South American native ungulates: Difference between revisions
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Clade with the rank of cohort or super-order, possibly part of [[Laurasiatheria]], containing the [[South-America]]n [[ungulate]]s: [[Pyrotheria]] (possibly including [[Xenungulata]]), [[Astrapotheria]], [[Notoungulata]] and [[Litopterna]]. Meridiungulata may have originated in [[South America]] from a [[North America]]n [[condylarth]] ancestor<ref name=MuizonCifelli>{{cite journal | author = Muizon, C.de and Cifelli, R.L. | year = 2000 | title = The "condylarths" (archaic Ungulata, Mammalia) from the early Paleocene of Tiupampa (Bolivia): implications on the origin of the South American ungulates | journal = Geodiversitas | volume = 22 | issue = 1 | pages = |
Clade with the rank of cohort or super-order, possibly part of [[Laurasiatheria]], containing the [[South-America]]n [[ungulate]]s: [[Pyrotheria]] (possibly including [[Xenungulata]]), [[Astrapotheria]], [[Notoungulata]] and [[Litopterna]]. Meridiungulata may have originated in [[South America]] from a [[North America]]n [[condylarth]] ancestor<ref name=MuizonCifelli>{{cite journal | author = Muizon, C.de and Cifelli, R.L. | year = 2000 | title = The "condylarths" (archaic Ungulata, Mammalia) from the early Paleocene of Tiupampa (Bolivia): implications on the origin of the South American ungulates | journal = Geodiversitas | volume = 22 | issue = 1 | pages = 47–150}}</ref>, and they may be members of the clade Laurasiatheria, related to other ungulates including [[artiodactyl]]s and [[perissodactyl]]s.<ref name=HunterJanis>{{cite journal | author = Hunter, J.P. and Janis, C.M. | year = 2006 | title = Spiny Norman in the Garden of Eden? Dispersal and early biogeography of Placentalia | journal = Journal of Mammalian Evolution | volume = 13 | issue = 2 | pages = 89–123 | doi = 10.1007/s10914-006-9006-6}}</ref> Much of the evolution of meridiungulates occurred in isolation from other ungulates, a great example of [[convergent evolution]]. However, the argument that meridiungulates are related to artiodactyls and perissodactyls will remain tenuous unless DNA is found to confirm this relationship. Some [[paleontologists]] have also challenged the [[monophyly]] of Meridiungulata by suggesting that pyrotheres may be more closely related to other mammals such as [[Embrithopoda]] (an African order that may be related to [[elephant]]s) than to other South American ungulates.<ref name=Shockey>{{cite journal | author = Shockey, B.J., and Anaya, F. | year = 2004 | title = ''Pyrotherium macfaddeni'', sp. nov. (late Oligocene, Bolivia) and the pedal morphology of pyrotheres | journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | volume = 24 | issue = 2 | pages = 481–488 | doi = 10.1671/2521}}</ref> |
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Most litopterns and notoungulates died out following the invasion of South America by North American ungulates and predators during the [[Great American Interchange]]; a few species from both orders survived until the end-[[Pleistocene extinctions]]. |
Most litopterns and notoungulates died out following the invasion of South America by North American ungulates and predators during the [[Great American Interchange]]; a few species from both orders survived until the end-[[Pleistocene extinctions]]. |
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Revision as of 11:13, 28 May 2008
| Meridiungulata | |
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| Toxodon platensis | |
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| (unranked): | †Meridiungulata McKenna, 1975
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Clade with the rank of cohort or super-order, possibly part of Laurasiatheria, containing the South-American ungulates: Pyrotheria (possibly including Xenungulata), Astrapotheria, Notoungulata and Litopterna. Meridiungulata may have originated in South America from a North American condylarth ancestor[1], and they may be members of the clade Laurasiatheria, related to other ungulates including artiodactyls and perissodactyls.[2] Much of the evolution of meridiungulates occurred in isolation from other ungulates, a great example of convergent evolution. However, the argument that meridiungulates are related to artiodactyls and perissodactyls will remain tenuous unless DNA is found to confirm this relationship. Some paleontologists have also challenged the monophyly of Meridiungulata by suggesting that pyrotheres may be more closely related to other mammals such as Embrithopoda (an African order that may be related to elephants) than to other South American ungulates.[3]
Most litopterns and notoungulates died out following the invasion of South America by North American ungulates and predators during the Great American Interchange; a few species from both orders survived until the end-Pleistocene extinctions.
References:
- ^ Muizon, C.de and Cifelli, R.L. (2000). "The "condylarths" (archaic Ungulata, Mammalia) from the early Paleocene of Tiupampa (Bolivia): implications on the origin of the South American ungulates". Geodiversitas. 22 (1): 47–150.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Hunter, J.P. and Janis, C.M. (2006). "Spiny Norman in the Garden of Eden? Dispersal and early biogeography of Placentalia". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 13 (2): 89–123. doi:10.1007/s10914-006-9006-6.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Shockey, B.J., and Anaya, F. (2004). "Pyrotherium macfaddeni, sp. nov. (late Oligocene, Bolivia) and the pedal morphology of pyrotheres". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 24 (2): 481–488. doi:10.1671/2521.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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