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{{Short description|Genus of scale insects}}
{{Short description|Genus of scale insects}}
{{Multiple issues|{{More citations needed|date=April 2024}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=April 2024}}}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Fiorinia externa on Tsuga canadensis.jpg
| image = Fiorinia fioriniae Zookey 2021.jpg
| image_caption = ''Fiorinia fioriniae'' 2nd instar female - a) antenna; b) anterior spiracle c) microduct with sclerotized orifice; d) large gland spine; e) large microduct; f) enlargement of pygidium.
| image_caption = A) underside of hemlock leaf infested by ''Fiorinia externa'' B) close up
| display_parents = 3
| display_parents = 3
| taxon = Fiorinia
| taxon = Fiorinia
| authority = [[Adolfo Targioni Tozzetti|Targioni Tozzetti]], 1869<ref name=ScalenetFiorinia/>
| authority = [[Adolfo Targioni Tozzetti|Targioni Tozzetti]], 1869<ref name=Targioni1868/><ref name=ScalenetFiorinia/>
}}
}}


'''''Fiorinia''''' is a genus of armored scale insects (family [[Diaspididae]]) with around 70 species. The species are widely distributed around the world, however, the large majority of them are found in [[Asia]]. They infest [[woody plant]]s like forest or crop trees, [[Arecaceae|palm trees]] and [[shrub]]s.<ref name=ScalenetFiorinia/> Several species are [[Invasive species|invasive]] and 7 species have been [[Introduced species|introduced]] into [[North America]].<ref name=Ahmed2021/>
'''''Fiorinia''''' is a genus of armored scale insects (family [[Diaspididae]]) with around 70 species. The species are widely distributed around the world. However, the large majority of them are found in southern [[Asia]]. They infest [[woody plant]]s like forest or crop trees, [[Arecaceae|palm trees]] and [[shrub]]s.<ref name=ScalenetFiorinia/> Several species are [[Invasive species|invasive]] and these are mainly polyphagous species which have spread with the trade of ornamentals. For example, 7 species have been [[Introduced species|introduced]] into [[North America]].<ref name=Ahmed2021/>


Type species: ''Fiorinia pellucida'' Targioni Tozzetti, 1868, a synonym of ''[[Fiorinia fioriniae]]''.<ref name=ScalenetFiorinia/>
Type species: ''Fiorinia pellucida'' Targioni Tozzetti, 1868, a synonym of ''[[Fiorinia fioriniae]]''.<ref name=ScalenetFiorinia/>

==Distribution==
The large majority of species can be found in tropical and subtropical parts of Asia and the [[List of islands in the Pacific Ocean|Pacific Islands]].<ref name=ScalenetFiorinia/> In other regions, species of ''Fiorinia'' have been frequently reported as being introduced or being intercepted by quarantine. This applies, for example, to all species of ''Fiorinia'' recorded in the United States and in the U.K.<ref name=Ahmed2021/><ref name=Malumphy2013/> Some invasive species like ''F. fioriniae'' or ''F. phantasma'' have reached a wide distribution around the world. Other species like ''F. externa'' are also invasive, but have spread rather slowly.<ref name=Ahmed2021/>


==Description==
==Description==
The species of ''Fiorinia'' are "pupillarial" scales, meaning the scale cover is formed by the [[Instar|second-instar]] female and the adult female remains inside the second-instar [[exuviae]]. Apart from this feature, the genus is similar [[Morphology (biology)|morphologically]] to the genus ''[[Pseudaulacaspis]]'', with small differences in the marginal gland spines and the dorsal macroducts.<ref name=ScalenetFiorinia/> Both genera together with several others form the subtribe [[Fioriniina]]. The relationship within this subtribe has been established by a molecular [[Phylogenetics|phylogenetic]] analysis.<ref name=Normark2019/>
The species of ''Fiorinia'' are "pupillarial" scales, meaning the scale cover of females is formed by the [[Instar|second-instar]] female and the adult female remains inside the second-instar [[exuviae]]. Apart from this feature, the genus is similar [[Morphology (biology)|morphologically]] to the genus ''[[Pseudaulacaspis]]'', with small differences in the marginal gland spines and the dorsal macroducts.<ref name=ScalenetFiorinia/> Both genera together with several others form the subtribe [[Fioriniina]]. The relationship within this subtribe has been established by a molecular [[Phylogenetics|phylogenetic]] analysis.<ref name=Normark2019/>


Since species are often polyphagous and have a similar appearance, it is usually not possible to identify a species reliably by the scale cover and the host plant. For example, in North America ''[[Fiorinia phantasma]]'' is very similar externally to ''[[Fiorinia fioriniae]]'' and both commonly infest ornamental palms. Therefore, a microscopic examination of morphological details with the help of a slide mount is required for reliable identification, in this case even for routine field surveys. However, for surveys a temporary slide mount may be sufficient.<ref name=Ahmed2021b/> Identification keys are available for some countries like the U.S. and the U.K.<ref name=Ahmed2021/><ref name=Malumphy2013/>
The scale cover is elongated and has a length of around {{convert|1.0|–|1.5|mm|in|abbr=on}}. The individual species may be characterized by the size and colour pattern of the adult female, the structure of the [[pygidium]], other features and the morphology and colour of the males.<ref name=ScalenetFiorinia/>

The scale cover of ''Fiorinia'' species is elongated and typically has a length of around {{convert|1.2|–|2.0|mm|in|abbr=on}}. The cover of the females often has a brownish colour, that of males is usually white. The individual species have to be identified by morphological details of the adult female and/or the 2nd instar female, including the general shape, the morphology of the posterior end, the pygidium, the antennae, as well as the number and arrangements of macroducts, microducts and gland spines.<ref name=ScalenetFiorinia/><ref name=Ahmed2021/> Like in other scale insects, males resemble tiny wasps and have only one pair of wings.<ref name=ScalenetFiorinia/>


==Biology==
==Biology==
[[File:Fiorinia externa on Tsuga canadensis.jpg|thumb|left|A) underside of hemlock leaf infested by ''Fiorinia externa'' B) close up]]
The [[Host (biology)#Host range|host range]] typically includes several plant families and may be very large for some species. For example, 19 plant families, 26 plant genera and more than 40 plant species are listed as hosts for ''Fiorinia theae''. The three main groups of host plants are 1) [[broad-leaved tree]]s and [[shrub]]s, 2) [[conifer]]s and 3) [[Arecaceae|palm trees]].<ref name=ScalenetFiorinia/>
The [[Host (biology)#Host range|host range]] typically includes a number of plant families and several species are highly polyphagous. For example, 54 plant families and 119 plant genera are listed as hosts for ''Fiorinia fioriniae''. The three main groups of host plants are 1) [[broad-leaved tree]]s and [[shrub]]s, 2) [[conifer]]s and 3) [[Arecaceae|palm trees]]. The scales usually colonize the underside of the host leaves.<ref name=ScalenetFiorinia/><ref name=Ahmed2021/> Even the polyphagous species have certain preferences, for example ''Fiorinia fioriniae'' is most common on ornamental palm trees and avocado and is regarded as a pest on these.<ref name=Miller2005/>


The life cycle of ''Fiorinia'' females involves the egg stage, the crawler stage, the second-instar stage and the adult. Males have two additional instars. Like in other scale insects, only the crawler stage is mobile, moving to other parts of the host plant or migrating longer distances through wind dispersal or on birds. However, the most important means of spread over long distances is by human transport of infested host plants.<ref name=PennStateExtension/><ref name=ScalenetFiorinia/><ref name=Watson2015/><ref name=Ahmed2021b/>
==Distribution==
The large majority of species can be found in tropical and subtropical parts of Asia and the [[List of islands in the Pacific Ocean|Pacific Islands]]. Distribution records from other regions are often indicative of accidental introductions from Asia.<ref name=Ahmed2021/><ref name=ScalenetFiorinia/><ref name=gbif2084593/>


==Importance==
==Importance==
Outbreaks have been reported for invasive ''Fiorinia'' species. These cause yellowing of the infested leaves and occasionally wilting of the host plants, up to plant death. For example, significant damage has been reported on hemlock by ''Fiorinia externa'' or on palm trees by ''Fiorinia phantasma''.<ref name=Venette2024/><ref name=Ahmed2021b/>
Several species are regarded as agricultural pests. These include:

* ''[[Fiorinia externa]]'', the elongated hemlock scale, a species native to eastern Asia that has been accidentally introduced into eastern North America, where it infests hemlock (''Tsuga'') and other conifers.
Several species are regarded as agricultural or forest pests. These include:
* ''[[Fiorinia phantasma]]'', the phantasma scale, a pest of palm trees, other ornamentals and some fruit trees which is found in various regions.
* ''[[Fiorinia theae]]'', the tea scale, a widely distributed and polyphagous species which infests, apart from tea, various wild and cultivated shrubs and trees like citrus and ''Ilex'' species.
* ''[[Fiorinia externa]]'', the elongate hemlock scale, a species native to eastern Asia that has been accidentally introduced into eastern North America, where it infests hemlock trees (''[[Tsuga]]'') and other conifers.<ref name=Venette2024/>
* ''[[Fiorinia fioriniae]]'', the palm fiorinia scale, a widely distributed polyphagous pest of palm trees and ornamentals.<ref name=Miller2005/>
* ''[[Fiorinia phantasma]]'', the phantasma scale, a pest of palm trees, other ornamentals and some fruit trees which is found in various regions.<ref name=Ahmed2021b/>
* ''[[Fiorinia theae]]'', the tea scale, a widely distributed and polyphagous species which infests, apart from tea, various wild and cultivated shrubs and trees like citrus and [[Holly|holly]] (''Ilex'') species.<ref name=IFASFiorinia/>


==List of species==
==List of species==
The genus includes around 70 species, in the following, the more common ones are listed:
The genus includes around 70 species. The following list includes the more common species, based on the number of articles cited by ScaleNet:<ref name=ScalenetFiorinia/>

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* ''[[Fiorinia arengae]]''
* ''[[Fiorinia arengae]]''
Line 65: Line 72:
==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=Targioni1868>
{{Cite journal| title = Introduzione alla seconda Memoria per gli studi sulle Cocciniglie, e catalogo dei Generi e delle specie della famiglia dei Coccidi
| first1 = Adolfo| last1 = Targioni-Tozzetti
| journal = Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali| date = 1868| volume = 11| pages = 694–738
| url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/245157
}}</ref>

<ref name=ScalenetFiorinia>
<ref name=ScalenetFiorinia>
{{Cite web
{{Cite web
Line 86: Line 100:
| doi = 10.3897/zookeys.1065.69171| doi-access = free
| doi = 10.3897/zookeys.1065.69171| doi-access = free
| pmid = 36452345| pmc = 9616077| bibcode = 2021ZooK.1065..141A}}</ref>
| pmid = 36452345| pmc = 9616077| bibcode = 2021ZooK.1065..141A}}</ref>

<ref name=Malumphy2013>
{{Cite journal| title = First incursion of crown scale ''Fiorinia coronata'' Williams & Watson (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) in England, with a review of ''Fiorinia'' species detected in Britain and a key to their identification
| first1 = Christopher| last1 = Malumphy
| journal = Entomologist's Gazette| date = 2013| volume = 64| pages = 269–276
| url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290261297
}}</ref>


<ref name=Normark2019>
<ref name=Normark2019>
Line 99: Line 120:
| pmid = 31716328}}</ref>
| pmid = 31716328}}</ref>


<ref name=gbif2084593>
<ref name=Ahmed2021b>
{{Cite journal| title = Field report and survey of ''Fiorinia phantasma'' (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), potential pest of palms, and ornamental plants in the United States
{{GBIF | id=2084593
| first1 = Muhammad Z.| last1 = Ahmed
| title = ''Fiorinia'' Targioni-Tozzetti, 1869
| first2 = Douglass R.| last2 = Miller
| access-date = 8 April 2024
| first3 = Eric A.| last3 = Rohrig
| first4 = Greg S.| last4 = Hodges
| first5 = Amy L| last5 = Roda
| first6 = Cindy L.| last6 = McKenzie
| first7 = Lance S.| last7 = Osborne
| journal = Journal of Integrated Pest Management| date = 2021| volume = 12 | issue = 1| at = Article 33| no-pp = yes
| doi = 10.1093/jipm/pmab032| doi-access = free
}}</ref>

<ref name=Miller2005>
{{cite book
| first1 = Douglas R.| last1 = Miller
| first2 = John A.| last2 = Davidson
| date = 2005
| title = Armored scale insect pests of trees and shrubs (Hemiptera: Diaspididae)
| location = Ithaca and London
| publisher = Comstock Publishing Associates - Cornell University Press
| pages = 456
| isbn = 0801442796
}}</ref>

<ref name=PennStateExtension>
{{Cite web
| url = https://extension.psu.edu/elongate-hemlock-scale
| title = Elongate Hemlock Scale
| website = PennState Extension
| access-date = 11 April 2024
}}</ref>

<ref name=Watson2015>
{{Cite journal| title = The identity and distribution of ''Fiorinia phantasma'' (Cockerell & Robinson) Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Diaspididae), with a new synonym
| first1 = Gillian W.| last1 = Watson
| first2 = Douglas J.| last2 = Williams
| first3 = Douglass R.| last3 = Miller
| journal = Zootaxa| date = 2015| volume = 4048|issue = 2| pages = 291–300
| doi = 10.11646/zootaxa.4048.2.9
}}</ref>

<ref name=Venette2024>
{{Cite journal| title = Hosts and impacts of elongate hemlock scale (Hemiptera: Diaspididae): A critical review
| first1 = Robert C.| last1 = Venette
| first2 = Angie| last2 = Ambourn
| first3 = Brian H.| last3 = Aukema
| first4 = Robert M.| last4 = Jetton
| first5 = Toby R.| last5 = Petrice
| journal = Frontiers in Insect Science| date = 2024| issue = 4| at = Article 1356036| no-pp = yes
| doi = 10.3389/finsc.2024.1356036| doi-access = free
}}</ref>

<ref name=IFASFiorinia>
{{Cite web
| url = https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/orn/scales/tea_scale.htm
| title = tea scale
| website = UF/IFAS
| access-date = 10 April 2024
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
}}
}}

Revision as of 20:57, 3 May 2024

Fiorinia
Fiorinia fioriniae 2nd instar female - a) antenna; b) anterior spiracle c) microduct with sclerotized orifice; d) large gland spine; e) large microduct; f) enlargement of pygidium.
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hemiptera
Suborder: Sternorrhyncha
Family: Diaspididae
Subfamily: Diaspidinae
Tribe: Diaspidini
Subtribe: Fioriniina
Genus: Fiorinia
Targioni Tozzetti, 1869[1][2]

Fiorinia is a genus of armored scale insects (family Diaspididae) with around 70 species. The species are widely distributed around the world. However, the large majority of them are found in southern Asia. They infest woody plants like forest or crop trees, palm trees and shrubs.[2] Several species are invasive and these are mainly polyphagous species which have spread with the trade of ornamentals. For example, 7 species have been introduced into North America.[3]

Type species: Fiorinia pellucida Targioni Tozzetti, 1868, a synonym of Fiorinia fioriniae.[2]

Distribution

The large majority of species can be found in tropical and subtropical parts of Asia and the Pacific Islands.[2] In other regions, species of Fiorinia have been frequently reported as being introduced or being intercepted by quarantine. This applies, for example, to all species of Fiorinia recorded in the United States and in the U.K.[3][4] Some invasive species like F. fioriniae or F. phantasma have reached a wide distribution around the world. Other species like F. externa are also invasive, but have spread rather slowly.[3]

Description

The species of Fiorinia are "pupillarial" scales, meaning the scale cover of females is formed by the second-instar female and the adult female remains inside the second-instar exuviae. Apart from this feature, the genus is similar morphologically to the genus Pseudaulacaspis, with small differences in the marginal gland spines and the dorsal macroducts.[2] Both genera together with several others form the subtribe Fioriniina. The relationship within this subtribe has been established by a molecular phylogenetic analysis.[5]

Since species are often polyphagous and have a similar appearance, it is usually not possible to identify a species reliably by the scale cover and the host plant. For example, in North America Fiorinia phantasma is very similar externally to Fiorinia fioriniae and both commonly infest ornamental palms. Therefore, a microscopic examination of morphological details with the help of a slide mount is required for reliable identification, in this case even for routine field surveys. However, for surveys a temporary slide mount may be sufficient.[6] Identification keys are available for some countries like the U.S. and the U.K.[3][4]

The scale cover of Fiorinia species is elongated and typically has a length of around 1.2–2.0 mm (0.047–0.079 in). The cover of the females often has a brownish colour, that of males is usually white. The individual species have to be identified by morphological details of the adult female and/or the 2nd instar female, including the general shape, the morphology of the posterior end, the pygidium, the antennae, as well as the number and arrangements of macroducts, microducts and gland spines.[2][3] Like in other scale insects, males resemble tiny wasps and have only one pair of wings.[2]

Biology

A) underside of hemlock leaf infested by Fiorinia externa B) close up

The host range typically includes a number of plant families and several species are highly polyphagous. For example, 54 plant families and 119 plant genera are listed as hosts for Fiorinia fioriniae. The three main groups of host plants are 1) broad-leaved trees and shrubs, 2) conifers and 3) palm trees. The scales usually colonize the underside of the host leaves.[2][3] Even the polyphagous species have certain preferences, for example Fiorinia fioriniae is most common on ornamental palm trees and avocado and is regarded as a pest on these.[7]

The life cycle of Fiorinia females involves the egg stage, the crawler stage, the second-instar stage and the adult. Males have two additional instars. Like in other scale insects, only the crawler stage is mobile, moving to other parts of the host plant or migrating longer distances through wind dispersal or on birds. However, the most important means of spread over long distances is by human transport of infested host plants.[8][2][9][6]

Importance

Outbreaks have been reported for invasive Fiorinia species. These cause yellowing of the infested leaves and occasionally wilting of the host plants, up to plant death. For example, significant damage has been reported on hemlock by Fiorinia externa or on palm trees by Fiorinia phantasma.[10][6]

Several species are regarded as agricultural or forest pests. These include:

  • Fiorinia externa, the elongate hemlock scale, a species native to eastern Asia that has been accidentally introduced into eastern North America, where it infests hemlock trees (Tsuga) and other conifers.[10]
  • Fiorinia fioriniae, the palm fiorinia scale, a widely distributed polyphagous pest of palm trees and ornamentals.[7]
  • Fiorinia phantasma, the phantasma scale, a pest of palm trees, other ornamentals and some fruit trees which is found in various regions.[6]
  • Fiorinia theae, the tea scale, a widely distributed and polyphagous species which infests, apart from tea, various wild and cultivated shrubs and trees like citrus and holly (Ilex) species.[11]

List of species

The genus includes around 70 species. The following list includes the more common species, based on the number of articles cited by ScaleNet:[2]


References

  1. ^ Targioni-Tozzetti, Adolfo (1868). "Introduzione alla seconda Memoria per gli studi sulle Cocciniglie, e catalogo dei Generi e delle specie della famiglia dei Coccidi". Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali. 11: 694–738.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Fiorinia Targioni Tozzetti, 1868". ScaleNet. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Ahmed, Muhammad Z.; Moore, Matthew R.; Rohrig, Eric A.; McKenzie, Cindy L.; Lui, Di; Feng, Jinian; Normark, Benjamin B.; Miller, Douglass R. (2021). "Taxonomic and identification review of adventive Fiorinia Targioni Tozzetti (Hemiptera, Coccomorpha, Diaspididae) of the United States". ZooKeys (1065): 141–203. Bibcode:2021ZooK.1065..141A. doi:10.3897/zookeys.1065.69171. PMC 9616077. PMID 36452345.
  4. ^ a b Malumphy, Christopher (2013). "First incursion of crown scale Fiorinia coronata Williams & Watson (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) in England, with a review of Fiorinia species detected in Britain and a key to their identification". Entomologist's Gazette. 64: 269–276.
  5. ^ Normark, Benjamin B.; Okusu, Akiko; Morse, Geoffrey E.; Peterson, Daniel A.; Itioka, Takao; Schneider, Scott A. (2019). "Phylogeny and classification of armored scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Diaspididae)". Zootaxa. 4616 (1): 1–98. doi:10.11646/ZOOTAXA.4616.1.1. PMID 31716328.
  6. ^ a b c d Ahmed, Muhammad Z.; Miller, Douglass R.; Rohrig, Eric A.; Hodges, Greg S.; Roda, Amy L; McKenzie, Cindy L.; Osborne, Lance S. (2021). "Field report and survey of Fiorinia phantasma (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), potential pest of palms, and ornamental plants in the United States". Journal of Integrated Pest Management. 12 (1). Article 33. doi:10.1093/jipm/pmab032.
  7. ^ a b Miller, Douglas R.; Davidson, John A. (2005). Armored scale insect pests of trees and shrubs (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). Ithaca and London: Comstock Publishing Associates - Cornell University Press. p. 456. ISBN 0801442796.
  8. ^ "Elongate Hemlock Scale". PennState Extension. Retrieved 11 April 2024.
  9. ^ Watson, Gillian W.; Williams, Douglas J.; Miller, Douglass R. (2015). "The identity and distribution of Fiorinia phantasma (Cockerell & Robinson) Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Diaspididae), with a new synonym". Zootaxa. 4048 (2): 291–300. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4048.2.9.
  10. ^ a b Venette, Robert C.; Ambourn, Angie; Aukema, Brian H.; Jetton, Robert M.; Petrice, Toby R. (2024). "Hosts and impacts of elongate hemlock scale (Hemiptera: Diaspididae): A critical review". Frontiers in Insect Science (4). Article 1356036. doi:10.3389/finsc.2024.1356036.
  11. ^ "tea scale". UF/IFAS. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
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