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'''''Paratrimastix pyriformis''''' is a species of free-living, [[Fresh water|freshwater]] [[Flagellate|flagellated]] [[Protist|protists]]<ref>{{Cite journal | |
'''''Paratrimastix pyriformis''''' is a species of free-living, [[Fresh water|freshwater]] [[Flagellate|flagellated]] [[Protist|protists]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Qianqian |last2=Táborský |first2=Petr |last3=Silberman |first3=Jeffrey D. |last4=Pánek |first4=Tomáš |last5=Čepička |first5=Ivan |last6=Simpson |first6=Alastair G.B. |date=September 2015 |title=Marine Isolates of Trimastix marina Form a Plesiomorphic Deep-branching Lineage within Preaxostyla, Separate from Other Known Trimastigids (Paratrimastix n. gen.) |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1434461015000462 |journal=Protist |language=en |volume=166 |issue=4 |pages=468–491 |doi=10.1016/j.protis.2015.07.003|pmid=26312987 }}</ref> formerly known as ''[[Trimastix]] pyriformis'' and ''[[Tetramitus]] pyriformis''. |
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== History of Knowledge == |
== History of Knowledge == |
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This species was first described by [[Georg Klebs|G. A. Klebs]] in 1892 as ''[[Tetramitus]] pyriformis''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PID - Trimastix Taxonomy |url=https://megasun.bch.umontreal.ca/protists/trim/taxonomy.html |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=megasun.bch.umontreal.ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species |url=https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=259190 |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=www.marinespecies.org}}</ref> More than 100 years later, in 1999, it was transferred to the genus ''[[Trimastix]]'' and [[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonymized]] with ''T. convexa'' based on its [[Morphology (biology)|morphology]].<ref>{{Cite journal | |
This species was first described by [[Georg Klebs|G. A. Klebs]] in 1892 as ''[[Tetramitus]] pyriformis''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PID - Trimastix Taxonomy |url=https://megasun.bch.umontreal.ca/protists/trim/taxonomy.html |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=megasun.bch.umontreal.ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species |url=https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=259190 |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=www.marinespecies.org}}</ref> More than 100 years later, in 1999, it was transferred to the genus ''[[Trimastix]]'' and [[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonymized]] with ''T. convexa'' based on its [[Morphology (biology)|morphology]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bernard |first1=Catherine |last2=Simpson |first2=Alastair G. B. |last3=Patterson |first3=David J. |date=May 2000 |title=Some free-living flagellates (protista) from anoxic habitats |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00785236.1999.10409422 |journal=Ophelia |language=en |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=113–142 |doi=10.1080/00785236.1999.10409422 |issn=0078-5326}}</ref> The first [[Ultrastructure|ultrastructural]] study using [[transmission electron microscopy]] was published the same year, which reported a discovery of [[hydrogenosome]]-like [[Organelle|organelles]] in the species.<ref name=":0" /> |
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A [[Molecular phylogenetics|molecular phylogenetic]] study based on small-subunit [[ribosomal RNA]] placed the genus ''[[Trimastix]]'' (then including ''P. pyriformis'') as sister to the [[oxymonad]] [[Pyrsonympha]] in 2001<ref>{{Cite journal | |
A [[Molecular phylogenetics|molecular phylogenetic]] study based on small-subunit [[ribosomal RNA]] placed the genus ''[[Trimastix]]'' (then including ''P. pyriformis'') as sister to the [[oxymonad]] [[Pyrsonympha]] in 2001<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dacks |first1=Joel B. |last2=Silberman |first2=Jeffrey D. |last3=Simpson |first3=Alastair G. B. |last4=Moriya |first4=Shigeharu |last5=Kudo |first5=Toshiaki |last6=Ohkuma |first6=Moriya |last7=Redfield |first7=Rosemary J. |date=2001-06-01 |title=Oxymonads Are Closely Related to the Excavate Taxon Trimastix |url=http://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/18/6/1034/1046924 |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |language=en |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=1034–1044 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003875 |pmid=11371592 |issn=1537-1719}}</ref> and a close relationship to [[Oxymonad|oxymonads]] was further supported in another study in 2005.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hampl |first1=Vladimír |last2=Horner |first2=David S. |last3=Dyal |first3=Patricia |last4=Kulda |first4=Jaroslav |last5=Flegr |first5=Jaroslav |last6=Foster |first6=Peter G. |last7=Embley |first7=T. Martin |date=2005-12-01 |title=Inference of the Phylogenetic Position of Oxymonads Based on Nine Genes: Support for Metamonada and Excavata |url=http://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/22/12/2508/1009571/Inference-of-the-Phylogenetic-Position-of |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |language=en |volume=22 |issue=12 |pages=2508–2518 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msi245 |pmid=16120804 |issn=1537-1719}}</ref> The [[clade]] uniting ''[[Trimastix]]'' and [[Oxymonad|oxymonads]] was named [[Anaeromonadea|Preaxostyla]] in 2003.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Simpson |first=A. G. B. |date=2003-11-01 |title=Cytoskeletal organization, phylogenetic affinities and systematics in the contentious taxon Excavata (Eukaryota) |url=https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/ijs.0.02578-0 |journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology |language=en |volume=53 |issue=6 |pages=1759–1777 |doi=10.1099/ijs.0.02578-0 |pmid=14657103 |issn=1466-5026}}</ref> A more detailed [[Molecular phylogenetics|molecular phylogenetic]] analysis in 2015 placed this species in a new genus ''[[Paratrimastix]]'', even more closely related to [[Oxymonad|oxymonads]] than ''[[Trimastix]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Qianqian |last2=Táborský |first2=Petr |last3=Silberman |first3=Jeffrey D. |last4=Pánek |first4=Tomáš |last5=Čepička |first5=Ivan |last6=Simpson |first6=Alastair G.B. |date=September 2015 |title=Marine Isolates of Trimastix marina Form a Plesiomorphic Deep-branching Lineage within Preaxostyla, Separate from Other Known Trimastigids (Paratrimastix n. gen.) |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1434461015000462 |journal=Protist |language=en |volume=166 |issue=4 |pages=468–491 |doi=10.1016/j.protis.2015.07.003|pmid=26312987 }}</ref> [[Anaeromonadea|Preaxostyla]] (consisting of ''[[Trimastix]]'', ''[[Paratrimastix]]'', and [[Oxymonad|oxymonads]]) is now considered one of the five major lineages of [[Metamonad|Metamonada]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stairs |first1=Courtney W. |last2=Táborský |first2=Petr |last3=Salomaki |first3=Eric D. |last4=Kolisko |first4=Martin |last5=Pánek |first5=Tomáš |last6=Eme |first6=Laura |last7=Hradilová |first7=Miluše |last8=Vlček |first8=Čestmír |last9=Jerlström-Hultqvist |first9=Jon |last10=Roger |first10=Andrew J. |last11=Čepička |first11=Ivan |date=December 2021 |title=Anaeramoebae are a divergent lineage of eukaryotes that shed light on the transition from anaerobic mitochondria to hydrogenosomes |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960982221013646 |journal=Current Biology |language=en |volume=31 |issue=24 |pages=5605–5612.e5 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2021.10.010|pmid=34710348 |bibcode=2021CBio...31E5605S }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yazaki |first1=Euki |last2=Kume |first2=Keitaro |last3=Shiratori |first3=Takashi |last4=Eglit |first4=Yana |last5=Tanifuji |first5=Goro |last6=Harada |first6=Ryo |last7=Simpson |first7=Alastair G. B. |last8=Ishida |first8=Ken-ichiro |last9=Hashimoto |first9=Tetsuo |last10=Inagaki |first10=Yuji |date=2020-09-09 |title=Barthelonids represent a deep-branching metamonad clade with mitochondrion-related organelles predicted to generate no ATP |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |language=en |volume=287 |issue=1934 |pages=20201538 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2020.1538 |issn=0962-8452 |pmc=7542792 |pmid=32873198}}</ref> |
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A series of [[Transcriptomics technologies|transcriptomic]] studies between the years 2006 and 2016 reported details of ''P. pyriformis'' [[Glycolysis|glycolytic pathway]]<ref>{{Cite journal | |
A series of [[Transcriptomics technologies|transcriptomic]] studies between the years 2006 and 2016 reported details of ''P. pyriformis'' [[Glycolysis|glycolytic pathway]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stechmann |first1=Alexandra |last2=Baumgartner |first2=Manuela |last3=Silberman |first3=Jeffrey D |last4=Roger |first4=Andrew J |date=2006 |title=The glycolytic pathway of Trimastix pyriformis is an evolutionary mosaic |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=101 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-6-101 |doi-access=free |pmc=1665464 |pmid=17123440}}</ref> and [[arginine deiminase]] pathway,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Novák |first1=Lukáš |last2=Zubáčová |first2=Zuzana |last3=Karnkowska |first3=Anna |last4=Kolisko |first4=Martin |last5=Hroudová |first5=Miluše |last6=Stairs |first6=Courtney W. |last7=Simpson |first7=Alastair G. B. |last8=Keeling |first8=Patrick J. |last9=Roger |first9=Andrew J. |last10=Čepička |first10=Ivan |last11=Hampl |first11=Vladimír |date=December 2016 |title=Arginine deiminase pathway enzymes: evolutionary history in metamonads and other eukaryotes |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |language=en |volume=16 |issue=1 |page=197 |doi=10.1186/s12862-016-0771-4 |doi-access=free |issn=1471-2148 |pmc=5052871 |pmid=27716026|bibcode=2016BMCEE..16..197N }}</ref> as well as supported the [[Mitochondrion|mitochondrial]] ancestry of its [[hydrogenosome]]-like organelles<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hampl |first1=Vladimir |last2=Silberman |first2=Jeffrey D. |last3=Stechmann |first3=Alexandra |last4=Diaz-Triviño |first4=Sara |last5=Johnson |first5=Patricia J. |last6=Roger |first6=Andrew J. |date=2008-01-02 |editor-last=Redfield |editor-first=Rosemary |title=Genetic Evidence for a Mitochondriate Ancestry in the 'Amitochondriate' Flagellate Trimastix pyriformis |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=e1383 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0001383 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=2148110 |pmid=18167542|bibcode=2008PLoSO...3.1383H }}</ref> and uncovered their role in [[amino acid]] metabolism.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zubáčová |first1=Zuzana |last2=Novák |first2=Lukáš |last3=Bublíková |first3=Jitka |last4=Vacek |first4=Vojtěch |last5=Fousek |first5=Jan |last6=Rídl |first6=Jakub |last7=Tachezy |first7=Jan |last8=Doležal |first8=Pavel |last9=Vlček |first9=Čestmír |last10=Hampl |first10=Vladimír |date=2013-03-13 |editor-last=Saks |editor-first=Valdur |title=The Mitochondrion-Like Organelle of Trimastix pyriformis Contains the Complete Glycine Cleavage System |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=e55417 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0055417 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3596361 |pmid=23516392|bibcode=2013PLoSO...855417Z }}</ref> |
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== Morphology and Ultrastructure == |
== Morphology and Ultrastructure == |
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''P. pyriformis'' has four [[Flagellum|flagella]], one directed anteriorly, one posteriorly, and others laterally. The posterior flagellum has two vanes with thickened vane margins. Ventral side of the cell is shaped in the form of a broad groove, a typical [[Excavata|excavate]] feature, which is used as a feeding structure.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal | |
''P. pyriformis'' has four [[Flagellum|flagella]], one directed anteriorly, one posteriorly, and others laterally. The posterior flagellum has two vanes with thickened vane margins. Ventral side of the cell is shaped in the form of a broad groove, a typical [[Excavata|excavate]] feature, which is used as a feeding structure.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=O’Kelly |first1=Charles J. |last2=Farmer |first2=Mark A. |last3=Nerad |first3=Thomas A. |date=August 1999 |title=Ultrastructure of Trimastix pyriformis (Klebs) Bernard et al.: Similarities of Trimastix Species with Retortamonad and Jakobid Flagellates |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1434461099700180 |journal=Protist |language=en |volume=150 |issue=2 |pages=149–162 |doi=10.1016/S1434-4610(99)70018-0|pmid=10505415 }}</ref> |
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== References == |
== References == |
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Revision as of 21:55, 15 April 2024
| Paratrimastix pyriformis | |
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| Light microscopy image of P. pyriformis | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | |
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| Order: | Paratrimastigida
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| Family: | Paratrimastigidae
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| Genus: | |
| Species: | Paratrimastix pyriformis
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| Synonyms | |
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Paratrimastix pyriformis is a species of free-living, freshwater flagellated protists[1] formerly known as Trimastix pyriformis and Tetramitus pyriformis.
History of Knowledge
This species was first described by G. A. Klebs in 1892 as Tetramitus pyriformis.[2][3] More than 100 years later, in 1999, it was transferred to the genus Trimastix and synonymized with T. convexa based on its morphology.[4] The first ultrastructural study using transmission electron microscopy was published the same year, which reported a discovery of hydrogenosome-like organelles in the species.[5]
A molecular phylogenetic study based on small-subunit ribosomal RNA placed the genus Trimastix (then including P. pyriformis) as sister to the oxymonad Pyrsonympha in 2001[6] and a close relationship to oxymonads was further supported in another study in 2005.[7] The clade uniting Trimastix and oxymonads was named Preaxostyla in 2003.[8] A more detailed molecular phylogenetic analysis in 2015 placed this species in a new genus Paratrimastix, even more closely related to oxymonads than Trimastix.[9] Preaxostyla (consisting of Trimastix, Paratrimastix, and oxymonads) is now considered one of the five major lineages of Metamonada.[10][11]
A series of transcriptomic studies between the years 2006 and 2016 reported details of P. pyriformis glycolytic pathway[12] and arginine deiminase pathway,[13] as well as supported the mitochondrial ancestry of its hydrogenosome-like organelles[14] and uncovered their role in amino acid metabolism.[15]
Morphology and Ultrastructure
P. pyriformis has four flagella, one directed anteriorly, one posteriorly, and others laterally. The posterior flagellum has two vanes with thickened vane margins. Ventral side of the cell is shaped in the form of a broad groove, a typical excavate feature, which is used as a feeding structure.[5]
References
- ^ Zhang, Qianqian; Táborský, Petr; Silberman, Jeffrey D.; Pánek, Tomáš; Čepička, Ivan; Simpson, Alastair G.B. (September 2015). "Marine Isolates of Trimastix marina Form a Plesiomorphic Deep-branching Lineage within Preaxostyla, Separate from Other Known Trimastigids (Paratrimastix n. gen.)". Protist. 166 (4): 468–491. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2015.07.003. PMID 26312987.
- ^ "PID - Trimastix Taxonomy". megasun.bch.umontreal.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-15.
- ^ "WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species". www.marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2024-04-15.
- ^ Bernard, Catherine; Simpson, Alastair G. B.; Patterson, David J. (May 2000). "Some free-living flagellates (protista) from anoxic habitats". Ophelia. 52 (2): 113–142. doi:10.1080/00785236.1999.10409422. ISSN 0078-5326.
- ^ a b O’Kelly, Charles J.; Farmer, Mark A.; Nerad, Thomas A. (August 1999). "Ultrastructure of Trimastix pyriformis (Klebs) Bernard et al.: Similarities of Trimastix Species with Retortamonad and Jakobid Flagellates". Protist. 150 (2): 149–162. doi:10.1016/S1434-4610(99)70018-0. PMID 10505415.
- ^ Dacks, Joel B.; Silberman, Jeffrey D.; Simpson, Alastair G. B.; Moriya, Shigeharu; Kudo, Toshiaki; Ohkuma, Moriya; Redfield, Rosemary J. (2001-06-01). "Oxymonads Are Closely Related to the Excavate Taxon Trimastix". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 18 (6): 1034–1044. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003875. ISSN 1537-1719. PMID 11371592.
- ^ Hampl, Vladimír; Horner, David S.; Dyal, Patricia; Kulda, Jaroslav; Flegr, Jaroslav; Foster, Peter G.; Embley, T. Martin (2005-12-01). "Inference of the Phylogenetic Position of Oxymonads Based on Nine Genes: Support for Metamonada and Excavata". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 22 (12): 2508–2518. doi:10.1093/molbev/msi245. ISSN 1537-1719. PMID 16120804.
- ^ Simpson, A. G. B. (2003-11-01). "Cytoskeletal organization, phylogenetic affinities and systematics in the contentious taxon Excavata (Eukaryota)". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 53 (6): 1759–1777. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.02578-0. ISSN 1466-5026. PMID 14657103.
- ^ Zhang, Qianqian; Táborský, Petr; Silberman, Jeffrey D.; Pánek, Tomáš; Čepička, Ivan; Simpson, Alastair G.B. (September 2015). "Marine Isolates of Trimastix marina Form a Plesiomorphic Deep-branching Lineage within Preaxostyla, Separate from Other Known Trimastigids (Paratrimastix n. gen.)". Protist. 166 (4): 468–491. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2015.07.003. PMID 26312987.
- ^ Stairs, Courtney W.; Táborský, Petr; Salomaki, Eric D.; Kolisko, Martin; Pánek, Tomáš; Eme, Laura; Hradilová, Miluše; Vlček, Čestmír; Jerlström-Hultqvist, Jon; Roger, Andrew J.; Čepička, Ivan (December 2021). "Anaeramoebae are a divergent lineage of eukaryotes that shed light on the transition from anaerobic mitochondria to hydrogenosomes". Current Biology. 31 (24): 5605–5612.e5. Bibcode:2021CBio...31E5605S. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2021.10.010. PMID 34710348.
- ^ Yazaki, Euki; Kume, Keitaro; Shiratori, Takashi; Eglit, Yana; Tanifuji, Goro; Harada, Ryo; Simpson, Alastair G. B.; Ishida, Ken-ichiro; Hashimoto, Tetsuo; Inagaki, Yuji (2020-09-09). "Barthelonids represent a deep-branching metamonad clade with mitochondrion-related organelles predicted to generate no ATP". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 287 (1934): 20201538. doi:10.1098/rspb.2020.1538. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 7542792. PMID 32873198.
- ^ Stechmann, Alexandra; Baumgartner, Manuela; Silberman, Jeffrey D; Roger, Andrew J (2006). "The glycolytic pathway of Trimastix pyriformis is an evolutionary mosaic". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 6 (1): 101. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-6-101. PMC 1665464. PMID 17123440.
- ^ Novák, Lukáš; Zubáčová, Zuzana; Karnkowska, Anna; Kolisko, Martin; Hroudová, Miluše; Stairs, Courtney W.; Simpson, Alastair G. B.; Keeling, Patrick J.; Roger, Andrew J.; Čepička, Ivan; Hampl, Vladimír (December 2016). "Arginine deiminase pathway enzymes: evolutionary history in metamonads and other eukaryotes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 16 (1): 197. Bibcode:2016BMCEE..16..197N. doi:10.1186/s12862-016-0771-4. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 5052871. PMID 27716026.
- ^ Hampl, Vladimir; Silberman, Jeffrey D.; Stechmann, Alexandra; Diaz-Triviño, Sara; Johnson, Patricia J.; Roger, Andrew J. (2008-01-02). Redfield, Rosemary (ed.). "Genetic Evidence for a Mitochondriate Ancestry in the 'Amitochondriate' Flagellate Trimastix pyriformis". PLOS ONE. 3 (1): e1383. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.1383H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001383. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 2148110. PMID 18167542.
- ^ Zubáčová, Zuzana; Novák, Lukáš; Bublíková, Jitka; Vacek, Vojtěch; Fousek, Jan; Rídl, Jakub; Tachezy, Jan; Doležal, Pavel; Vlček, Čestmír; Hampl, Vladimír (2013-03-13). Saks, Valdur (ed.). "The Mitochondrion-Like Organelle of Trimastix pyriformis Contains the Complete Glycine Cleavage System". PLOS ONE. 8 (3): e55417. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...855417Z. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0055417. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3596361. PMID 23516392.