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'''''Cyathus''''' is a [[genus]] of fungi in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Nidulariaceae]]. Like other members of the Nidulariaceae, their fruiting bodies resemble tiny egg-filled birds' nests. Species are usually found on decayed wood or woody debris.
'''''Cyathus''''' is a [[genus]] of fungi in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Nidulariaceae]]. Like other members of the Nidulariaceae, their fruiting bodies resemble tiny egg-filled birds' nests. Species are usually found on decayed wood or woody debris. Various ''Cyathus'' species produce bioactive compounds, and several [[lignin]]-degrading enzymes from the genus have potential applications in the fields of [[bioremediation]] and [[agriculture]].


==Description==
==Description==
Species of ''Cyathus'' have fruiting bodies that are vase-, trumpet- or urn-shaped with dimensions of 4–8 mm diameter x 7–18 mm tall. Fruiting bodies are brown to grey-brown in color and have a white epiphragm when young. The endoperidium (inner peridial layer) is shiny to dull-brown and has striations extending longitudinally, a feature which helps to distinguish them with members of the genus ''[[Nidularia]]''. Spores are are typically elliptical to roughly spherical in shape, thick-walled, [[hyaline]] or light yellow-brown in color, and have dimensions of 5–15 x 5–8 µm.<ref name="isbn0-916422-74-7">{{cite book |author=Miller, Hope Ridings; Miller, Orson K.|title=Gasteromycetes: Morphological and Developmental Features, with Keys to the Orders, Families, and Genera |publisher=Mad River Press |location=Eureka, Calif|year=1988 |page=71 |isbn=0-916422-74-7 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref>
Species of ''Cyathus'' have fruiting bodies that are vase-, trumpet- or urn-shaped with dimensions of 4–8 mm diameter x 7–18 mm tall. Fruiting bodies are brown to grey-brown in color and have a white epiphragm when young. The endoperidium (inner peridial layer) is shiny to dull-brown and has striations extending longitudinally, a feature which helps to distinguish them with members of the genus ''[[Nidularia]]''. Spores are are typically elliptical to roughly spherical in shape, thick-walled, [[hyaline]] or light yellow-brown in color, and have dimensions of 5–15 x 5–8 µm.<ref name="isbn0-916422-74-7">{{cite book |author=Miller, Hope Ridings; Miller, Orson K.|title=Gasteromycetes: Morphological and Developmental Features, with Keys to the Orders, Families, and Genera |publisher=Mad River Press |location=Eureka, Calif|year=1988 |page=71 |isbn=0-916422-74-7 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref>
==Spore dispersal==

Like other bird's nest fungi in the [[Nidulariaceae]], species of ''Cyathus'' have their spores dispersed when water falls into the fruiting body. This action ejects the peridioles out of the splash cup, where it may break and spread the spores within, or be eaten and dispersed by animals.
==Bioactive products==
==Bioactive products==


Cyathins are [[diterpenoid]]s produced by ''C. helenae'', ''C. africanus'' and ''C. earlei''.<ref>Allbutt AD, Ayer WA, Brodie HJ, Johri BN, Taube H. (1973). Cyathin, a new antibiotic complex produced by ''Cyathus helenae''. ''Can. J. Microbiol.'' '''17''': 1401-1407.</ref><ref>Ayer WA, Taube H. (1972). Metabolites of ''Cyathus helenae''. Cyathin A3 and allocyanin B3. Members of a new group of terpenoids. ''Tetrahedron Lett.'':1917-1920.</ref><ref>Ayer WA, Yoshida T, Van Schie DMJ. (1978). Diterpenoid metabolites of ''Cyathus africanus'' Brodie. ''Can. J. Chem.'' '''56''': 2197-2199.</ref><ref>Ayer WA, Lee SP. (1979). Metabolites of bird's nest fungi. Part 11. Diterpenoid metabolites of ''Cyathus earlei'' Lloyd. ''Can. J. Chem.'' '''57''': 3332-3337.</ref> Several of the cyanthins (especially cyathins B<sub>3</sub> and C<sub>3</sub>) have shown strong [[antibiotic]] activity.
Cyathins are [[diterpenoid]]s produced by ''C. helenae'', ''C. africanus'' and ''C. earlei''.<ref>Allbutt AD, Ayer WA, Brodie HJ, Johri BN, Taube H. (1973). Cyathin, a new antibiotic complex produced by ''Cyathus helenae''. ''Can. J. Microbiol.'' '''17''': 1401-1407.</ref><ref>Ayer WA, Taube H. (1972). Metabolites of ''Cyathus helenae''. Cyathin A3 and allocyanin B3. Members of a new group of terpenoids. ''Tetrahedron Lett.'':1917-1920.</ref><ref>Ayer WA, Yoshida T, Van Schie DMJ. (1978). Diterpenoid metabolites of ''Cyathus africanus'' Brodie. ''Can. J. Chem.'' '''56''': 2197-2199.</ref><ref>Ayer WA, Lee SP. (1979). Metabolites of bird's nest fungi. Part 11. Diterpenoid metabolites of ''Cyathus earlei'' Lloyd. ''Can. J. Chem.'' '''57''': 3332-3337.</ref> Several of the cyanthins (especially cyathins B<sub>3</sub> and C<sub>3</sub>) have shown strong [[antibiotic]] activity. Cyathane diterpenoids also stimulate [[Nerve Growth Factor]] synthesis, and have the potential to be developed into therapeutic agents for [[neurodegenerative disorder]]s such as [[Alzheimer's disease]].<ref>Krzyczkowski W. (2008). The structure, medicinal properties and biosynthesis of cyathane diterpenoids. ''Biotechnologia'' '''1''': 146-167.</ref> [[Polyketide]] compounds named cyathuscavins A, B and C, isolated from the mycelial [[liquid culture]] of ''C. stercoreus'' had significant [[antioxidant]] activity.<ref name="pmid18565749">{{cite journal |author=Kang HS, Kim KR, Jun EM, Park SH, Lee TS, Suh JW, Kim JP |title=Cyathuscavins A, B, and C, new free radical scavengers with DNA protection activity from the Basidiomycete ''Cyathus stercoreus'' |journal=Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. |volume=18 |issue=14 |pages=4047–50 |year=2008 |month=July |pmid=18565749 |doi=10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.05.110 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960-894X(08)00629-X |accessdate=2009-01-05}}</ref>


==References==
==Biodegradation==


''C. bulleri'' contains three [[lignin]]-degrading enzymes, [[lignin peroxidase]], [[manganese peroxidase]] and [[laccase]]<ref>Vasdev K. (1995). Lignin degrading enzymes and ligninolytic system of ''Cyathus'' sp. Ph.D. thesis, University of Delhi, Delhi, India.</ref>, enzymes which have potential application in the pulp and paper industry and as detoxifiers of environmental pollutants such as [[dye]]s used in the [[textile industry]].<ref name="pmid18506632">{{cite journal |author=Chhabra M, Mishra S, Sreekrishnan TR |title=Mediator-assisted decolorization and detoxification of textile dyes/dye mixture by ''Cyathus bulleri'' laccase |journal=Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. |volume=151 |issue=2-3 |pages=587–98 |year=2008 |month=December |pmid=18506632 |doi=10.1007/s12010-008-8234-z |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12010-008-8234-z |accessdate=2009-01-05}}</ref><ref name="pmid18083129">{{cite journal |author=Salony, Garg N, Baranwal R, Chhabra M, Mishra S, Chaudhuri TK, Bisaria VS |title=Laccase of ''Cyathus bulleri'': structural, catalytic characterization and expression in ''Escherichia coli'' |journal=Biochim. Biophys. Acta |volume=1784 |issue=2 |pages=259–68 |year=2008 |month=February |pmid=18083129 |doi=10.1016/j.bbapap.2007.11.006 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1570-9639(07)00275-0 |accessdate=2009-01-05}}</ref><ref name="pmid16261367">{{cite journal |author=Salony, Mishra S, Bisaria VS |title=Production and characterization of laccase from ''Cyathus bulleri'' and its use in decolourization of recalcitrant textile dyes |journal=Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. |volume=71 |issue=5 |pages=646–53 |year=2006 |month=August |pmid=16261367 |doi=10.1007/s00253-005-0206-4 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-005-0206-4 |accessdate=2009-01-05}}</ref> ''Cyathus'' enzymes have also been reported to break down the explosive compound [[RDX]] (hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine).<ref>Bayman P, Ritchey SD, Bennett JW. (1995). Fungal interactions with the explosive RDX (hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine). ''J. Ind. Microbiol.'' '''15''': 3148-3423.</ref>
==Agricultural applications==

''C. olla'' is being investigated for its ability to accelerate the decomposition of stubble left in the field, and thereby reducing pathogen populations and accelerating [[nutrient cycling]] through mineralization of essential plant nutrients.<ref>Blenis PV. (2005). Evaluating fungi from wood and canola for their ability to decompose canola stubble. ''Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology'' ''27''(2): 259-267.</ref><ref>Shinners-Carnelley TC, Szpacenko A, Tewari JP, Palcic MM. (2002). Enzymatic activity of ''Cyathus olla'' during solid state fermentation of canola roots. ''Phytoprotection'' '''83'''(1): 31-40.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


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*[http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/genusrecord.asp?RecordID=19085 Index Fungorum]
*[http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/genusrecord.asp?RecordID=19085 Index Fungorum]

{{fungus-stub}}


[[category:Basidiomycota]]
[[category:Basidiomycota]]

Revision as of 21:09, 5 January 2009

Cyathus
Cyathus striatus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Fungi
Division:
Basidiomycota
Class:
Gasteromycetes
Order:
Nidulariales
Family:
Nidulariaceae
Genus:
Cyathus

Haller (1768)

Cyathus is a genus of fungi in the family Nidulariaceae. Like other members of the Nidulariaceae, their fruiting bodies resemble tiny egg-filled birds' nests. Species are usually found on decayed wood or woody debris. Various Cyathus species produce bioactive compounds, and several lignin-degrading enzymes from the genus have potential applications in the fields of bioremediation and agriculture.

Description

Species of Cyathus have fruiting bodies that are vase-, trumpet- or urn-shaped with dimensions of 4–8 mm diameter x 7–18 mm tall. Fruiting bodies are brown to grey-brown in color and have a white epiphragm when young. The endoperidium (inner peridial layer) is shiny to dull-brown and has striations extending longitudinally, a feature which helps to distinguish them with members of the genus Nidularia. Spores are are typically elliptical to roughly spherical in shape, thick-walled, hyaline or light yellow-brown in color, and have dimensions of 5–15 x 5–8 µm.[1]

Spore dispersal

Like other bird's nest fungi in the Nidulariaceae, species of Cyathus have their spores dispersed when water falls into the fruiting body. This action ejects the peridioles out of the splash cup, where it may break and spread the spores within, or be eaten and dispersed by animals.

Bioactive products

Cyathins are diterpenoids produced by C. helenae, C. africanus and C. earlei.[2][3][4][5] Several of the cyanthins (especially cyathins B3 and C3) have shown strong antibiotic activity. Cyathane diterpenoids also stimulate Nerve Growth Factor synthesis, and have the potential to be developed into therapeutic agents for neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease.[6] Polyketide compounds named cyathuscavins A, B and C, isolated from the mycelial liquid culture of C. stercoreus had significant antioxidant activity.[7]

Biodegradation

C. bulleri contains three lignin-degrading enzymes, lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase and laccase[8], enzymes which have potential application in the pulp and paper industry and as detoxifiers of environmental pollutants such as dyes used in the textile industry.[9][10][11] Cyathus enzymes have also been reported to break down the explosive compound RDX (hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine).[12]

Agricultural applications

C. olla is being investigated for its ability to accelerate the decomposition of stubble left in the field, and thereby reducing pathogen populations and accelerating nutrient cycling through mineralization of essential plant nutrients.[13][14]

References

  1. ^ Miller, Hope Ridings; Miller, Orson K. (1988). Gasteromycetes: Morphological and Developmental Features, with Keys to the Orders, Families, and Genera. Eureka, Calif: Mad River Press. p. 71. ISBN 0-916422-74-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ Allbutt AD, Ayer WA, Brodie HJ, Johri BN, Taube H. (1973). Cyathin, a new antibiotic complex produced by Cyathus helenae. Can. J. Microbiol. 17: 1401-1407.
  3. ^ Ayer WA, Taube H. (1972). Metabolites of Cyathus helenae. Cyathin A3 and allocyanin B3. Members of a new group of terpenoids. Tetrahedron Lett.:1917-1920.
  4. ^ Ayer WA, Yoshida T, Van Schie DMJ. (1978). Diterpenoid metabolites of Cyathus africanus Brodie. Can. J. Chem. 56: 2197-2199.
  5. ^ Ayer WA, Lee SP. (1979). Metabolites of bird's nest fungi. Part 11. Diterpenoid metabolites of Cyathus earlei Lloyd. Can. J. Chem. 57: 3332-3337.
  6. ^ Krzyczkowski W. (2008). The structure, medicinal properties and biosynthesis of cyathane diterpenoids. Biotechnologia 1: 146-167.
  7. ^ Kang HS, Kim KR, Jun EM, Park SH, Lee TS, Suh JW, Kim JP (2008). "Cyathuscavins A, B, and C, new free radical scavengers with DNA protection activity from the Basidiomycete Cyathus stercoreus". Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 18 (14): 4047–50. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.05.110. PMID 18565749. Retrieved 2009-01-05. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ Vasdev K. (1995). Lignin degrading enzymes and ligninolytic system of Cyathus sp. Ph.D. thesis, University of Delhi, Delhi, India.
  9. ^ Chhabra M, Mishra S, Sreekrishnan TR (2008). "Mediator-assisted decolorization and detoxification of textile dyes/dye mixture by Cyathus bulleri laccase". Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 151 (2–3): 587–98. doi:10.1007/s12010-008-8234-z. PMID 18506632. Retrieved 2009-01-05. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ Salony, Garg N, Baranwal R, Chhabra M, Mishra S, Chaudhuri TK, Bisaria VS (2008). "Laccase of Cyathus bulleri: structural, catalytic characterization and expression in Escherichia coli". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1784 (2): 259–68. doi:10.1016/j.bbapap.2007.11.006. PMID 18083129. Retrieved 2009-01-05. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ Salony, Mishra S, Bisaria VS (2006). "Production and characterization of laccase from Cyathus bulleri and its use in decolourization of recalcitrant textile dyes". Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 71 (5): 646–53. doi:10.1007/s00253-005-0206-4. PMID 16261367. Retrieved 2009-01-05. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ Bayman P, Ritchey SD, Bennett JW. (1995). Fungal interactions with the explosive RDX (hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine). J. Ind. Microbiol. 15: 3148-3423.
  13. ^ Blenis PV. (2005). Evaluating fungi from wood and canola for their ability to decompose canola stubble. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 27(2): 259-267.
  14. ^ Shinners-Carnelley TC, Szpacenko A, Tewari JP, Palcic MM. (2002). Enzymatic activity of Cyathus olla during solid state fermentation of canola roots. Phytoprotection 83(1): 31-40.
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