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==References== |
==References== |
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== Further reading == |
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* {{cite thesis | last=Abdelaal | first=Hazem Safwat | date=6 October 2019 | title=Knowledge extraction from simplified natural language text | publisher=National University of Ireland, Galway | degree=PhD | hdl=10379/15492}} |
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* {{cite thesis | last=Christensen | first=Jon L. | last2=Pierson | first2=Brian E. | date=March 1994 | title=Integrating computers into calculus instruction | location=Monterey, California | publisher=Naval Postgraduate School | degree=Masters | hdl=10945/30883 | hdl-access=free}} |
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* {{cite conference | last=Kuhn | first=Tobias | date=8 June 2013 | title=Controlled Natural Language and Opportunities for Standardization | conference=LaRC 2013, Pretoria (South Africa) |url=https://www.tkuhn.org/talk/larc2013cnl.pdf | access-date=17 January 2024}} |
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* {{cite journal | last=Kuhn | first=Tobias | date=2014 | title=A Survey and Classification of Controlled Natural Languages | journal=Computational Linguistics | volume=40 | issue=1 | issn=0891-2017 | doi=10.1162/COLI_a_00168 | pages=121–170}} |
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* {{cite thesis | last=Lethbridge | first=Timothy Christian | date=November 1994 | title=Practical Techniques for Organizing and Measuring Knowledge | publisher=University of Ottawa | location=Ontario, Canada | degree=PhD | url=https://www.site.uottawa.ca/~tcl/thesis_html/thesis_ToC.html | access-date=17 January 2024}} |
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* {{cite book | last=Lethbridge | first=Timothy Christian | last2=Skuce | first2=Douglas Richard | date=1992 | chapter=Beyond hypertext: knowledge management for technical documentation | pages=313-322 | doi=10.1145/147001.147056 | chapter-url=https://www.site.uottawa.ca/~tcl/papers/km/BeyondHypertext.pdf | access-date=17 January 2024 | title=SIGDOC '92: Proceedings of the 10th annual international conference on Systems documentation. Ottawa, Canada. October 13-16, 1992 | publisher=ACM | publication-place=New York, NY | isbn=978-0-89791-532-8}} |
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* {{cite conference | last=Lethbridge | first=Timothy Christian | last2=Skuce | first2=Douglas Richard | date=1992 | title=Informality in knowledge exchange | conference=AAAI-92 Workshop on Knowledge Representation Aspects of Knowledge Acquistion. June 15, 1992 | pages=93-99 | url=https://www.site.uottawa.ca/~tcl/papers/km/InformalityIn.pdf | access-date=17 January 2024}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20020613131547/http://www.site.uottawa.ca/~tcl/papers/ik.html Other formats] |
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* {{cite | last1=Peinado | first1=Federico | last2=Mendes | first2=Mateus | date=3 May 2005 |title=Ontologies and Knowledge Bases: State-Of-The-Art Report | publisher=Complutense University of Madrid | url=https://www.fdi.ucm.es/profesor/fpeinado/publications/2006-peinado-ontologies.pdf | access-date=17 January 2024}} |
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* {{cite journal | last=Safwat | first=Hazem | last2=Davis | first2=Brian | title=CNLs for the semantic web: a state of the art | journal=Language Resources and Evaluation | volume=51 | issue=1 | date=2017 | issn=1574-020X | doi=10.1007/s10579-016-9351-x | pages=191–220 | url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Hazem-Safwat/publication/299576760_CNLs_for_the_semantic_web_a_state_of_the_art/links/59e20b8f0f7e9b97fbe75928/CNLs-for-the-semantic-web-a-state-of-the-art.pdf | access-date=17 January 2024}} |
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* {{cite conference | last=Skuce | first=Douglas Richard | date=1988 | title=An English-like Syntax and a Smalltalk Tool for Conceptual Graphs | conference=Workshop on Conceptual Graphs. Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA | pages=3.1.5.1-3.1.5.10}} |
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* {{cite journal | last=Skuce | first=Douglas Richard | date=1991 | title=A language and system for making definitions of technical concepts | journal=Journal of Systems and Software | volume=14 | issue=1 | doi=10.1016/0164-1212(91)90087-M | pages=39–50}} |
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* {{cite | last=Skuce | first=Douglas Richard | date=1992 | title=Notes on ClearTalk | type=Internal Report | publisher=AI Laboratory, University of Ottawa}} |
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* {{cite journal | last=Skuce | first=Douglas Richard | date=1993 | title=A multi-functional knowledge management system | journal=Knowledge Acquisition | volume=5 | issue=3 | doi=10.1006/knac.1993.1011 | pages=305–346}} |
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* {{cite journal | last=Skuce | first=Douglas Richard | date=1995 | title=Knowledge management in software design: a tool and a trial | journal=Software Engineering Journal | volume=10 | issue=5 | doi=10.1049/sej.1995.0024 | page=183}} |
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* {{cite web | last=Skuce | first=Douglas Richard | date=17 April 1996 | title=Cleartalk Concepts | publisher=University of Ottawa | url=http://www.csi.uottawa.ca/~kavanagh/Ikarus/Cleartalk.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19971014054456/http://www.csi.uottawa.ca/~kavanagh/Ikarus/Cleartalk.html | archive-date=14 October 1997 | url-status=dead}} |
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* {{cite web | last=Skuce | first=Douglas Richard | date=29 April 2003 | title=A Controlled Language for Knowledge Formulation on the Semantic Web | url=https://www.site.uottawa.ca/~tcl/factguru1/factguru2.pdf | access-date=17 January 2024}} |
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* {{cite conference | last=Skuce | first=Douglas Richard | last2=Lethbridge | first2=Timothy Christian | date=1992 | title=A knowledge representation for interactive knowledge management | conference=Third International Conference on the Principles of Knowledge Representation. and Reasoning. Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA}} |
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* {{cite conference | last=Skuce | first=Douglas Richard | last2=Lethbridge | first2=Timothy Christian | date=1994 | title=CODE4: A multifunctional knowledge management system | conference=KAW’94: 8th Banff Knowledge Acquisition for Knowledge Based Systems Workshop. Banff, Canada | url=https://www.site.uottawa.ca/~tcl/papers/km/CODE4AMultifunctional.pdf | access-date=17 January 2024}} [https://www.site.uottawa.ca/~tcl/papers/km/CODE4AMultifunctional.html HTML] |
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* {{cite journal | last=Skuce | first=Douglas Richard | last2=Lethbridge | first2=Timothy Christian | date=1995 | title=CODE4: a unified system for managing conceptual knowledge | journal=International Journal of Human-Computer Studies | volume=42 | issue=4 | doi=10.1006/ijhc.1995.1019 | pages=413–451 | url=https://www.site.uottawa.ca/~tcl/papers/ijhcs95/contents.html | access-date=17 January 2024}} |
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* {{cite book | last=Sowa | first=John F. | date=2000 | chapter=Ontology, Metadata, and Semiotics | pages=55-81 | chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312987111_Ontology_metadata_and_semiotics | access-date=17 January 2024 | editor-last=Ganter | editor-first=B. | editor-last2=Mineau | editor-first2=G.W. | title=Conceptual Structures: Logical, Linguistic, and Computational Issues: 8th International Conference on Conceptual Structures, ICCS 2000 Darmstadt, Germany, August 14-18, 2000 Proceedings | publisher=Springer | publication-place=Berlin | series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science | isbn=978-3-540-67859-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qo03aU4tW9AC&pg=PA55}} [http://www.jfsowa.com/ontology/ontometa.htm HTML] |
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* {{cite journal | last=Sowa | first=John F. | date=2002 | title=Architectures for intelligent systems | journal=IBM Systems Journal | volume=41 | issue=3 | issn=0018-8670 | doi=10.1147/sj.413.0331 | pages=331–349 | url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/John-Sowa-2/publication/234785881_Hybrid_Architectures_for_Intelligent_Systems/links/54a83fe90cf256bf8bb7e158/Hybrid-Architectures-for-Intelligent-Systems.pdf}} [http://www.jfsowa.com/pubs/arch.htm HTML] |
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* {{cite book | last=Sowa | first=John F. | date=2004 <!-- 2004-06-29 --> | chapter=Graphics and Languages for the Flexible Modular Framework | doi=10.1007/978-3-540-27769-9_3 | editor-last=Wolff | editor-first=Karl Erich | editor-last2=Pfeiffer | editor-first2=Heather D. | editor-last3=Delugach | editor-first3=Harry S. | title=Conceptual Structures at Work | publisher=Springer | publication-place=Berlin | isbn=978-3-540-27769-9 | url=http://www.jfsowa.com/pubs/gal4fmf.htm | access-date=17 January 2024}} |
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{{refend}} |
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[[Category:Knowledge representation languages]] |
[[Category:Knowledge representation languages]] |
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Revision as of 21:11, 17 January 2024
ClearTalk is a controlled natural language—a kind of a formal language for expressing information that is designed to be both human-readable (being based on English) and easily processed by a computer.
Anyone who can read English can immediately read ClearTalk, and the people who write ClearTalk learn to write it while using it. The ClearTalk system itself does most of the training through use: the restrictions are shown by menus and templates and are enforced by immediate syntactic checks. By consistently using ClearTalk for its output, a system reinforces the acceptable syntactic forms.[1]
It is used by the experimental knowledge management software Ikarus and by a knowledge base management system Fact Guru.[2]
See also
References
Further reading
- Abdelaal, Hazem Safwat (6 October 2019). Knowledge extraction from simplified natural language text (PhD thesis). National University of Ireland, Galway. hdl:10379/15492.
- Christensen, Jon L.; Pierson, Brian E. (March 1994). Integrating computers into calculus instruction (Masters thesis). Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School. hdl:10945/30883.
- Kuhn, Tobias (8 June 2013). Controlled Natural Language and Opportunities for Standardization (PDF). LaRC 2013, Pretoria (South Africa). Retrieved 17 January 2024.
- Kuhn, Tobias (2014). "A Survey and Classification of Controlled Natural Languages". Computational Linguistics. 40 (1): 121–170. doi:10.1162/COLI_a_00168. ISSN 0891-2017.
- Lethbridge, Timothy Christian (November 1994). Practical Techniques for Organizing and Measuring Knowledge (PhD thesis). Ontario, Canada: University of Ottawa. Retrieved 17 January 2024.
- Lethbridge, Timothy Christian; Skuce, Douglas Richard (1992). "Beyond hypertext: knowledge management for technical documentation" (PDF). SIGDOC '92: Proceedings of the 10th annual international conference on Systems documentation. Ottawa, Canada. October 13-16, 1992. New York, NY: ACM. pp. 313–322. doi:10.1145/147001.147056. ISBN 978-0-89791-532-8. Retrieved 17 January 2024.
- Lethbridge, Timothy Christian; Skuce, Douglas Richard (1992). Informality in knowledge exchange (PDF). AAAI-92 Workshop on Knowledge Representation Aspects of Knowledge Acquistion. June 15, 1992. pp. 93–99. Retrieved 17 January 2024. Other formats
- Peinado, Federico; Mendes, Mateus (3 May 2005), Ontologies and Knowledge Bases: State-Of-The-Art Report (PDF), Complutense University of Madrid, retrieved 17 January 2024
- Safwat, Hazem; Davis, Brian (2017). "CNLs for the semantic web: a state of the art" (PDF). Language Resources and Evaluation. 51 (1): 191–220. doi:10.1007/s10579-016-9351-x. ISSN 1574-020X. Retrieved 17 January 2024.
- Skuce, Douglas Richard (1988). An English-like Syntax and a Smalltalk Tool for Conceptual Graphs. Workshop on Conceptual Graphs. Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. pp. 3.1.5.1-3.1.5.10.
- Skuce, Douglas Richard (1991). "A language and system for making definitions of technical concepts". Journal of Systems and Software. 14 (1): 39–50. doi:10.1016/0164-1212(91)90087-M.
- Skuce, Douglas Richard (1992), Notes on ClearTalk (Internal Report), AI Laboratory, University of Ottawa
- Skuce, Douglas Richard (1993). "A multi-functional knowledge management system". Knowledge Acquisition. 5 (3): 305–346. doi:10.1006/knac.1993.1011.
- Skuce, Douglas Richard (1995). "Knowledge management in software design: a tool and a trial". Software Engineering Journal. 10 (5): 183. doi:10.1049/sej.1995.0024.
- Skuce, Douglas Richard (17 April 1996). "Cleartalk Concepts". University of Ottawa. Archived from the original on 14 October 1997.
- Skuce, Douglas Richard (29 April 2003). "A Controlled Language for Knowledge Formulation on the Semantic Web" (PDF). Retrieved 17 January 2024.
- Skuce, Douglas Richard; Lethbridge, Timothy Christian (1992). A knowledge representation for interactive knowledge management. Third International Conference on the Principles of Knowledge Representation. and Reasoning. Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
- Skuce, Douglas Richard; Lethbridge, Timothy Christian (1994). CODE4: A multifunctional knowledge management system (PDF). KAW’94: 8th Banff Knowledge Acquisition for Knowledge Based Systems Workshop. Banff, Canada. Retrieved 17 January 2024. HTML
- Skuce, Douglas Richard; Lethbridge, Timothy Christian (1995). "CODE4: a unified system for managing conceptual knowledge". International Journal of Human-Computer Studies. 42 (4): 413–451. doi:10.1006/ijhc.1995.1019. Retrieved 17 January 2024.
- Sowa, John F. (2000). "Ontology, Metadata, and Semiotics". In Ganter, B.; Mineau, G.W. (eds.). Conceptual Structures: Logical, Linguistic, and Computational Issues: 8th International Conference on Conceptual Structures, ICCS 2000 Darmstadt, Germany, August 14-18, 2000 Proceedings. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Berlin: Springer. pp. 55–81. ISBN 978-3-540-67859-5. Retrieved 17 January 2024. HTML
- Sowa, John F. (2002). "Architectures for intelligent systems" (PDF). IBM Systems Journal. 41 (3): 331–349. doi:10.1147/sj.413.0331. ISSN 0018-8670. HTML
- Sowa, John F. (2004). "Graphics and Languages for the Flexible Modular Framework". In Wolff, Karl Erich; Pfeiffer, Heather D.; Delugach, Harry S. (eds.). Conceptual Structures at Work. Berlin: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-27769-9_3. ISBN 978-3-540-27769-9. Retrieved 17 January 2024.
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