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Dissoderma odoratum
Rovaniemi, Finland
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Squamanitaceae
Genus: Dissoderma
Species:
D. odoratum
Binomial name
Dissoderma odoratum
(Cool) I. Saar & Thorn, 2022
Synonyms[1]
  • Lepiota odorata Cool
  • Squamanita odorata (Cool) Imbach
  • Tricholoma odoratum (Cool) Konrad & Maubl.

Template:Taksonomia/sienetDissoderma odoratum is a species of fungi in the family Squamanitaceae. It's a distinctly strong-smelling species with small, purple sporocarps. The fungus parasites in the sporocarps of the veiled hebeloma (Hebeloma mesophaeum), which are deformed by the parasitic fungus. Dissoderma odoratum is mostly found in Europe, but it has also been found from the United States. The fungus is a rare species that is classified as endangered in several European countries.

Description

The sporocarps grown on top of a malformation consisting of a dark-colored, swollen model.

The sporocarps of D. odoratum are small and short-legged. They grow in clusters on the sporocarps of the Hebeloma mesophaeum.[2][3] There can be more than ten sporocarps in one cluster, but they can also rarely grow individually.[4]

The pileus and the upper part of the foot are coarsely scaly.[3] The base color of the pileus is lilac gray-brown, but the scales are darker. The pileus is convex, usually 1–3 centimeters wide. The lamellae, whitish at first and later light purple or color of the pileus, are quite far apart.The stipe is whither than the pileus. The spore dust is light yellow and the spores are inamyloid (meaning that the fungus doesn't change color in Melzer's reagent), thin-walled and ellipsoid or ovoid in shape.[4] The length of a spore is 6,5–9,5 micrometers and width 4–6 micrometers.[3]

D. odoratum is an easily identifiable mushroom.[2][5] The species has a strong sweet scent, which has been as caramel-like or fruity.[4][5][6]

Distribution

The fungus was originally found from The Netherlands in 1915. The species was first considered endemic, but in 1948 it was found in Denmark and later from other European countries.[7] By 2016 the fungi was also found from Belgium, Great Britain, Italy, Norway, Poland, France, Sweden, Germany, Finland and Switzerland.[2][8]

In the 2020s, studies have been published using metabarcoding based on DNA sequencing of environmental samples have been published. This way the presence of D. Odoratum in Estonia and Latvia was revealed although no spores have been found. Based on the environmental samples, the species seems to occur in Russia as well.[3]

D. Odoratum is primarily an European species, but in 1951 it was found from the Washington state in the United States.[3][9] Species identification was genetically confirmed in 2022, and it's the only discovery from North America so far. The observations from Japan were found to represent a different species Dissoderma phaeolepioticola, whose host species is the golden bootleg (Phaeolepiota aurea).[3]

Habitat

Endangerment

National threat assessments
Country Uhanalaisuusarvio Vuosi Lähde
Netherlands Endangered species 2009 [10]
Norway Vulnerable 2021 [11]
Sweden Data deficient 2020 [12]
Finland Least-concern 2019 [13]
Switzerland Critically Endangered 2007 [14]
Denmark Vulnerable 2019 [15]

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) hasn't assessed the endangerment of the species. The species is considered very rare worldwide.[16]

Taxonomy

The fungus was first described by Dutch mycologist Catharina Cool in 1918 as Lepiota odorata. In 1946 Emil J. Imbach described genus Squamanita where the fungus was placed in to as Squamanita odorata. In 2022 Squamanita was split in half, because according to phylogenetic analysis the genus was paraphyletic. The species was moved to genus Dissoderma. Although the fungus isn't the type species of its genus, it's the longest known species.[3]

Edibility

Several other species of the same genus are poisonous. The fungi is inedible and has been described as potentially poisonous as[17][18]

  1. ^ https://www.gbif.org/species/12106935
  2. ^ a b c "Squamanita odorata (Agaricales, Basidiomycota), new mycoparasitic fungus for Poland" (PDF). Polish Botanical Journal. 61 (1): 181–186. 15 July 2015. doi:10.1515/pbj-2016-0008.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g "A phylogenetic overview of Squamanita, with descriptions of nine new species and four new combinations". Mycologia. 114 (4). Taylor & Francis: 769–797. 4 July 2022. doi:10.1080/00275514.2022.2059639. ISSN 0027-5514. Cite error: The named reference "Saar2022" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  4. ^ a b c Ludwig, Erhard (2001). Pilzkompendium (in German). Eching: IHW-Verl. pp. 656–657. ISBN 3-930167-43-3.
  5. ^ a b Rahko, Pekka (20 September 2016). "Tuoksupahkajalka yllätti sieniharrastajat – havaintoja kaivataan". Kaleva (in Finnish). Retrieved 9 December 2022.
  6. ^ "Tuoksupahkajalka, Squamanita odorata, ensi kertaa Suomessa" (PDF). Sienilehti. 61 (3): 87–88. 2009. ISSN 0357-1335.
  7. ^ Arnolds, E. J. M.: Biogeography and Conservation. Kubicek, Christian P. & Druzhinina, Irina S. (2007). Environmental and Microbial Relationships. Berlin: Springer. p. 112. ISBN 978-3-540-71839-0. Retrieved 9 December 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ "Squamanita odorata found in Britain". Field Mycology. 14 (2): 53–55. April 2013. doi:10.1016/j.fldmyc.2013.03.007. ISSN 1468-1641.
  9. ^ "Pacific Northwestern Fungi. I". Mycologia. 54 (3). Taylor & Francis: 272–298. 1 May 1962. doi:10.1080/00275514.1962.12025000. ISSN 0027-5514.
  10. ^ "Odeurzwam (Squamanita odorata)". Beschermde natuur in Nederland (in Dutch). Ministerie van Landbouw, Natuur en Voedselkwaliteit. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
  11. ^ Brandrud, T. E.; et al. (24.11.2021). "Duftknollsliresopp Squamanita odorata (Cool) Imbach". Rødlista for arter 2021 (in style="background:#FFC7C7;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no"|No). Artsdatabanken. Retrieved 9.12.2022. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |access-date= and |date= (help); Explicit use of et al. in: |last= (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  12. ^ "Doftknölfoting". Artfakta (in Template:Sv). SLU Artdatabanken. Retrieved 9.12.2022. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |access-date= (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  13. ^ Cite error: The named reference laji.fi was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  14. ^ Senn-Irlet, Beatrice & Bieri, Guido & Egli, Simon (2007). Rote Liste der gefährdeten Grosspilze der Schweiz (in Template:De). Bern: Bundesamt für Umwelt & WSL. p. 52. Retrieved 9.12.2022. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |access-date= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  15. ^ "Vellugtende knoldfod". Danmarks Svampeatlas (in Template:Da). Retrieved 9.12.2022. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |access-date= (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  16. ^ "Squamanita odorata". The Global Fungal Red List Initiative. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
  17. ^ "Harvinainen sienilöytö Rovaniemellä?". Yle Uutiset. 15 September 2009. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
  18. ^ "Hebeloma mesophaeum (Pers.) Quél. - Veiled Poisonpie". First Nature. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
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