii Wiersema.[4] This view was later rejected and Nymphaea amazonum subsp. pedersenii Wiersema was then treated as a separate species Nymphaea pedersenii (Wiersema) C.T.Lima & Giul. in 2021.[11]

Conservation

In Puerto Rico, USA Nymphaea amazonum faces habitat destruction.[12] It is considered to be endangered (EN) in Cuba, as it faces diminishing and deteriorating habitats caused by agricultural practices, the influence of exotic flora and fauna, livestock farming, sedimentation, and pollution.[13] In the Liste rouge de la flore vasculaire de Guadeloupe of 2019, Nymphaea amazonum is listed as data deficient (DD).[14]

Ecology

Habitat

In the Pantanal, it can be found in permanent ponds.[15] It is also found in lagoons and canals.[16] It is found growing in mixtures of clay and sand or in sandy-quartzitic soils.[13] Rhizomes of Nymphaea amazonum can endure periods of drought in moist sediments. In the floodplains of the Amazon, it faces competition from aquatic and semi-aquatic grass species.[17]

Pollination

Cyclocephala castanea, a pollinator of Nymphaea amazonum[18]

The strong floral fragrance attracts beetles of the genus Cyclocephala.[19] The beetle species Cyclocephala castanea pollinates the flowers of Nymphaea amazonum.[18]

Uses

Nymphaea amazonum is used as a medicine and for food.[1] The rhizomes are edible.[15] It has the ability to absorb the pesticides cyhalothrin and imidacloprid from the water.[20][21] It exhibits antimicrobial properties in the treatment of ulcers.[22] The flowers have been used in the treatment of herpes and erysipelas.[23]

Cultivation

It is rare in cultivation.[5]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e "Nymphaea amazonum Mart. & Zucc". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
  2. ^ a b c d e "Nymphaea amazonum Mart. & Zucc". Flora e Funga do Brasil (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2023-12-11.
  3. ^ a b c Stoffers, A.L.; Lindeman, J.C. (1979). Flora of Suriname. Brill. p. 373-375. ISBN 978-90-04-06062-3. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Wiersema, J. H. (1987). A monograph of Nymphaea subgenus Hydrocallis (Nymphaeaceae). Systematic Botany Monographs, 1-112.
  5. ^ a b c Henkel, F., Rehnelt, F., Dittmann, L. (1907). "Das Buch der Nymphaeaceen oder Seerosengewächse." p. 76. Germany: Henkel.
  6. ^ "Magnolia figo var. figo". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
  7. ^ Otto, F.; Dietrich, A. (1856). Allgemeine Gartenzeitung (in German). Verlag der Nauck'sche Buchhandlung. p. 64. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
  8. ^ Lóczy, L.; Hungary. Földművelésügyi Minisztérium (1897). Resultate der wissenschaftlichen Erforschung des Balatonsees. Resultate der wissenschaftlichen Erforschung des Balatonsees (in German). In Kommission von E. Hölzel. p. 7-PA33. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
  9. ^ Otto, E.; Mettler, R. (1855). Neue allgemeine deutsche Garten- und Blumenzeitung (in German). R. Kittler. p. 4-PA78. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
  10. ^ Lot, A. (1999). Catálogo de angiospermas acuáticas de México: hidrófitas estrictas emergentes, sumergidas y flotantes. Cuadernos del Instituto de Biología (in Spanish). Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. p. 93. ISBN 978-968-36-7928-4. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
  11. ^ "Nymphaea pedersenii (Wiersema) C.T.Lima & Giul". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
  12. ^ Woodbury, R.O. (1975). Rare and Endangered Plants of Puerto Rico: A Committee Report. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. p. 61. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
  13. ^ a b Cruz, A.J.U.; González-Oliva, L.; Carbó, R.N. (2010). Libro rojo de la flora vascular de la provincia Pinar del Río (in Spanish). Universidad de Alicante. p. 317. ISBN 978-84-9717-061-1. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
  14. ^ "Nymphaea amazonum Mart. & Zucc., 1832". Inventaire National du Patrimoine Naturel (in French). Retrieved 2023-12-11.
  15. ^ a b Damasceno-Junior, G.A.; Pott, A. (2022). Flora and Vegetation of the Pantanal Wetland. Plant and Vegetation. Springer International Publishing. p. 710. ISBN 978-3-030-83375-6. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
  16. ^ Liogier, A.H.; Martorell, L.F. (2000). Flora of Puerto Rico and Adjacent Islands: A Systematic Synopsis. Ed. de la Universidad. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-8477-0369-2. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
  17. ^ Junk, Wolfgang J.; Piedade, Maria Teresa F. (1997). "Plant Life in the Floodplain with Special Reference to Herbaceous Plants". The Central Amazon Floodplain. Vol. 126. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 147–185. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-03416-3_8. ISBN 978-3-642-08214-6.
  18. ^ a b Kaufman, L.; Mallory, K.; New England Aquarium Corporation (1993). The Last Extinction. MIT Press. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-262-61089-6. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
  19. ^ Heckman, C.W. (2013). The Pantanal of Poconé: Biota and Ecology in the Northern Section of the World’s Largest Pristine Wetland. Monographiae Biologicae. Springer Netherlands. p. 178. ISBN 978-94-017-3423-3. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
  20. ^ Arora, N.K.; Kumar, N. (2019). Phyto and Rhizo Remediation. Microorganisms for Sustainability. Springer Nature Singapore. p. 98. ISBN 978-981-329-664-0. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
  21. ^ Malik, J.A. (2022). Advances in Bioremediation and Phytoremediation for Sustainable Soil Management: Principles, Monitoring and Remediation. Springer International Publishing. p. 68. ISBN 978-3-030-89984-4. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
  22. ^ Rai, M.; Feitosa, C.M. (2022). Eco-Friendly Biobased Products Used in Microbial Diseases. CRC Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-000-61466-4. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
  23. ^ Deutscher Apotheker-Verein (1879). Jahresbericht über die Fortschritte der Pharmacognosie, Pharmacie und Toxicologie (in German). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 39. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
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