Brachysternus prasinus: Difference between revisions
Addition of more material |
Citation bot (talk | contribs) Alter: date, url, title, doi. URLs might have been anonymized. Add: jstor, doi-access, pmid, authors 1-1. Removed URL that duplicated identifier. Removed parameters. Some additions/deletions were parameter name changes. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Jay8g | #UCB_toolbar |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
''Brachysternus prasinus'', also called the large green pololo, the “catita,” or the “lorito.”<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Insectos de Chile: atlas entomológico (segunda edición) |url=https://libros.uchile.cl/files/presses/1/monographs/420/submission/proof/50/ |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=libros.uchile.cl}}</ref> ''B. prasinus'' is also known as the ''Brachysternus'' Guérin-Menéville, named after French entomologist Félix Édouard Guérin-Méneville. ''B. prasinus'' is often mistaken for the more well-known ''Hylamorpha elegans,'' also known as the San Juan beetle, which is another species native to the same habitat.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal | |
''Brachysternus prasinus'', also called the large green pololo, the “catita,” or the “lorito.”<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Insectos de Chile: atlas entomológico (segunda edición) |url=https://libros.uchile.cl/files/presses/1/monographs/420/submission/proof/50/ |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=libros.uchile.cl}}</ref> ''B. prasinus'' is also known as the ''Brachysternus'' Guérin-Menéville, named after French entomologist Félix Édouard Guérin-Méneville. ''B. prasinus'' is often mistaken for the more well-known ''Hylamorpha elegans,'' also known as the San Juan beetle, which is another species native to the same habitat.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Jameson |first1=Mary Liz |last2=Smith |first2=Andrew B. T. |date=September 2002 |title=Revision of the South American Genus BrachysternusGuérin-Méneville (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Anoplognathini: Brachysternina) |url=https://bioone.org/journals/the-coleopterists-bulletin/volume-56/issue-3/0010-065X_2002_056_0321_ROTSAG_2.0.CO_2/Revision-of-the-South-American-Genus-BrachysternusGu%c3%a9rin-M%c3%a9neville-Coleoptera/10.1649/0010-065X(2002)056[0321:ROTSAG]2.0.CO;2.full |journal=The Coleopterists Bulletin |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=321–366 |doi=10.1649/0010-065X(2002)056[0321:ROTSAG]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0010-065X}}</ref> ''B. prasinus'' is a species of scarab beetle in the Scarabididae family and is part of the Rutelinae subfamily. ''B. prasinus'' is endemic to Chile and is also found in parts of Argentina. ''B. prasinus'' is the most common of all the ''Brachysternus'' species. ''B. prasinus'' is the most varied of the ''Brachysternus'' in terms of its color and type of setae, which are the hairs and bristle-like structures found on invertebrates. Due to this wide range of variability, ''B. prasinus'' have often been used in entomological studies as the species with which to compare all other ''Brachysternus'' species to.<ref name=":1" /> ''B. prasinus'' is green in color and is 11 to 19 mm in length. ''B. prasinus'' has light brown legs that have white hairs on them.<ref name=":0" /> |
||
== Geographic Range == |
== Geographic Range == |
||
''Brachysternus prasinus'' lives on the southwestern coast of South America in Chile as well as parts of Argentina. ''B. prasinus'' lives in the area spanning from the Valparaíso region to the Magallanes Province. ''B. prasinus'' is found in Argentina in the province of Neuquén and the Río Grande Department region which is a part of the Tierra del Fuego Province.<ref name=":1" /> ''B. prasinus'' are seen across a wide range of elevations. They are found anywhere from elevations at sea level to 2,000 meters high in Southwestern South America.<ref name=":1" /> Their geographic range is highly dependent on the availability and distribution of ''Nothofagus'', the species which ''B. prasinus'' feeds on.<ref name=":1" /> These forests of ''Nothofagus'' are often called Valdivian rainforests. ''B. prasinus'' have been observed in the ''Nothofagus'' forests near the cities of Coquimbo and Llanquihue in Chile as well as the areas of Neuquén and Chubut in Western Argentina.<ref name=":1" /> |
''Brachysternus prasinus'' lives on the southwestern coast of South America in Chile as well as parts of Argentina. ''B. prasinus'' lives in the area spanning from the Valparaíso region to the Magallanes Province. ''B. prasinus'' is found in Argentina in the province of Neuquén and the Río Grande Department region which is a part of the Tierra del Fuego Province.<ref name=":1" /> ''B. prasinus'' are seen across a wide range of elevations. They are found anywhere from elevations at sea level to 2,000 meters high in Southwestern South America.<ref name=":1" /> Their geographic range is highly dependent on the availability and distribution of ''Nothofagus'', the species which ''B. prasinus'' feeds on.<ref name=":1" /> These forests of ''Nothofagus'' are often called Valdivian rainforests. ''B. prasinus'' have been observed in the ''Nothofagus'' forests near the cities of Coquimbo and Llanquihue in Chile as well as the areas of Neuquén and Chubut in Western Argentina.<ref name=":1" /> |
||
== Food Resources == |
== Food Resources == |
||
''Brachysternus prasinus'' lives in ''Nothofagus'' forests. It is hypothesized that the larvae of ''B. prasinus'' feed on dead and decaying wood as well as other vegetation similar to other Ruteline larvae. Adult ''B. prasinus'' often fly at dusk to other nearby ''Nothofagus'' trees for sustenance.<ref name=":1" /> These ''Nothofagus'' forests consist mainly of the ''Nothofagus'' plant but also often include other plant species like: Araucaria (''Araucariaceae''), Saxegothaea (''Pinaceae''), Drimys (''Winteraceae''), and Chusquea (''Poaceae''). Most of these plant species are plentiful from the months of November to February. The Valdivian rainforest district has two types of ''Northofagus'' including the deciduous ''Nothofagus obliqua'' and ''N. alpina'', which is also called ''N. nervosa.''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Veblen |first=T. T. |date=January 1, 1996 |title=Ecology of Southern Chilean and Argentinean Nothofagus Forests |url=https://www.researchgate.net |
''Brachysternus prasinus'' lives in ''Nothofagus'' forests. It is hypothesized that the larvae of ''B. prasinus'' feed on dead and decaying wood as well as other vegetation similar to other Ruteline larvae. Adult ''B. prasinus'' often fly at dusk to other nearby ''Nothofagus'' trees for sustenance.<ref name=":1" /> These ''Nothofagus'' forests consist mainly of the ''Nothofagus'' plant but also often include other plant species like: Araucaria (''Araucariaceae''), Saxegothaea (''Pinaceae''), Drimys (''Winteraceae''), and Chusquea (''Poaceae''). Most of these plant species are plentiful from the months of November to February. The Valdivian rainforest district has two types of ''Northofagus'' including the deciduous ''Nothofagus obliqua'' and ''N. alpina'', which is also called ''N. nervosa.''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Veblen |first=T. T. |date=January 1, 1996 |title=Ecology of Southern Chilean and Argentinean Nothofagus Forests |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259674714}}</ref> |
||
== Life History == |
== Life History == |
||
There is not a significant amount of information currently known about the life cycle and stages of ''Brachysternus prasinus.'' However, ''B. prasinus'' life cycle includes the following stages: egg, pupa, larvae, and adult. The larvae of ''B. prasinus'' have been found alongside other Chilean beetle scarab species including the larvae of ''Hylamorpha elegans.''<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Durán |first=Leonidas |date=1952 |title=Aspectos ecológicos de la biología del San Juan verde Hylamorpha elegans y mención de las demás especies de escarabeidos perjudiciales en Cautín |url=https://oes.chileanjar.cl/files/V12I1A03_es.pdf}}</ref> The larvae have been known to feed on the roots of crops as well as rotting wood.<ref name=":1" /> The larvae appear white in color with a dark chestnut colored head. The abdomen area of the larvae is also slightly darker.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book | |
There is not a significant amount of information currently known about the life cycle and stages of ''Brachysternus prasinus.'' However, ''B. prasinus'' life cycle includes the following stages: egg, pupa, larvae, and adult. The larvae of ''B. prasinus'' have been found alongside other Chilean beetle scarab species including the larvae of ''Hylamorpha elegans.''<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Durán |first=Leonidas |date=1952 |title=Aspectos ecológicos de la biología del San Juan verde Hylamorpha elegans y mención de las demás especies de escarabeidos perjudiciales en Cautín |url=https://oes.chileanjar.cl/files/V12I1A03_es.pdf}}</ref> The larvae have been known to feed on the roots of crops as well as rotting wood.<ref name=":1" /> The larvae appear white in color with a dark chestnut colored head. The abdomen area of the larvae is also slightly darker.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last1=Baldini |first1=Aída |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hHVmFxKYAacC&dq=brachysternus+prasinus&pg=PA203 |title=Agentes de daño en el bosque nativo |last2=Pancel |first2=Laslo |date=2002 |publisher=Editorial Universitaria |isbn=978-956-11-1587-3 |language=es}}</ref> There is not much known about the pupal stage of ''B. prasinus.''<ref name=":2" /> Adult ''B. prasinus'' are attracted to lights at night and have been captured and studied by shining lights in the darkness. These adult ''B. prasinus'' have also been found under logs at night.<ref name=":1" /> These beetles have an annual life cycle like many other scarab beetles. They are thought to be in the larval stage from January to around the month of November. The pupal stage is thought to span sometime between September and November. Finally, the adult stage lasts from approximately the month of November to February.<ref name=":3" /> |
||
== Genetics == |
== Genetics == |
||
| Line 21: | Line 21: | ||
=== Flight === |
=== Flight === |
||
The peak flight season for ''Brachysternus prasinus'' is at the end of December.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal | |
The peak flight season for ''Brachysternus prasinus'' is at the end of December.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Lizana |first1=Paula |last2=Mutis |first2=Ana |last3=Palma-Millanao |first3=Rubén |last4=González-González |first4=Angélica |last5=Ceballos |first5=Ricardo |last6=Quiroz |first6=Andrés |last7=Bardehle |first7=Leonardo |last8=Hidalgo |first8=Alejandro |last9=Torres |first9=Fernanda |last10=Romero-López |first10=Angel |last11=Venthur |first11=Herbert |date=2024-03-01 |title=Comparative transcriptomic analysis of chemoreceptors in two sympatric scarab beetles, Hylamorpha elegans and Brachysternus prasinus |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1744117X23001193 |journal=Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part D: Genomics and Proteomics |volume=49 |pages=101174 |doi=10.1016/j.cbd.2023.101174 |pmid=38096641 |issn=1744-117X}}</ref> |
||
=== Olfaction === |
=== Olfaction === |
||
| Line 28: | Line 28: | ||
''Brachysternus prasinus'' are highly dependent on different olfactory cues in their environment. ''B. prasinus'' utilize chemoreception, which is the process which allows organisms to respond appropriately to environmental stimuli, especially through smells and tastes. This chemoreception is carried out by odorant receptors (ORs), ionotropic receptors (IRs), and gustatory receptors (GRs). These different receptors relate to key proteins in the chemical ecology of these insects and can provide information on the evolutionary processes of scarab beetle species like ''B. prasinus.''<ref name=":4" /> Scientists have used relative levels of ORs, IRs, and GRs to analyze the relations of different Scarabaeidae including ''B. prasinus''. Additionally, it has been found that there is a sizable sex-biased expression in different ORs in ''B. prasinus.'' In other words, male and female ''B. prasinus'' have differing levels of specific ORs which likely provides important information on the behavior and reproductive habits of the species; however, more data is needed on the subject. It has also been suggested that ORs play a role in detecting plant volatiles, a process that is crucial to the feeding habits of insects like ''B. prasinus.''<ref name=":4" /> |
''Brachysternus prasinus'' are highly dependent on different olfactory cues in their environment. ''B. prasinus'' utilize chemoreception, which is the process which allows organisms to respond appropriately to environmental stimuli, especially through smells and tastes. This chemoreception is carried out by odorant receptors (ORs), ionotropic receptors (IRs), and gustatory receptors (GRs). These different receptors relate to key proteins in the chemical ecology of these insects and can provide information on the evolutionary processes of scarab beetle species like ''B. prasinus.''<ref name=":4" /> Scientists have used relative levels of ORs, IRs, and GRs to analyze the relations of different Scarabaeidae including ''B. prasinus''. Additionally, it has been found that there is a sizable sex-biased expression in different ORs in ''B. prasinus.'' In other words, male and female ''B. prasinus'' have differing levels of specific ORs which likely provides important information on the behavior and reproductive habits of the species; however, more data is needed on the subject. It has also been suggested that ORs play a role in detecting plant volatiles, a process that is crucial to the feeding habits of insects like ''B. prasinus.''<ref name=":4" /> |
||
Olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) in scarab beetles like ''Brachysternus prasinus'' and ''Hylamorpha elegans'' are key to detection of different smells as well. ORNs are specifically tuned to recognize enantiomeric pheromones. Additionally, pheromone-degrading enzymes are present in the antenna of scarab beetles.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Leal |first=Walter Soares |date=1998 |
Olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) in scarab beetles like ''Brachysternus prasinus'' and ''Hylamorpha elegans'' are key to detection of different smells as well. ORNs are specifically tuned to recognize enantiomeric pheromones. Additionally, pheromone-degrading enzymes are present in the antenna of scarab beetles.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Leal |first=Walter Soares |date=January 1998 |title=Chemical Ecology of Phytophagous Scarab Beetles |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.ento.43.1.39 |journal=Annual Review of Entomology |language=en |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=39–61 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.43.1.39 |pmid=15012384 |issn=0066-4170}}</ref> These enzymes show high substrate specificity which is thought to allow these beetles to deactivate certain pheromones and odorants but not others. These pheromones and pheromone-degrading enzymes are key to the chemical communication of scarab beetles,<ref name=":5" /> about which not much is currently known.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Lizana |first1=Paula |last2=Mutis |first2=Ana |last3=Quiroz |first3=Andrés |last4=Venthur |first4=Herbert |date=2022 |title=Insights Into Chemosensory Proteins From Non-Model Insects: Advances and Perspectives in the Context of Pest Management |journal=Frontiers in Physiology |volume=13 |doi=10.3389/fphys.2022.924750 |doi-access=free |pmid=36072856 |issn=1664-042X}}</ref> |
||
== Interactions with Humans ad Livestock == |
== Interactions with Humans ad Livestock == |
||
=== Pest of Crop Plants === |
=== Pest of Crop Plants === |
||
''Brachysternus prasinus'' are part of the family Scarabaeidae, which is a highly diverse family but many of these insects have become considered pests to farmers and scientists.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal | |
''Brachysternus prasinus'' are part of the family Scarabaeidae, which is a highly diverse family but many of these insects have become considered pests to farmers and scientists.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Jackson |first1=Trevor A. |last2=Klein |first2=Michael G. |date=2006 |title=Scarabs as Pests: A Continuing Problem |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4153166 |journal=Coleopterists Society Monographs. Patricia Vaurie Series |issue=5 |pages=102–119 |jstor=4153166 |issn=1934-0451}}</ref> ''B. prasinus'' are viewed as subterranean pests. These beetles can cause damage through their laval feeding habits on the roots of crops as well as adult feedings on the above ground portions of plants.<ref name=":7" /> As a result, ''B. prasinus'' are important in regard to South American agriculture as well as the Chilean economy.<ref name=":4" /> ''B. prasinus'' have been known to cause immense damage to crops of wheat, especially ''Triticum aestivum'', as well as red clover (''Trifolium pratense'').<ref name=":6" /> These pests have been difficult for farmers and agriculturalists to control because it is hard to determine larval positions in the soil. Additionally, it is difficult to predict the activity of these beetles at night. Several different possible solutions have been proposed to diminish the effects of these beetle pests on crop outputs including chemical and biological controls. Chemical control entails using specific chemicals as pest repellent. Biological control entails the manipulation of different pathogens and sex pheromones of scarabs.<ref name=":7" /> |
||
== References == |
== References == |
||
Revision as of 19:39, 26 April 2024
Brachysternus prasinus, also called the large green pololo, the “catita,” or the “lorito.”[1] B. prasinus is also known as the Brachysternus Guérin-Menéville, named after French entomologist Félix Édouard Guérin-Méneville. B. prasinus is often mistaken for the more well-known Hylamorpha elegans, also known as the San Juan beetle, which is another species native to the same habitat.[2] B. prasinus is a species of scarab beetle in the Scarabididae family and is part of the Rutelinae subfamily. B. prasinus is endemic to Chile and is also found in parts of Argentina. B. prasinus is the most common of all the Brachysternus species. B. prasinus is the most varied of the Brachysternus in terms of its color and type of setae, which are the hairs and bristle-like structures found on invertebrates. Due to this wide range of variability, B. prasinus have often been used in entomological studies as the species with which to compare all other Brachysternus species to.[2] B. prasinus is green in color and is 11 to 19 mm in length. B. prasinus has light brown legs that have white hairs on them.[1]
Geographic Range
Brachysternus prasinus lives on the southwestern coast of South America in Chile as well as parts of Argentina. B. prasinus lives in the area spanning from the Valparaíso region to the Magallanes Province. B. prasinus is found in Argentina in the province of Neuquén and the Río Grande Department region which is a part of the Tierra del Fuego Province.[2] B. prasinus are seen across a wide range of elevations. They are found anywhere from elevations at sea level to 2,000 meters high in Southwestern South America.[2] Their geographic range is highly dependent on the availability and distribution of Nothofagus, the species which B. prasinus feeds on.[2] These forests of Nothofagus are often called Valdivian rainforests. B. prasinus have been observed in the Nothofagus forests near the cities of Coquimbo and Llanquihue in Chile as well as the areas of Neuquén and Chubut in Western Argentina.[2]
Food Resources
Brachysternus prasinus lives in Nothofagus forests. It is hypothesized that the larvae of B. prasinus feed on dead and decaying wood as well as other vegetation similar to other Ruteline larvae. Adult B. prasinus often fly at dusk to other nearby Nothofagus trees for sustenance.[2] These Nothofagus forests consist mainly of the Nothofagus plant but also often include other plant species like: Araucaria (Araucariaceae), Saxegothaea (Pinaceae), Drimys (Winteraceae), and Chusquea (Poaceae). Most of these plant species are plentiful from the months of November to February. The Valdivian rainforest district has two types of Northofagus including the deciduous Nothofagus obliqua and N. alpina, which is also called N. nervosa.[3]
Life History
There is not a significant amount of information currently known about the life cycle and stages of Brachysternus prasinus. However, B. prasinus life cycle includes the following stages: egg, pupa, larvae, and adult. The larvae of B. prasinus have been found alongside other Chilean beetle scarab species including the larvae of Hylamorpha elegans.[4] The larvae have been known to feed on the roots of crops as well as rotting wood.[2] The larvae appear white in color with a dark chestnut colored head. The abdomen area of the larvae is also slightly darker.[5] There is not much known about the pupal stage of B. prasinus.[4] Adult B. prasinus are attracted to lights at night and have been captured and studied by shining lights in the darkness. These adult B. prasinus have also been found under logs at night.[2] These beetles have an annual life cycle like many other scarab beetles. They are thought to be in the larval stage from January to around the month of November. The pupal stage is thought to span sometime between September and November. Finally, the adult stage lasts from approximately the month of November to February.[5]
Genetics
Subspecies
There is a large amount of variation among Brachysternus and especially among the B. prasinus species. Due to this large amount of variation, there are several different morphotypes of B. prasinus. As a result, there have been many different proposed names for these varied morphotypes. One morphotype is endemic to the province of Maule which encompasses Carrizalillo and Constitución, as well as the region of Talca Alto de Vilches in central Chile. This morphotype is unique from other B. prasinus due to the fact that they have more dense setose dorsally on their upper body.[2] While these setae on B. prasinus are typically orange, in this central Chilean morphotype, the setose of B. prasinus are a darker metallic green color on the top of their body and a deeper chestnut color on the bottom part of their body. This difference is thought to be due to changes in genetics across different locations. However, it has been argued that many of these morphotypes do not differ significantly and therefore should not be categorized separately. Some argue that these differences in color and setae type are simply due to the fact that B. prasinus have a vast range of normal phenotypes.[2]
Physiology
Brachysternus prasinus can be differentiated from other Brachysternus beetle species because they have a well-developed supraspiracular ridge on the abdomen of male B. prasinus as well as a deeply emarginate terminal sclerite which are on the legs of female B. prasinus. Additional identifiers that allow for the differentiation of B. prasinus among other related scarab beetle species include their clypeal apex (a part of the insect’s head) that is weakly reflexed at its tip. Moreover B. prasinus have prothoracic legs. These prothoracic legs include femurs which are weakly rounded and dilated as well as tibia with weak pro tibial notches.
Male and female B. prasinus differ slightly in their body shape. Male B. prasinus have the apex of the terminal sternite quadrite (a part of an insect's thorax or abdomen) whereas females are categorized as having the apex of the terminal sternite moderately to deeply emarginate. In other words, the bottoms of female B. prasinus are slightly more rounded than those of their male counterparts.[2]
Flight
The peak flight season for Brachysternus prasinus is at the end of December.[6]
Olfaction
Olfactory Receptors
Brachysternus prasinus are highly dependent on different olfactory cues in their environment. B. prasinus utilize chemoreception, which is the process which allows organisms to respond appropriately to environmental stimuli, especially through smells and tastes. This chemoreception is carried out by odorant receptors (ORs), ionotropic receptors (IRs), and gustatory receptors (GRs). These different receptors relate to key proteins in the chemical ecology of these insects and can provide information on the evolutionary processes of scarab beetle species like B. prasinus.[6] Scientists have used relative levels of ORs, IRs, and GRs to analyze the relations of different Scarabaeidae including B. prasinus. Additionally, it has been found that there is a sizable sex-biased expression in different ORs in B. prasinus. In other words, male and female B. prasinus have differing levels of specific ORs which likely provides important information on the behavior and reproductive habits of the species; however, more data is needed on the subject. It has also been suggested that ORs play a role in detecting plant volatiles, a process that is crucial to the feeding habits of insects like B. prasinus.[6]
Olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) in scarab beetles like Brachysternus prasinus and Hylamorpha elegans are key to detection of different smells as well. ORNs are specifically tuned to recognize enantiomeric pheromones. Additionally, pheromone-degrading enzymes are present in the antenna of scarab beetles.[7] These enzymes show high substrate specificity which is thought to allow these beetles to deactivate certain pheromones and odorants but not others. These pheromones and pheromone-degrading enzymes are key to the chemical communication of scarab beetles,[7] about which not much is currently known.[8]
Interactions with Humans ad Livestock
Pest of Crop Plants
Brachysternus prasinus are part of the family Scarabaeidae, which is a highly diverse family but many of these insects have become considered pests to farmers and scientists.[9] B. prasinus are viewed as subterranean pests. These beetles can cause damage through their laval feeding habits on the roots of crops as well as adult feedings on the above ground portions of plants.[9] As a result, B. prasinus are important in regard to South American agriculture as well as the Chilean economy.[6] B. prasinus have been known to cause immense damage to crops of wheat, especially Triticum aestivum, as well as red clover (Trifolium pratense).[8] These pests have been difficult for farmers and agriculturalists to control because it is hard to determine larval positions in the soil. Additionally, it is difficult to predict the activity of these beetles at night. Several different possible solutions have been proposed to diminish the effects of these beetle pests on crop outputs including chemical and biological controls. Chemical control entails using specific chemicals as pest repellent. Biological control entails the manipulation of different pathogens and sex pheromones of scarabs.[9]
References
- ^ a b "Insectos de Chile: atlas entomológico (segunda edición)". libros.uchile.cl. Retrieved 2024-04-26.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Jameson, Mary Liz; Smith, Andrew B. T. (September 2002). "Revision of the South American Genus BrachysternusGuérin-Méneville (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Anoplognathini: Brachysternina)". The Coleopterists Bulletin. 56 (3): 321–366. doi:10.1649/0010-065X(2002)056[0321:ROTSAG]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0010-065X.
- ^ Veblen, T. T. (January 1, 1996). "Ecology of Southern Chilean and Argentinean Nothofagus Forests".
- ^ a b Durán, Leonidas (1952). "Aspectos ecológicos de la biología del San Juan verde Hylamorpha elegans y mención de las demás especies de escarabeidos perjudiciales en Cautín" (PDF).
- ^ a b Baldini, Aída; Pancel, Laslo (2002). Agentes de daño en el bosque nativo (in Spanish). Editorial Universitaria. ISBN 978-956-11-1587-3.
- ^ a b c d Lizana, Paula; Mutis, Ana; Palma-Millanao, Rubén; González-González, Angélica; Ceballos, Ricardo; Quiroz, Andrés; Bardehle, Leonardo; Hidalgo, Alejandro; Torres, Fernanda; Romero-López, Angel; Venthur, Herbert (2024-03-01). "Comparative transcriptomic analysis of chemoreceptors in two sympatric scarab beetles, Hylamorpha elegans and Brachysternus prasinus". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part D: Genomics and Proteomics. 49: 101174. doi:10.1016/j.cbd.2023.101174. ISSN 1744-117X. PMID 38096641.
- ^ a b Leal, Walter Soares (January 1998). "Chemical Ecology of Phytophagous Scarab Beetles". Annual Review of Entomology. 43 (1): 39–61. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.43.1.39. ISSN 0066-4170. PMID 15012384.
- ^ a b Lizana, Paula; Mutis, Ana; Quiroz, Andrés; Venthur, Herbert (2022). "Insights Into Chemosensory Proteins From Non-Model Insects: Advances and Perspectives in the Context of Pest Management". Frontiers in Physiology. 13. doi:10.3389/fphys.2022.924750. ISSN 1664-042X. PMID 36072856.
- ^ a b c Jackson, Trevor A.; Klein, Michael G. (2006). "Scarabs as Pests: A Continuing Problem". Coleopterists Society Monographs. Patricia Vaurie Series (5): 102–119. ISSN 1934-0451. JSTOR 4153166.