Hezbollah–Iran relations: Difference between revisions

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Hezbollah has obtained weaponry supplied by Iran, including 11,500 missiles already deployed in southern Lebanon. Additionally, 3,000 Hezbollah militants underwent training in Iran, covering various skills such as guerrilla warfare, missile and rocket artillery firing, operation of unmanned drones, naval warfare, and conventional military operations. Mahmoud Ali Suleiman, the Hezbollah operative captured by the IDF in August 2006 for his involvement in the kidnapping of two Israeli soldiers during a cross-border raid on July 12, confessed during his interrogation to receiving weapons training and religious instruction in Iran. He informed interrogators that he traveled in a civilian car to Damascus and then flew to Iran. Apart from the Russian-made Katyusha, Hezbollah's reported artillery cache consists entirely of Iranian-made weapons.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lebanon's Hezbollah: What weapons does it have? |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/lebanons-hezbollah-what-weapons-does-it-have-2023-10-30/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hizbollah fighter tells Israel he trained in Iran |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/08/07/AR2006080700629.html}}</ref>
Hezbollah has obtained weaponry supplied by Iran, including 11,500 missiles already deployed in southern Lebanon. Additionally, 3,000 Hezbollah militants underwent training in Iran, covering various skills such as guerrilla warfare, missile and rocket artillery firing, operation of unmanned drones, naval warfare, and conventional military operations. Mahmoud Ali Suleiman, the Hezbollah operative captured by the IDF in August 2006 for his involvement in the kidnapping of two Israeli soldiers during a cross-border raid on July 12, confessed during his interrogation to receiving weapons training and religious instruction in Iran. He informed interrogators that he traveled in a civilian car to Damascus and then flew to Iran. Apart from the Russian-made Katyusha, Hezbollah's reported artillery cache consists entirely of Iranian-made weapons.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lebanon's Hezbollah: What weapons does it have? |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/lebanons-hezbollah-what-weapons-does-it-have-2023-10-30/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hizbollah fighter tells Israel he trained in Iran |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/08/07/AR2006080700629.html}}</ref>

== History ==

=== 2006-1980s ===
In June 1985, Hezbollah hijacked TWA Flight 847, demanding the release of 700 Shiite Muslims. The hijackers, with logistical support from Iran, engaged in a campaign that included killing a U.S. Navy diver and threatening Jewish passengers. Hezbollah has denied it’s involvement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hijacking of TWA Flight 847 |url=https://www.fbi.gov/history/famous-cases/hijacking-of-twa-flight-847}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2005-12-20 |title=Germans release Lebanese hijacker |language=en-GB |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4545780.stm |access-date=2023-12-21}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Ranstorp |first=Magnus |title=Western Responses to the Hostage-Crisis and Crisis-Management |date=1997 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230377509_5 |work=Hizb'allah in Lebanon |pages=134–177 |access-date=2023-12-21 |place=London |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |isbn=978-0-333-68401-6}}</ref>

In March 27, 1992 Islamic Jihad, a group linked to Hezbollah, claimed responsibility for a suicide bombing outside the Israeli Embassy in Buenos Aires, resulting in 20 deaths and 252 injuries. The American National Security Agency Israeli intelligence found that the highest levels of the Iranian government had authorized the attack. Seven Iranian diplomats were expelled from Argentina after the Argentine government stated they had convincing proof of Iranian involvement.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jensehaugen |first=Jørgen |date=2009-06-29 |title=■ Norton, Augustus Richard, 2007. Hezbollah: A Short History. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 187 pp. ISBN 9780691131245 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00223433090460040813 |journal=Journal of Peace Research |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=605–605 |doi=10.1177/00223433090460040813 |issn=0022-3433}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-11-19 |title=Asia Times Online :: Middle East News, Iraq, Iran current affairs |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061119120803/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/HK15Ak03.html |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=web.archive.org}}</ref>

In July 18 1998, in Islamic Jihad took credit for a blast outside the Argentine-Israeli Mutual Association in Buenos Aires, resulting in 95 fatalities and 200 injuries. In 2004, Argentine intelligence determined that a 21-year-old Hezbollah operative executed the attack with logistical support from Iran. The bombing is the deadliest terrorist incident in Argentina. In 2006, Argentine authorities issued an international arrest warrant for Ali Fallahian, the head of Iranian intelligence, accusing him of orchestrating the operation. Subsequently, in 2007, INTERPOL added Ali Fallahian, along with four other Iranian officials and one Hezbollah member, to its most wanted list, citing their purported involvement in the bombing.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2005-11-10 |title=Buenos Aires bomber 'identified' |language=en-GB |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4423612.stm |access-date=2023-12-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-11-07 |title=Interpol seeks 6 over ’94 Jewish center bombing |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna21675512 |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref>

May 17, 1995: Iranian Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei appointed Hezbollah Secretary General Hassan Nasrallah and Shura Council member Mohammad Yazbek as his religious representatives in Lebanon.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ufheil-Somers |first=Amanda |date=2006-08-01 |title=Hizballah: A Primer |url=https://merip.org/2006/07/hizballah-a-primer/ |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=MERIP |language=en-US}}</ref>

June 25, 1996: Hezbollah, with Iranian support, claimed responsibility for a truck bombing near Khobar Towers in Saudi Arabia, killing 19 and injuring 500. In 2001, a US federal court alleged that an Iranian officer was involved in the directing of the operation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran Held Liable In Khobar Attack |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/22/AR2006122200455.html}}</ref>

Aug. 1, 2005: Nasrallah met with Supreme Leader Khamenei and President Ahmadinejad in Tehran.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hezbollah's Record on War & Politics {{!}} Wilson Center |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/hezbollahs-record-war-politics |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=www.wilsoncenter.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nasrallah holds talks in Iran |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2005/8/1/nasrallah-holds-talks-in-iran |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

== 2006 Lebanon war ==
Jane's Defence Weekly, a defense industry magazine, disclosed on August 4, 2006, that during the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict, Hezbollah formally requested Iran to provide a continuous stream of weapons to bolster its operations against Israel. According to Western diplomatic sources cited in the report, Iranian authorities assured Hezbollah of an ongoing supply of weapons for "the next stage of the confrontation.<ref name=":1">{{Citation |title=Funding of Hezbollah |date=2023-11-12 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Funding_of_Hezbollah&oldid=1184828295 |work=Wikipedia |access-date=2023-12-21 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Iran]] has denied supplying Hezbollah with weapons<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-07-20 |title=Asia Times Online :: Middle East News - Hezbollah's transformation |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060720154531/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/HG20Ak02.html |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=web.archive.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Satellite News and latest stories {{!}} The Jerusalem Post |url=https://fr.jpost.com/Tags/satellite |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=fr.jpost.com}}</ref> however multiple reports have consisetnly pointed to the contrary.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information |first=Bureau of Public Affairs |title=Chapter 6 -- State Sponsors of Terror Overview |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/s/ct/rls/crt/2005/64337.htm |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=2001-2009.state.gov |language=en}}</ref> Nevertheless, Mohtashami Pur, a former ambassador to Lebanon and the current secretary-general of the 'Intifada conference,' stated in an Iranian newspaper that Iran had supplied the missiles to the Shiite militia. He further emphasized that Hezbollah had the endorsement of his country to deploy the weapons in defense of Lebanon. The Israel Defense Forces regard Hezbollah as virtually an arm of the Iranian armed forces; a senior Israeli defence official told [[Jane's Defence Weekly|''Jane's Defence Weekly'']] that "we should consider that what we are facing in Lebanon is not a militia but rather a special forces brigade of the Iranian Army."<ref>Israel to counter Hizbullah forces", ''Jane's Defence Weekly'', 26 July 2006</ref> During a 2007 interview with the Iranian Arabic-language TV station al-Qawthar, Hezbollah Deputy Secretary-General Naim Kassem stated that the endorsement of the ayatollahs in Tehran is necessary for all suicide bombings and other operations in Lebanon. Additionally, in 2008, Iran commemorated a recently deceased Hezbollah leader by issuing a postage stamp.


== References ==
== References ==

Revision as of 16:24, 21 December 2023

The Islamic Republic of Iran is a key patron of the Lebanese Shia Islamist militant group and political party Hezbollah which acts in Lebanon, Syria and outside the Middle East. Iran has provided Hezbollah since its inception in the 1980s with funds, weapons, and training.

According to the US state department, Iran provides hundreds of millions of dollars each year in funding to Iran. Hezbollah has conducted operations including hijacking, terrorist attacks against Israelis, kidnappings and more with the help of Iran.

Background

Established in 1982 by young Shi’a Lebanese clerics who had studied in Najaf. he organization adopted the model outlined by Ayatollah Khomeini after the 1979 Iranian Revolution, and its founders chose the name "Hezbollah" as instructed by Khomeini.[1] Lebanese Hezbollah, or the "Party of God," emerged from an Iranian initiative to unite various militant Shi’a groups in Lebanon during a period of domestic and regional instability, particularly the country's civil war. The organization is considered by some an attempt by Lebanon's historically marginalized Shi’a Muslims to assert economic and political influence.

Iranian support, including the deployment of Revolutionary Guards and financial aid, played a significant role in Hezbollah's formation and development. Initially, Hezbollah operated as a network of radical Shia paramilitary groups with shared strategic goals, such as establishing an Islamic republic, but differing on tactical matters.[2]

Following the opening of the 1982 war marked by Israel's invasion of Lebanon some 800 Revolutionary Guards were sent to Lebanon through Syria to help recruit Hezbollahi, provide political and religious indoctrination and military training, including instruction in terrorist tactics.[3]

In July 1982, Iran reacted to the war by deploying 1,500 Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) advisers to Lebanon's Bekaa Valley with the aim of establishing and training a new Shiite militia, which later transformed into Hezbollah. The approximately 1,500 Pasdaran set up their headquarters in the Syrian-controlled Beqaa Valley, where they organized training camps. Under the supervision of the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), the fighters underwent guerrilla training, and military material was established in the Bekaa Valley in 1982. Iran sent a contingent of Revolutionary Guards to Lebanon, ostensibly to combat the Israeli invaders. Additionally, Iran provided financial support to the newly-formed Islamist groups, including Hezbollah.[4]

In 1985, Hezbollah officially aligned itself with the Iranian regime and Ayatollah Khomeini's leadership. Hezbollah has functioned as Iran's proxy since its inception, and it is estimated that Iran provides substantial financial support, ranging from $700 million to $1 billion annually.[5]

Islamic Jihad Organisation proxy

Hezbollah adopted the alias Islamic Jihad Organization to create plausible deniability and obscure its connection with Iran.[6][7]

Despite attempts to maintain separation, evidence, including declassified information, revealed the close relationship between Hezbollah, its Islamic Jihad terrorist wing, and Iran.[8]

In 1983 he CIA reported that Islamic Jihad “more likely is a cover used by Iran for its terrorist operations, whether employing local Shias in Lebanon or locally recruited agents of other nationalities” and that “[s]urrogates provide Iran with an excellent means for creating the illusion that an independent, international organization is at work against U.S. interests.”[9]

The use of the Islamic Jihad alias was an attempt to create the illusion of an independent, international organization working against U.S. interests. While initially loosely organized, Iran played a key role in transforming Islamic Jihad into the organized entity known as Hezbollah. The formalization and professionalization of Hezbollah occurred through substantial support from Iran, including money, weaponry, personnel, training, and guidance.[10] Iranian embassy officials in Damascus and the IRGC were actively involved in coordinating radical Shi’a activities through the Council of Lebanon, within Lebanon; according to US intelligence thus solidifying Hezbollah as a significant arm of Iran’s military apparatus.[11] Iranian auxiliaries were embedded within Hezbollah units, sharing communication and support networks.[12]

Ideological and religious influence

Iranian influence took shape through shared ideological, cultural, and religious principles derived from the Iranian Revolution and the concept of waliyat al-faqih (guardianship of the jurist).[13]

Hezbollah embraced Ayatollah Khomeini's revolutionary message and its clerics committed to establishing a fundamentalist state on a global scale. The early growth of Hezbollah can be attributed to the influence of Iranian-trained clerics and a dedication to Ayatollah Khomeini and the mission of sparking an Islamic revolution in Lebanon.[14]

The close connection between the Shi’a religious hierarchy in Lebanon and Iran is also historical and through familial ties, involving the training of Lebanese clerics in Iran, intermarriage with Iranian clerical families, and the propagation of Iranian theological discourse. Beyond educational and familial routes, Iranian ideology permeated Lebanon through official channels, with the IRGC in Lebanon providing not only paramilitary and terrorist skills but also political and religious indoctrination. In 1987, the CIA emphasized that while an independent Islamic fundamentalist movement might have emerged in Lebanon, Iranian support significantly accelerated its development.[15][16]

Hezbollah autonomy

Hezbollah has also sought to present an image of autonomy. The organization’s founding statement “to determine our fate by our own hands”.[17] Hezbollah, whilst advocating an Iran-inspired Islamist regime, however Hezbollah emphasized that it wishes for the Lebanese to have freedom of determination.[18]

Financial Funding

Hezbollah receives funding from several sources including the Bashar Al Assad regime in Syria, the Lebanese diaspora, international crime and legal businesses however its most significant source.[19][20]

Iran is believed to provide substantial financial support to Hezbollah, ranging from at least $100 million to a potentially higher figure of around $200 million annually. In 2020 according to the state department, Hezbollah received 700 million USD from iran.[21]

This increased funding is thought to align with Iran's interest in destabilizing the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, according to US intelligence, Hezbollah serves as a key proxy in achieving this objective. The support extends beyond cash funds, with Iranian cargo planes delivering weapons, including rockets and small arms, to Hezbollah in Lebanon. Material assistance is also channeled through purportedly private charities closely affiliated with Iran's revolutionary elite. Hezbollah has obtained weaponry supplied by Iran, including 11,500 missiles deployed in southern Lebanon. Additionally, 3,000 Hezbollah militants have undergone training in Iran, covering various skills such as guerrilla warfare, missile and rocket artillery firing, unmanned drone operation, naval warfare, and conventional military operations.[22]

Iran provides financial and material aid but also offers training, establishing training programs and camps. For instance, as of August 2002, Iran was reported to have financed and established terrorist training camps in the Syrian-controlled Beka'a Valley to train Hezbollah, Hamas, Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ), and PFLP-GC terrorists. Iran has consistently supported Hezbollah's involvement in the Palestinian-Israeli conflict, assigning Imad Mughniyeh, Hezbollah's international operations commander, to assist Palestinian militant groups such as Hamas and PIJ.[23]

Iran's financially supports Hezbollah affiliated media , notably the television station al-Manar, called the "station of resistance."[24][25][26][27]

Iran according to the US indirectly funds al-Manar, contributing to its approximately $15 million annual budget, with estimates suggesting Iran provides $100-200 million per year to Hezbollah, which is then transferred to the TV station.[28][29]

Weapons

Hezbollah has obtained weaponry supplied by Iran, with 11,500 missiles already positioned in southern Lebanon. Additionally, 3,000 Hezbollah militants have completed training in Iran, covering various aspects such as guerrilla warfare, missile and rocket artillery firing, operation of unmanned drones, naval warfare, and conventional military operations.[30]

Hezbollah has obtained weaponry supplied by Iran, including 11,500 missiles already deployed in southern Lebanon. Additionally, 3,000 Hezbollah militants underwent training in Iran, covering various skills such as guerrilla warfare, missile and rocket artillery firing, operation of unmanned drones, naval warfare, and conventional military operations. Mahmoud Ali Suleiman, the Hezbollah operative captured by the IDF in August 2006 for his involvement in the kidnapping of two Israeli soldiers during a cross-border raid on July 12, confessed during his interrogation to receiving weapons training and religious instruction in Iran. He informed interrogators that he traveled in a civilian car to Damascus and then flew to Iran. Apart from the Russian-made Katyusha, Hezbollah's reported artillery cache consists entirely of Iranian-made weapons.[31][32]

History

2006-1980s

In June 1985, Hezbollah hijacked TWA Flight 847, demanding the release of 700 Shiite Muslims. The hijackers, with logistical support from Iran, engaged in a campaign that included killing a U.S. Navy diver and threatening Jewish passengers. Hezbollah has denied it’s involvement.[33][34][35]

In March 27, 1992 Islamic Jihad, a group linked to Hezbollah, claimed responsibility for a suicide bombing outside the Israeli Embassy in Buenos Aires, resulting in 20 deaths and 252 injuries. The American National Security Agency Israeli intelligence found that the highest levels of the Iranian government had authorized the attack. Seven Iranian diplomats were expelled from Argentina after the Argentine government stated they had convincing proof of Iranian involvement.[36][37]

In July 18 1998, in Islamic Jihad took credit for a blast outside the Argentine-Israeli Mutual Association in Buenos Aires, resulting in 95 fatalities and 200 injuries. In 2004, Argentine intelligence determined that a 21-year-old Hezbollah operative executed the attack with logistical support from Iran. The bombing is the deadliest terrorist incident in Argentina. In 2006, Argentine authorities issued an international arrest warrant for Ali Fallahian, the head of Iranian intelligence, accusing him of orchestrating the operation. Subsequently, in 2007, INTERPOL added Ali Fallahian, along with four other Iranian officials and one Hezbollah member, to its most wanted list, citing their purported involvement in the bombing.[38][39]

May 17, 1995: Iranian Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei appointed Hezbollah Secretary General Hassan Nasrallah and Shura Council member Mohammad Yazbek as his religious representatives in Lebanon.[40]

June 25, 1996: Hezbollah, with Iranian support, claimed responsibility for a truck bombing near Khobar Towers in Saudi Arabia, killing 19 and injuring 500. In 2001, a US federal court alleged that an Iranian officer was involved in the directing of the operation.[41]

Aug. 1, 2005: Nasrallah met with Supreme Leader Khamenei and President Ahmadinejad in Tehran.[42][43]

2006 Lebanon war

Jane's Defence Weekly, a defense industry magazine, disclosed on August 4, 2006, that during the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict, Hezbollah formally requested Iran to provide a continuous stream of weapons to bolster its operations against Israel. According to Western diplomatic sources cited in the report, Iranian authorities assured Hezbollah of an ongoing supply of weapons for "the next stage of the confrontation.[44]

Iran has denied supplying Hezbollah with weapons[45][46] however multiple reports have consisetnly pointed to the contrary.[44][47] Nevertheless, Mohtashami Pur, a former ambassador to Lebanon and the current secretary-general of the 'Intifada conference,' stated in an Iranian newspaper that Iran had supplied the missiles to the Shiite militia. He further emphasized that Hezbollah had the endorsement of his country to deploy the weapons in defense of Lebanon. The Israel Defense Forces regard Hezbollah as virtually an arm of the Iranian armed forces; a senior Israeli defence official told Jane's Defence Weekly that "we should consider that what we are facing in Lebanon is not a militia but rather a special forces brigade of the Iranian Army."[48] During a 2007 interview with the Iranian Arabic-language TV station al-Qawthar, Hezbollah Deputy Secretary-General Naim Kassem stated that the endorsement of the ayatollahs in Tehran is necessary for all suicide bombings and other operations in Lebanon. Additionally, in 2008, Iran commemorated a recently deceased Hezbollah leader by issuing a postage stamp.

References

  1. ^ Hirst, David (2010). Beware of small states: Lebanon, battleground of the Middle East. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-23741-8.
  2. ^ Raad, Samih (2007-12-15). "Une expérience politique islamique au Liban". Le Portique. doi:10.4000/leportique.1408. ISSN 1283-8594.
  3. ^ Beinin, Joel (1993-01). "Money, Media and Policy Consensus: The Washington Institute for near East Policy". Middle East Report (180): 10. doi:10.2307/3013225. ISSN 0899-2851. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  4. ^ Mason, Robert Scott (1989). "National Security". In Collelo, Thomas (ed.). Lebanon: a country study. Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. pp. 202, 208, 239, 243. OCLC 44356055. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  5. ^ Anziska, Seth (2019-08-28), "Arab-Israeli Wars and US Foreign Relations", Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History, Oxford University Press, retrieved 2023-12-21
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  15. ^ Khan, Akbar; Zhaoying, Han (2020-04). "Iran-Hezbollah Alliance Reconsidered: What Contributes to the Survival of State-Proxy Alliance?". Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs. 7 (1): 101–123. doi:10.1177/2347797020906654. ISSN 2347-7970. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  16. ^ "CIA, Report, Lebanons Hizballah ::The Rising Tide of Shia Radicalism, October 1985, Top Secret [codewords not declassified], CREST". U.S. Intelligence on the Middle East, 1945-2009. Retrieved 2023-12-21.
  17. ^ "CIA, Report, Lebanons Hizballah ::The Rising Tide of Shia Radicalism, October 1985, Top Secret [codewords not declassified], CREST". U.S. Intelligence on the Middle East, 1945-2009. Retrieved 2023-12-21.
  18. ^ "What Is Hezbollah?". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 2023-12-21.
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  22. ^ "Asharq Alawsat Newspaper (English)". web.archive.org. 2007-03-02. Retrieved 2023-12-21.
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  24. ^ "Hezbollah's media empire" (PDF).
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  32. ^ "Hizbollah fighter tells Israel he trained in Iran".
  33. ^ "Hijacking of TWA Flight 847".
  34. ^ "Germans release Lebanese hijacker". 2005-12-20. Retrieved 2023-12-21.
  35. ^ Ranstorp, Magnus (1997), "Western Responses to the Hostage-Crisis and Crisis-Management", Hizb'allah in Lebanon, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 134–177, ISBN 978-0-333-68401-6, retrieved 2023-12-21
  36. ^ Jensehaugen, Jørgen (2009-06-29). "■ Norton, Augustus Richard, 2007. Hezbollah: A Short History. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 187 pp. ISBN 9780691131245". Journal of Peace Research. 46 (4): 605–605. doi:10.1177/00223433090460040813. ISSN 0022-3433.
  37. ^ "Asia Times Online :: Middle East News, Iraq, Iran current affairs". web.archive.org. 2006-11-19. Retrieved 2023-12-21.
  38. ^ "Buenos Aires bomber 'identified'". 2005-11-10. Retrieved 2023-12-21.
  39. ^ "Interpol seeks 6 over '94 Jewish center bombing". NBC News. 2007-11-07. Retrieved 2023-12-21.
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  41. ^ "Iran Held Liable In Khobar Attack".
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  48. ^ Israel to counter Hizbullah forces", Jane's Defence Weekly, 26 July 2006
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